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Tokonami F, Kimble B, Govendir M. Pharmacokinetic Profile of Fentanyl in the Koala ( Phascolarctos cinereus) after Intravenous Administration, and Absorption via a Transdermal Patch. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123550. [PMID: 34944325 PMCID: PMC8698108 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Koalas can be injured by cars and bushfires, and be affected by painful infectious diseases. When koalas undergo surgery to repair broken bones, they require analgesia. Fentanyl is a potent opioid that can be administered during surgery to provide analgesia. This study describes the rate of elimination of fentanyl in koalas’ blood when administered as a single intravenous injection and consequently calculates the dose rate to administer a constant rate fentanyl infusion into the koalas’ veins to provide short-term pain control. Fentanyl can also be absorbed via the skin into the circulation when applied as a transdermal patch. Although the data for transdermal fentanyl patch absorption is from two koalas only, the results demonstrate that when a patch is applied, pain control is likely to occur 12 h after application to koalas’ skin. Fentanyl may provide effective pain control to koalas either as an intravenous infusion or as a transdermal patch. Abstract Fentanyl was administered as a single intravenous bolus injection at 5 µg/kg to five koalas and fentanyl plasma concentrations for a minimum of 2 h were quantified by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The median (range) fentanyl elimination half-life and clearance were 0.53 (0.38–0.91) h, and 10.01 (7.03–11.69) L/kg/h, respectively. Assuming an analgesic therapeutic plasma concentration of 0.23 ng/mL (extrapolated from human studies), an intravenous constant infusion rate was estimated at approximately between 1.7 to 2.7 µg/kg/h (using the clearance 95% confidence intervals). A transdermal fentanyl patch was applied to the antebrachium of an additional two koalas for 72 h. Fentanyl plasma concentrations were determined during the patch application and after patch removal at 80 h. The fentanyl plasma concentration was greater than 0.23 ng/mL after 12 to 16 h. While the patch was applied, the maximum fentanyl concentration was approximately 0.7 ng/mL from 32 to 72 h. Fentanyl plasma concentrations increased to 0.89 ng/mL 1 h after the patch was removed, and then decreased to a mean of 0.47 ng/mL at 80 h. The transdermal fentanyl patch is likely to provide some level of analgesia but should be initially co-administered with another faster acting analgesic for the first 12 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumie Tokonami
- Currumbin Wildlife Hospital, Currumbin, Gold Coast 4223, Australia;
| | - Benjamin Kimble
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney 2006, Australia;
| | - Merran Govendir
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney 2006, Australia;
- Correspondence:
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Smith JS, Schleining J, Plummer P. Pain Management in Small Ruminants and Camelids: Analgesic Agents. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2021; 37:1-16. [PMID: 33541693 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ruminants are increasing in popularity as both production and companion animals in the United States. Among sheep, goats, and camelids, there are many disease processes and management techniques that have the potential to result in painful or noxious stimuli. In these species, many medications and therapeutic techniques can be used to reduce or eliminate the long-term consequences of pain. This review focuses on the commonly used medications available for pain management of small ruminants and discusses the benefits and negative aspects of their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe S Smith
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996-4500, USA.
| | - Jennifer Schleining
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 500 Raymond Stotzer Parkway, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Paul Plummer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1809 South Riverside Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Reppert EJ, Kleinhenz MD, Montgomery SR, Heiman J, Sura A, Bornheim HN, Magnin G, Sidhu PK, Zhang Y, Joo H, Coetzee JF. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous and transdermal flunixin meglumine in alpacas. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2019; 42:572-579. [PMID: 31353535 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) synthesis inhibiting effects of intravenous (IV) and transdermal (TD) flunixin meglumine in eight, adult, female, Huacaya alpacas. A dose of 2.2 mg/kg administered IV and 3.3 mg/kg administered TD using a cross-over design. Plasma flunixin concentrations were measured by LC-MS/MS. Prostaglandin E2 concentrations were determined using a commercially available ELISA. Pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis was performed using noncompartmental methods. Plasma PGE2 concentrations decreased after IV flunixin meglumine administration but there was minimal change after TD application. Mean t1/2 λz after IV administration was 4.531 hr (range 3.355 to 5.571 hr) resulting from a mean Vz of 570.6 ml/kg (range, 387.3 to 1,142 ml/kg) and plasma clearance of 87.26 ml kg-1 hr-1 (range, 55.45-179.3 ml kg-1 hr-1 ). The mean Cmax, Tmax and t1/2 λz for flunixin following TD administration were 106.4 ng/ml (range, 56.98 to 168.6 ng/ml), 13.57 hr (range, 6.000-34.00 hr) and 24.06 hr (18.63 to 39.5 hr), respectively. The mean bioavailability for TD flunixin was calculated as 25.05%. The mean 80% inhibitory concentration (IC80 ) of PGE2 by flunixin meglumine was 0.23 µg/ml (range, 0.01 to 1.38 µg/ml). Poor bioavailability and poor suppression of PGE2 identified in this study indicate that TD flunixin meglumine administered at 3.3 mg/kg is not recommended for use in alpacas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Reppert
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Michael D Kleinhenz
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Shawnee R Montgomery
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Jared Heiman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Amanda Sura
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Heather N Bornheim
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Geraldine Magnin
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Pritam K Sidhu
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas.,Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Yuntao Zhang
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Hyun Joo
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Johann F Coetzee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas.,Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
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Smith JS, Coetzee JF, Fisher IWG, Borts DJ, Mochel JP. Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl citrate and norfentanyl in Holstein calves and effect of analytical performances on fentanyl parameter estimation. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2018; 41:555-561. [PMID: 29603262 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered (i.v.) fentanyl citrate, and its primary metabolite norfentanyl in Holstein calves. Eight calves (58.6 ± 2.2 kg), aged 3-4 weeks, were administered fentanyl citrate at a single dose of 5.0 μg/kg i.v. Blood samples were collected from 0 to 24 hr. Plasma (nor)fentanyl concentrations were determined using liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry and a lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of 0.03 ng/ml. To explore the effect of analytical performance on fentanyl parameter estimation, the noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was then repeated with a hypothetical LLOQ value of 0.05 ng/ml. Terminal elimination half-life was estimated at 12.7 and 3.6 hr for fentanyl and norfentanyl, respectively. For fentanyl, systemic clearance was estimated at 2.0 L hr-1 kg-1 , volume of distribution at steady-state was 24.8 L/kg and extraction ratio was 0.42. At a hypothetical LLOQ of 0.05 ng/ml fentanyl half-life, volume of distribution at steady-state and clearance were, respectively, of 3.0 hr, 8.8 L/kg and 3.4 L kg-1 hr-1 . Fentanyl citrate administered i.v. at 5.0 μg/kg can reach levels associated with analgesia in other species. Pharmacokinetic parameters should be interpreted with respect to LLOQ, as lower limits can influence estimated parameters, such as elimination half-life or systemic clearance and have significant impact on dosage regimen selection in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Smith
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - J F Coetzee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - I W G Fisher
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - D J Borts
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - J P Mochel
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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