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Wei XY, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Fu WZ, Zhong LG, Pan YD, Sun J, Liao XP, Liu YH, Zhou YF. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic evaluation of gamithromycin against rabbit pasteurellosis. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:147. [PMID: 38643185 PMCID: PMC11031915 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03988-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gamithromycin is an effective therapy for bovine and swine respiratory diseases but not utilized for rabbits. Given its potent activity against respiratory pathogens, we sought to determine the pharmacokinetic profiles, antimicrobial activity and target pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) exposures associated with therapeutic effect of gamithromycin against Pasteurella multocida in rabbits. RESULTS Gamithromycin showed favorable PK properties in rabbits, including high subcutaneous bioavailability (86.7 ± 10.7%) and low plasma protein binding (18.5-31.9%). PK analysis identified a mean plasma peak concentration (Cmax) of 1.64 ± 0.86 mg/L and terminal half-life (T1/2) of 31.5 ± 5.74 h after subcutaneous injection. For P. multocida, short post-antibiotic effects (PAE) (1.1-5.3 h) and post-antibiotic sub-inhibitory concentration effects (PA-SME) (6.6-9.1 h) were observed after exposure to gamithromycin at 1 to 4× minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). Gamithromycin demonstrated concentration-dependent bactericidal activity and the PK/PD index area under the concentration-time curve over 24 h (AUC24h)/MIC correlated well with efficacy (R2 > 0.99). The plasma AUC24h/MIC ratios of gamithromycin associated with the bacteriostatic, bactericidal and bacterial eradication against P. multocida were 15.4, 24.9 and 27.8 h in rabbits, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Subcutaneous administration of 6 mg/kg gamithromycin reached therapeutic concentrations in rabbit plasma against P. multocida. The PK/PD ratios determined herein in combination with ex vivo activity and favorable rabbit PK indicate that gamithromycin may be used for the treatment of rabbit pasteurellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yi Wei
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Yantai Fushan Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Fushan, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Zhen Fu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Long-Gen Zhong
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Duo Pan
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Liao
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Hong Liu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Feng Zhou
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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Zúñiga MP, Badillo E, Abalos P, Valencia ED, Marín P, Escudero E, Galecio JS. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Rhodococcus equi strains isolated from foals in Chile. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:231. [PMID: 37347336 PMCID: PMC10287571 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03677-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Rhodococcus equi is responsible for foal pneumonia worldwide, with a significant economic impact on the production and breeding of horses. In Chile, the first case was reported in 2000, and since then, its incidence has been increasing. Distinctive characteristics of R. equi as an intracellular pathogen in macrophages, emergence of virulence plasmids encoding surface lipoprotein antigens, and appearance of antibiotic resistance against macrolides and rifampicin have significantly complicated the treatment of R. equi pneumonia in foals. Therefore, in vitro susceptibility studies of first-line and newer antibiotics against R. equi are the first step to establishing effective treatments and optimizing new therapeutic options. The aim of the present study is to determine the susceptibility profile of fourteen strains of R. equi isolated from foals in Chile to several antibiotics of the macrolide group including azithromycin, amikacin, tildipirosin and gamithromycin as well as others such as rifampicin, doxycycline and ceftiofur. Identification of R. equi in collected isolates from foals in Chile has been performed by CAMP test and PCR based on detecting of the gene encoding the 16 S rRNA. The presence of genes encoding virulence plasmids was also determined using PCR. Results obtained have demonstrated presence of virulent R. equi strains in Chile. In vitro susceptibility pattern to different antibiotics has shown better results for doxycycline and rifampicin similar to previous studies performed. Current macrolides have been evaluated in order to consider alternative treatment options in a context of emerging resistance to classic macrolides and rifampicin, obtaining better results with gamithromycin (MIC range of 0.125 to 128 mg/ml) than with tildipirosin (MIC range of 16 to 128 mg/ml). An adequate diagnosis of bacterial susceptibility based on antibiograms is necessary to treat the Rhodococcus equi infection in foals.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Paz Zúñiga
- Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Córdova, Argentina
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Elena Badillo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Pedro Abalos
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, La Pintana, 8820808, Chile
| | - Eduardo David Valencia
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, EC, 170157, Ecuador
| | - Pedro Marín
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Elisa Escudero
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Juan Sebastian Galecio
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, 30100, Spain.
- Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, EC, 170157, Ecuador.
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Pharmacokinetics of tildipirosin in horses after intravenous and intramuscular administration and its potential muscle damage. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:20-25. [PMID: 35908422 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Tildipirosin is a novel semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic exclusively used in veterinary practice to treat respiratory infections. There are no pharmacokinetic or safety information available regarding the use of tildipirosin after intramuscular administration in horses. Thus, the objective of this work was to determine the disposition kinetics of tildipirosin after intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) administration in horses and its potential muscle damage and cardiotoxicity. Six mature, Spanish-breed horses were used in a crossover study with a washout period of 30 days. Tildipirosin (18%) was administered at single doses by IV (2 mg/kg) and IM (4 mg/kg) routes. Tildipirosin plasma concentrations were determined by HPLC assay with ultraviolet detection. Muscle damage and inflammation were assessed by creatine kinase (CK) and haptoglobin (Hp), respectively. Creatine kinase myocardial band (CK-MB) and troponin (Tn) were used to evaluate cardiotoxicity. Tildipirosin in horses reached peak concentrations (Cmax = 1.13 μg/mL) at 0.60 h (tmax) after IM administration with an absolute bioavailability of 109.2%. Steady-state volume of distribution and clearance were 3.31 ± 0.57 L/kg and 0.22 ± 0.02 L/h/kg, respectively. Tildipirosin did not cause cardiotoxicity since CK-MB and Tn basal levels were not significantly different from those obtained after several days post-administration. Mild local reactions were observed after IM administration. This local inflammation was associated with mild myolysis (CK 239-837 UI/L), which was detectable for 48 h. In brief, tildipirosin could help to treat respiratory infections in horses because it showed extensive distribution, high bioavailability and did not provoke general adverse reactions.
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Lhermie G, La Ragione RM, Weese JS, Olsen JE, Christensen JP, Guardabassi L. Indications for the use of highest priority critically important antimicrobials in the veterinary sector. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 75:1671-1680. [PMID: 32240295 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among the measures taken to preserve the clinical efficacy of highest priority critically important antimicrobials (HP-CIAs), the WHO has recommended avoiding their use in food-producing animals. Little is known regarding the indications for which different antimicrobial classes are used in animals, even in countries where data on antimicrobial use are available. OBJECTIVES To outline, in a narrative review, the diseases for which HP-CIAs are used in veterinary medicine, highlighting incongruences with international guidelines and disease conditions where effective alternatives to HP-CIAs are missing. METHODS Scientific literature, national reports and expert opinion were used to describe the indications for the use of HP-CIAs in the main food-producing (pigs, cattle and poultry) and companion (horses, dogs and cats) animal species. RESULTS The most common indications for use of HP-CIAs are enteric and respiratory infections in pigs, cattle and poultry, urogenital infections in dogs and cats and respiratory infections in horses. In some instances, no valid and convenient alternatives to colistin and macrolides are available against certain porcine enteric and bovine respiratory pathogens. Effective, legal and convenient alternatives to HP-CIAs are also lacking for managing common infections in cats, for which oral administration is difficult, Rhodococcus equi infections in horses, some enteric and respiratory infections in poultry and MDR infections in all companion animal species. CONCLUSIONS Future research and stewardship programmes should focus on the disease conditions identified by this review to reduce the use of HP-CIAs in the veterinary sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Lhermie
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Roberto Marcello La Ragione
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7AL, UK
| | - J Scott Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Elmerdahl Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jens Peter Christensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Luca Guardabassi
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,Department of Pathobiology & Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkhead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, UK
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5
