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Tonanon P, Jalando-On Agpoon K, Webster RD. A comparison of the detection and quantification of praziquantel via electrochemical and gas chromatography methods in freshwater and saltwater samples. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:1323-1329. [PMID: 38189186 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01905e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Two new techniques for analyzing praziquantel (PZQ), an effective antiparasitic drug used in fresh and saltwater aquariums, were optimized and compared. One method was based on voltammetry and the other method used gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), although both procedures utilized the same sample pretreatment strategy which involved the PZQ being quantitatively transferred into acetonitrile using solid phase extraction. GC-MS analysis led to lower limits of detection (0.32 μM, 0.10 ppm) and quantification (0.72 μM, 0.22 ppm) compared to voltammetry, although both methods gave acceptable quantification for levels of PZQ > 25 μM (7.8 ppm). GC-MS is preferred for the most accurate determination, but voltammetry may provide a cost-effective alternative for detecting PZQ where on site testing is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panyawut Tonanon
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore.
| | - Katherine Jalando-On Agpoon
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore.
| | - Richard D Webster
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore.
- Environmental Chemistry and Materials Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, #06-08, 637141, Singapore
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2
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Marchant JS. Progress interrogating TRPMPZQ as the target of praziquantel. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011929. [PMID: 38358948 PMCID: PMC10868838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The drug praziquantel (PZQ) has served as the long-standing drug therapy for treatment of infections caused by parasitic flatworms. These encompass diseases caused by parasitic blood, lung, and liver flukes, as well as various tapeworm infections. Despite a history of clinical usage spanning over 4 decades, the parasite target of PZQ has long resisted identification. However, a flatworm transient receptor potential ion channel from the melastatin subfamily (TRPMPZQ) was recently identified as a target for PZQ action. Here, recent experimental progress interrogating TRPMPZQ is evaluated, encompassing biochemical, pharmacological, genetic, and comparative phylogenetic data that highlight the properties of this ion channel. Various lines of evidence that support TRPMPZQ being the therapeutic target of PZQ are presented, together with additional priorities for further research into the mechanism of action of this important clinical drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S. Marchant
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
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3
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Zuskova E, Velisek J. In-feed Praziquantel treatment of grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella) infected with eye flukes. VET MED-CZECH 2024; 69:1-7. [PMID: 38465001 PMCID: PMC10919099 DOI: 10.17221/97/2023-vetmed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Praziquantel (PZQ) is a drug effective against several parasitic diseases of fish caused by Platyhelminthes. The study assesses the efficacy of selected in-feed PZQ doses in eliminating metacercariae Diplostomum pseudospathaceum in grass carp. The fish were infected with D. pseudospathaceum in laboratory conditions and subsequently treated with PZQ at daily doses of 30 (PZQ1), 50 (PZQ2), and 100 (PZQ3) mg/kg bw for seven days. The treatment trial was followed by a 23-day observation period during which the fish were parasitologically examined on days 0, 2, 8 and 23. Smaller fish were infected with a significantly higher (P < 0.05) number of metacercariae than bigger fish among three weight groups as follows: up to 7 g > 7 to 12 g > 12 g. The in-feed PZQ at doses of 30, 50 and 100 mg/kg bw for seven days was 47%, 84% and 88% effective against metacercariae D. pseudospathaceum, respectively. A significant decrease (P < 0.01) in moving and an increase (P < 0.01) in the immotile metacercariae in the eye's lens were recorded in all the trial groups on each sampling day. An increasing proportion of motile metacercariae in the post-treatment observation period was seen in PZQ2 and PZQ3, indicating a decreasing trend in the actual efficacy in an environment with no reinfection possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliska Zuskova
- South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Velisek
- South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic
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4
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Schwantes U. Impact of anthropogenous environmental factors on the marine ecosystem of trophically transmitted helminths and hosting seabirds: Focus on North Atlantic, North Sea, Baltic and the Arctic seas. Helminthologia 2023; 60:300-326. [PMID: 38222492 PMCID: PMC10787638 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2023-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Alongside natural factors, human activities have a major impact on the marine environment and thus influence processes in vulnerable ecosystems. The major purpose of this review is to summarise the current understanding as to how manmade factors influence the marine biocenosis of helminths, their intermediate hosts as well as seabirds as their final hosts. Moreover, it highlights current knowledge gaps regarding this ecosystem, which should be closed in order to gain a more complete understanding of these interactions. This work is primarily focused on helminths parasitizing seabirds of the North Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean. The complex life cycles of seabird helminths may be impacted by fishing and aquaculture, as they interfere with the abundance of fish and seabird species, while the latter also affects the geographical distribution of intermediate hosts (marine bivalve and fish species), and may therefore alter the intertwined marine ecosystem. Increasing temperatures and seawater acidification as well as environmental pollutants may have negative or positive effects on different parts of this interactive ecosystem and may entail shifts in the abundance or regional distribution of parasites and/or intermediate and final hosts. Organic pollutants and trace elements may weaken the immune system of the hosting seabirds and hence affect the final host's ability to control the endoparasites. On the other hand, in some cases helminths seem to function as a sink for trace elements resulting in decreased concentrations of heavy metals in birds' tissues. Furthermore, this article also describes the role of helminths in mass mortality events amongst seabird populations, which beside natural causes (weather, viral and bacterial infections) have anthropogenous origin as well (e.g. oil spills, climate change, overfishing and environmental pollution).
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Affiliation(s)
- U. Schwantes
- Verein Jordsand zum Schutz der Seevögel und der Natur e.V., Ahrensburg, Germany
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5
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de Freitas LVP, Alponti ALB, Damaceno MA, Campanharo SC, da Silva AFB, Sasanya JJ, Rath S, Paschoal JAR. Levamisole incorporation in fish feed - Ensuring the medication dose and avoidance of leaching into the water. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:1551-1567. [PMID: 37988113 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2283769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Levamisole, an anthelmintic and immunostimulant drug, has been studied as a promising alternative for aquaculture use. While oral administration through feeding is the main route of administration in fish farming, no studies evaluating methods of levamisole incorporation into the feed have been reported so far. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate potential procedures for levamisole incorporation in extruded fish feed using ethyl cellulose, gelatin, or vegetable oil, to avoid drug leaching to the water during the animal's medication. A suitable LC-MS/MS method was optimized (full factorial design), validated, and applied to evaluate the efficiency of the process, the homogeneity of the drug concentration, and the leaching rate. The method has been demonstrated to be selective, precise (RSD < 4.9%), accurate (recovery > 98.4%), and linear (r > 0.99, 125-750 mg kg-1). The incorporation procedures using the three coating agents showed high incorporation efficiency (70%) and a homogeneous drug concentration among the extruded feed pellets. A low levamisole leaching rate was verified in the feed prepared using the ethyl cellulose coating procedure (4.3% after 15 min of immersion in the water). On the other hand, fish feed coated with gelatin and oil resulted in a high leaching rate (30-35% after 15 min). Thus, this study shows that coating ethyl cellulose may be a promising procedure for levamisole incorporation in fish feed and with the potential to enhance its use in animal production while reducing environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Victor Pereira de Freitas
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Luísa Bigliassi Alponti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Alves Damaceno
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sarah Chagas Campanharo
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Agnaldo Fernando Baldo da Silva
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Susanne Rath
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jonas Augusto Rizzato Paschoal
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Rigos G, Glaropoulos A, Tzokas K, Gourzioti E, Kogiannou D, Golomazou E. A field evaluation of orally administered praziquantel against the gill fluke Sparicotyle chrysophrii infecting gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2023; 46:1439-1443. [PMID: 37650418 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- George Rigos
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Anavyssos, Greece
| | | | | | - Evgenia Gourzioti
- Laboratory of Ichthyology and Fish diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Dimitra Kogiannou
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Anavyssos, Greece
| | - Eleni Golomazou
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment - Aquaculture Laboratory, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
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Woo WS, Shim SH, Kang G, Kim KH, Son HJ, Sohn MY, Lee S, Kim J, Seo JS, Kwon MG, Kim DH, Park CI. Assessment of Salinomycin's Potential to Treat Microcotyle sebastis in Korean Rockfish ( Sebastes schlegelii). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3233. [PMID: 37893959 PMCID: PMC10603687 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture, a crucial sector of the global food industry, faces a myriad of issues due to parasitic invasions. One such parasite, Microcotyle sebastis, which afflicts Korean rockfish in South Korea, has a significant economic impact. The impending danger of resistance to traditional anthelmintics necessitates the exploration of new antiparasitic candidates. Although the efficacy of salinomycin against aquatic parasites such as ciliates and sporozoans is known, its influence on monogeneans has yet to be studied. Therefore, this study investigated the efficacy and safety of salinomycin for the treatment of M. sebastis infections, presenting the first exploration of salinomycin's therapeutic potential against monogeneans. In vitro examinations revealed a minimum effective concentration of salinomycin of 5 mg/kg, which led to necrosis of the haptor upon dislodging from the gill filaments. The one-time oral administration of the drug at concentrations of 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg showed a significant dose-dependent reduction in parasite counts, with no apparent behavioral side effects in Korean rockfish. Biochemical analyses monitored the liver, heart, and kidney enzymes, specifically aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB). At both 20 °C and 13 °C, no significant differences were observed in the levels of AST and ALT. However, at 20 °C, alterations in BUN levels were evident on Day 14, a deviation not observed at 13 °C. The CK-MB analysis revealed elevated enzyme levels at both temperatures when compared to the control group, reflecting the similar changes observed in terrestrial animals administered salinomycin. The biochemical data suggest that the oral administration of salinomycin is potentially more favorable at 13 °C than at 20 °C. Although our findings warrant further comprehensive studies, including on the long-term and potential effects on nontarget species and water quality, they also suggest that salinomycin could be considered as an alternative or adjunctive treatment if resistance to the currently used praziquantel against M. sebastis is confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Sik Woo
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 2 Tongyeonghaean-ro, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Shim
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyoungsik Kang
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 2 Tongyeonghaean-ro, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Ho Kim
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 2 Tongyeonghaean-ro, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Jeong Son
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 2 Tongyeonghaean-ro, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Young Sohn
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 2 Tongyeonghaean-ro, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjin Lee
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaekyeong Kim
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Soo Seo
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Fishery Products Quality Management Service, 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun-Gyeong Kwon
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Fishery Products Quality Management Service, 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hyung Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Il Park
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 2 Tongyeonghaean-ro, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea
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8
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Zuskova E, Piackova V, Valentova O, Zalohova K, Velisek J. Acute toxicity of praziquantel to fish Danio rerio and planktonic crustacean Daphnia magna. VET MED-CZECH 2022; 67:579-584. [PMID: 38623477 PMCID: PMC11016302 DOI: 10.17221/7/2022-vetmed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the toxicity of the pyrazino isoquinoline anthelmintic praziquantel (PZQ) to the Danio rerio zebrafish and Daphnia magna water flea. The estimated 24 h and 96 h LC50 of PZQ to the zebrafish was 39.9 mg/l and 30.4 mg/l, respectively. The highest 24 h and 96 h non-lethal concentration (LC0) was 21.7 mg/l and 21.2 mg/l, respectively. The mobility inhibition test of the juvenile Daphnia magna revealed a 48 h EC50 of 42.7 mg/l.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliska Zuskova
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Piackova
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Valentova
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Klara Zalohova
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Velisek
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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9
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Neobenedenia melleni from reef ornamental fish species in a retailer of Southeastern Brazil and its possible role as a mechanical vector of bacterial infection. J Parasit Dis 2022; 46:1-7. [PMID: 35299920 PMCID: PMC8901895 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-021-01430-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Annually, more than 2500 ornamental fish species are traded worldwide. Forty percent of these are from marine water. Some 98% of marine species are wild-caught from their natural habitat, and the majority subsequently exported. Wild fish frequently carry pathogens, which could induce diseases after the stress of capture. Neobenedenia melleni is a platyhelminth that mainly attaches to the skin and eyes of the host. It provokes dermal inflammation, epidermal loss, skin depigmentation, reduction in the number of mucous cells, and, consequently, decreased mucus protection, and declining immunological barriers. This makes fish susceptible to secondary infections. A total of 47 wild reef fish from a retailer were examined, suspected to be infected with ectoparasites. The morphological identification revealed N. melleni as a monogenean agent. One monogenean specimen was collected from the eye of each of the 40 fish analyzed to evaluate possible bacterial secondary infections using the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) technique. The MALDI-TOF MS identified that 59% of monogenean collected from the eyes had bacteria, including some pathogenic to fish. This led us to believe that the ectoparasite can be a possible mechanical vector of pathogenic bacteria for fish culture and maintenance. The use of praziquantel as an antiparasitic agent is also discussed.