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Hamel D, Richard-Mazet A, Voisin F, Böhne I, Fraisse F, Rauh R, Huang R, Kellermann M, Letendre L, Dumont P, Rehbein S. Gamithromycin in swine: Pharmacokinetics and clinical evaluation against swine respiratory disease. Vet Med Sci 2020; 7:455-464. [PMID: 33058489 PMCID: PMC8025653 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of gamithromycin were evaluated in 26 male castrated and female crossbred swine administered gamithromycin 15% w/v (Zactran®, Boehringer Ingelheim) intravenously at 6 mg/kg bodyweight or intramuscularly at 3, 6 or 12 mg/kg bodyweight. Blood samples were collected up to Day 10 to establish the plasma profile of gamithromycin, bioavailability and dose proportionality. When administered by intramuscular injection at 6 mg/kg BWT, pharmacokinetic parameters were as follows: area under the curve until last quantifiable plasma concentration, 5.13 ± 0.957 µg*hours/ml; maximum plasma concentration, 960 ± 153 ng/ml at 5 to 15 min; terminal half-life of 94.1 ± 20.4 hr. Absolute bioavailability was 92.2%. Increase in systemic exposure was proportional to the gamithromycin dose level over the range 3-12 mg/kg BWT. No gender-related statistically significant difference in exposure was observed. For clinical evaluation of Zactran® against swine respiratory disease, 305 pigs from six commercial farms in three countries in Europe with signs associated with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and/or Haemophilus parasuis and/or Pasteurella multocida and/or Bordetella bronchiseptica were used. At each site, animals were treated once in a 1:1 ratio with a single intramuscular dose of Zactran® (6 mg gamithromycin/kg bodyweight) or Zuprevo® (4% w/v tildipirosin at 4 mg/kg bodyweight; MSD Animal Health) at the recommended dose respectively. Animals were observed and scored daily for 10 consecutive days for signs of swine respiratory disease (depression, respiration and rectal temperature), and animals presenting signs of clinical swine respiratory disease (Depression Score 3 and/or Respiratory Score 3 associated with Rectal Temperature > 40.0°C) were removed from the study and considered as treatment failure. Animals which remained in the study were individually assessed for 'treatment success' or 'treatment failure' (Depression Score ≥ 1 and Rectal Temperature > 40.0°C or Respiratory Score ≥ 1 and Rectal Temperature > 40.0°C). Using a non-inferiority hypothesis test (non-inferiority margin = 0.10), the proportion of treatment successes in the Zactran® group (97%) was equivalent to or better than that in the Zuprevo® group (93%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Hamel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Rohrdorf, Germany
| | | | | | - Inge Böhne
- Tierartzpraxis Böhne, Melle-Wellingholzhausen, Germany.,Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA, Inc., North Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | - Renate Rauh
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Rohrdorf, Germany
| | - Rose Huang
- Tierartzpraxis Böhne, Melle-Wellingholzhausen, Germany.,Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA, Inc., North Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | - Laura Letendre
- Tierartzpraxis Böhne, Melle-Wellingholzhausen, Germany.,Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA, Inc., North Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Pascal Dumont
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health France, Lyon, France
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Li Y, Xie M, Zhou J, Lin H, Xiao T, Wu L, Ding H, Fang B. Increased Antimicrobial Activity of Colistin in Combination With Gamithromycin Against Pasteurella multocida in a Neutropenic Murine Lung Infection Model. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:511356. [PMID: 33072002 PMCID: PMC7536268 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.511356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigate the antimicrobial activity of combined colistin and gamithromycin against nine Pasteurella multocida strains by testing in vitro susceptibility. Two high-colistin minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) isolates (D18 and T5) and one low-colistin MIC isolate (WJ11) were used in time-kill tests and therapeutic effect experiments using a neutropenic murine pneumonia model over 24 h. Pharmacokinetics (PK) in plasma was calculated along with pharmacodynamics (PD) to determine the PK/PD index. Synergy between colistin and gamithromycin was observed using high-colistin MIC isolates, equating to a 128- or 256-fold and 4- or 8-fold reduction in colistin and gamithromycin concentration, respectively. Interestingly, no synergistic effect of the combination on low-colistin MIC isolates was observed. However, regardless of the MIC difference among isolates, each drug tended to reach the same concentration in all isolates subjected to combined treatments, which was verified by the time-kill tests presenting similar rates and extent of killing for isolates D18, T5, and WJ11. The AUC(0–24 h)/MIC index was used to evaluate the relationship between PK and PD, and the correlation was >0.89. The relevant gamithromycin doses for combined therapy were determined, and the value decreased from 6- to 35-fold compared with monotherapy. Combined colistin and gamithromycin therapy provides a more potent therapeutic regimen than monotherapy against P. multocida strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqin Li
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengjuan Xie
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junwen Zhou
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Lin
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianan Xiao
- Guangdong Center for Agricultural Products Quality and Safety, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liqin Wu
- Guangdong Center for Agricultural Products Quality and Safety, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanzhong Ding
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Binghu Fang
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Tildipirosin: An effective antibiotic against Glaesserella parasuis from an in vitro analysis. Vet Anim Sci 2020; 10:100136. [PMID: 32964167 PMCID: PMC7487419 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2020.100136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaesserella parasuis is highly susceptible to Tildipirosin. Tildipirosin is recommended for treating Glässer's disease outbreaks. MIC is the rational tool to survey the resistance of G. parasuis to tildipirosin.
Tildipirosin is a latest generation macrolide that is used to battle infection diseases caused by Gram-negative bacteria. Recent studies have shown the effectiveness of this antimicrobial agent against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae; however, little information is available about Glaesserella parasuis, the etiological agent of Glässer's disease. In this study, the Tildipirosin activity to 100 Brazilian clinical isolates of G. parasuis was assessed using a broth microdilution assay. A total of 90% of G. parasuis isolates were sensitive at concentrations ≤ 4 µg/mL Tildipirosin, thus showing to be efficiently controlled by the therapeutic concentration recommended for pigs. On the other hand, a total of ten isolates have shown resistance to this antibiotic, with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) ≥ 8 and ≤ 16 µg/ml. Notably, our findings highly support the use of Tildipirosin for treating Glässer's disease outbreaks, and it also advises the using of MIC approach to monitor the evolution of sensitivity or resistance exhibited by G. parasuis to this molecule, as well as to adjust therapeutic doses when necessary.
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Zhou YF, Bu MX, Liu P, Sun J, Liu YH, Liao XP. Epidemiological and PK/PD cutoff values determination and PK/PD-based dose assessment of gamithromycin against Haemophilus parasuis in piglets. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:81. [PMID: 32138735 PMCID: PMC7059257 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02300-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gamithromycin is a macrolide approved for the treatment of bovine and swine respiratory diseases. Our study aims to establish the clinical breakpoint and optimum dose regimen for gamithromycin against Haemophilus parasuis in piglets. Results Gamithromycin was well absorbed and fully bioavailable (87.2–101%) after intramuscular and subcutaneous administrations. The MICs of gamithromycin for 192 clinical H. parasuis isolates ranged from 0.008 to 128 mg/L and the epidemiological cutoff (ECOFF) was calculated as 1.0 mg/L. A large potentiation effect of serum on in vitro susceptibility of gamithromycin was observed for H. parasuis, with broth/serum ratios of 8.93 for MICs and 4.46 for MBCs, respectively. The postantibiotic effects were 1.5 h (1 × MIC) and 2.4 h (4 × MIC), and the postantibiotic sub-MIC effects ranged from 2.7 to 4.3 h. Gamithromycin had rapid and concentration-dependent killing against H. parasuis, and the AUC24h/MIC ratio correlated well with ex vivo efficacy (R2 = 0.97). The AUC24h/MIC targets in serum associated with bacteriostatic, bactericidal and eradication activities were 15.8, 30.3 and 41.2, respectively. The PK/PD-based population dose prediction indicated a probability of target attainment (PTA) for the current marketed dose (6 mg/kg) of 88.9% against H. parasuis. The calculated gamithromycin dose for a PTA ≥ 90% was 6.55 mg/kg. Based on Monte Carlo simulations, the PK/PD cutoff (COPD) was determined to be 0.25 mg/L. Conclusion The determined cutoffs and PK/PD-based dose prediction will be of great importance in gamithromycin resistance surveillance and serve as an important step in the establishment of optimum dose regimen and clinical breakpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Feng Zhou
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Xiao Bu
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Liu
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Sun
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Hong Liu
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Liao
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China. .,Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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9
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Yang Q, Liu X, Zhang C, Yong K, Clifton AC, Ding H, Liu Y. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Gamithromycin Treatment of Pasteurella multocida in a Murine Lung Infection Model. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1090. [PMID: 31680940 PMCID: PMC6798029 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamithromycin is approved for the treatment and prevention of bovine respiratory disease (BRD), which is caused mainly by Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Histophilus somni, and Mycoplasma species. In this study, multiple dosage regimens were administered to the neutropenic mouse lung infection model in order to investigate the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) parameters of gamithromycin treatment of P. multocida and to further define the PK/PD parameter that best correlates with the efficacy of gamithromycin against P. multocida. The PK characteristics of gamithromycin were analyzed after a single subcutaneous (s.c.) injection (1, 3, 6, and 9 mg/kg). The concentration–time profiles of unbound (f) gamithromycin in plasma samples were analyzed by non-compartmental analysis. The main PK parameters of gamithromycin for the area under the concentration–time curve from 0 to 24 h (f AUC0–24) and the peak drug concentration (f Cmax) values ranged from 0.86 to 8.42 µg·h/ml and from 0.55 to 5.69 µg/ml, respectively. The PD values were calculated based on multiple s.c. injections over 24 h (1, 3, 6, and 9 mg/kg at 6, 8, 12, and 24 h, respectively; total dosage 1–36 mg/ kg). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of gamithromycin against P. multocida in mice serum was 0.15 μg/ml. Analysis of PK/PD indices using the inhibitory effect Emax model indicated a strong correlation (R2 = 0.9624) between the f AUC0–24/MIC ratio and various antibacterial effects. The area under the unbound concentration–time curve over 24 h to MIC (f AUC0–24/MIC) predicted for bacteriostatic action, 1-log10 reduction, 2-log10 reduction, and 3-log10 reduction were 56.77, 90.18, 143.06, and 239.44 h, respectively. These in vivo data may facilitate gamithromycin dosage optimization against P. multocida in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwen Yang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chongqing Three Gorges Vocational College, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuesong Liu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Chenghuan Zhang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Kang Yong
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chongqing Three Gorges Vocational College, Chongqing, China
| | - Alancia Carol Clifton
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Huanzhong Ding
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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10
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Zhao YD, Liu BT, Guo LL, Shan H, Fang BH. A novel experimental intraperitoneal infection model for Haemophilus parasuis in neutropenic guinea pigs. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2018; 95:27-35. [PMID: 30476621 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Haemophilus parasuis, one of the major swine pathogens, has at least fifteen different types, all of which have significant economic effects on the global swine industry. The aim of this study was to establish an experimental intraperitoneal infection model for H. parasuis in neutropenic guinea pigs. METHODS Intraperitoneal administration of cyclophosphamide and Haemophilus parasuis was conducted in guinea pigs. Clinical signs, gross pathology, and histopathology were observed in neutropenic guinea pigs infected with H. parasuis. RESULTS Intraperitoneal administration of 100 mg/kg cyclophosphamide led to immunosuppression with white blood cells, lymphocytes, and neutrophils all <1000 mm3, while no histological tissue damage was observed. Intraperitoneal administration of 109 colony-forming units (CFU) of H. parasuis led to typical respiratory symptoms, 90% morbidity, and 20% mortality in a 72 h-period. Bacteriological screening revealed that multiple organs, including the heart, liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys, and blood, were infected with H. parasuis. The threshold loads of bacteria in blood and the lungs were (7.04 ± 0.53)log10 CFU/mL and (6.24 ± 0.62)log10 CFU/g, respectively, at 3 d after infection. Gross pathology examination showed celiac effusion, intestinal mucosal hemorrhage, and liver, spleen, or lung swelling, necrosis, and hemorrhage. Congestion, mild interstitial pneumonia, inflammatory exudation, and endothelial cell proliferation were observed in the histological examination. DISCUSSION All the results suggest that we have established an experimental intraperitoneal infection model for H. parasuis in neutropenic guinea pigs. It is especially useful as a tool for pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, or a pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) model of antimicrobial agents against respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-da Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Microorganisms in Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Bao-Tao Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Li-Li Guo
- Qingdao Yebio Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Hu Shan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
| | - Bing-Hu Fang
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Microorganisms in Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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11
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Berlin S, Wallstabe S, Scheuch E, Oswald S, Hasan M, Wegner D, Grube M, Venner M, Ullrich A, Siegmund W. Intestinal and hepatic contributions to the pharmacokinetic interaction between gamithromycin and rifampicin after single-dose and multiple-dose administration in healthy foals. Equine Vet J 2017; 50:525-531. [PMID: 29239016 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Standard treatment of foals with severe abscessing lung infection caused by Rhodococcus equi using rifampicin and a macrolide antibiotic can be compromised by extensive inhibition and/or induction of drug metabolising enzymes (e.g. CYP3A4) and transport proteins (e.g. P-glycoprotein), as has been shown for rifampicin and clarithromycin. The combination of rifampicin with the new, poorly metabolised gamithromycin, a long-acting analogue of azithromycin and tulathromycin with lower pharmacokinetic interaction potential, might be a suitable alternative. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the pharmacokinetic interactions and pulmonary distribution of rifampicin and gamithromycin in healthy foals, and to investigate the cellular uptake of gamithromycin in vitro. STUDY DESIGN Controlled, four-period, consecutive, single-dose and multiple-dose study. METHODS Pharmacokinetics and lung distribution of rifampicin (10 mg/kg) and gamithromycin (6 mg/kg) were measured in nine healthy foals using LC-MS/MS. Enzyme induction was confirmed using the 4β-OH-cholesterol/cholesterol ratio. Affinity of gamithromycin to drug transport proteins was evaluated in vitro using equine hepatocytes and MDCKII-cells stably transfected with human OATP1B1, OATP1B3 and OATP2B1. RESULTS Rifampicin significantly (P<0.05) increased the plasma exposure of gamithromycin (16.2 ± 4.77 vs. 8.57 ± 3.10 μg × h/mL) by decreasing the total body clearance. Otherwise, gamithromycin significantly lowered plasma exposure of single- and multiple-dose rifampicin (83.8 ± 35.3 and 112 ± 43.1 vs. 164 ± 96.7 μg × h/mL) without a change in metabolic ratio and half-life. Gamithromycin was identified as an inhibitor of human OATP1B1, OATP1B3 and OATP2B1 and as a substrate of OATP2B1. In addition, it was extracted by equine hepatocytes via a mechanism which could be inhibited by rifampicin. MAIN LIMITATIONS Influence of gamithromycin on pulmonary distribution of rifampicin was not evaluated. CONCLUSION The plasma exposure of gamithromycin is significantly increased by co-administration of rifampicin which is most likely caused by inhibition of hepatic elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Berlin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - E Scheuch
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - S Oswald
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - M Hasan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - D Wegner
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - M Grube
- Department of General Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - M Venner
- Veterinary Clinic for Horses, Destedt, Germany
| | - A Ullrich
- PRIMACYT Cell Culture Technology GmbH, Schwerin, Germany
| | - W Siegmund
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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