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Canton L, Lanusse C, Moreno L. Rational Pharmacotherapy in Infectious Diseases: Issues Related to Drug Residues in Edible Animal Tissues. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2878. [PMID: 34679899 PMCID: PMC8532868 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs are used in veterinary medicine to prevent or treat animal diseases. When rationally administered to livestock following Good Veterinary Practices (GVP), they greatly contribute to improving the production of food of animal origin. Since humans can be exposed chronically to veterinary drugs through the diet, residues in food are evaluated for effects following chronic exposures. Parameters such as an acceptable daily intake (ADI), the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL), maximum residue limits (MRLs), and the withdrawal periods (WPs) are determined for each drug used in livestock. Drug residues in food exceeding the MRLs usually appear when failing the GVP application. Different factors related either to the treated animal or to the type of drug administration, and even the type of cooking can affect the level of residues in edible tissues. Residues above the MRLs can have a diverse negative impact, mainly on the consumer's health, and favor antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Drug residue monitoring programmes are crucial to ensure that prohibited or authorized substances do not exceed MRLs. This comprehensive review article addresses different aspects of drug residues in edible tissues produced as food for human consumption and provides relevant information contributing to rational pharmacotherapy in food-producing animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura Moreno
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBACONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Tandil CP7000, Argentina; (L.C.); (C.L.)
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11
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Baralla E, Varoni MV, Nieddu M, Demontis MP, Merella P, Burreddu C, Garippa G, Boatto G. Determination of Praziquantel in Sparus aurata L. after Administration of Medicated Animal Feed. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10030528. [PMID: 32245248 PMCID: PMC7142509 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The present study aimed to determine the praziquantel concentration in Sparus aurata muscle after oral administration of medicated feed. The in-feed treatment is commonly used in aquaculture breeding because it allows the treatment of a large fish population without stress. However, no residue limit exists for praziquantel in fish for human consumption, so the purpose of this work was to verify if this drug was able to accumulate in fish tissues after this treatment. The high-sensitivity analytical method developed in this work permitted to identify and quantify low concentrations of the drug in gilthead sea bream muscle, after the above-mentioned treatment. This method can be useful to competent authorities in evaluating the appropriate withdrawal time in fish treated with praziquantel and intended for human consumption. Abstract Praziquantel (PZQ) is an anthelmintic drug used in humans and animals against Platyhelminthes and in aquaculture in the Far East. Medicated feed is one of the most convenient forms of oral administration of drugs in aquaculture because it allows to treat a large population of fish in an easy way. However, this treatment may lead to residues in fish intended for human consumption. In this study, a liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed in order to verify the presence of PZQ in samples of Sparus aurata after oral administration of feed treated with PZQ. The method was validated according to international guidelines. It showed good recoveries, selectivity and sensitivity (LOD and LOQ were 3.0 and 9.3 ng/g, respectively), with precision and matrix effect values ≤ 15%. This method could also be applied to determine PZQ residue in other fish species and thus to evaluate the appropriate withdrawal time in treated fish intended for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Baralla
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.B.); (M.V.V.); (M.P.D.); (P.M.); (C.B.); (G.G.)
| | - Maria Vittoria Varoni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.B.); (M.V.V.); (M.P.D.); (P.M.); (C.B.); (G.G.)
| | - Maria Nieddu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-079228719
| | - Maria Piera Demontis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.B.); (M.V.V.); (M.P.D.); (P.M.); (C.B.); (G.G.)
| | - Paolo Merella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.B.); (M.V.V.); (M.P.D.); (P.M.); (C.B.); (G.G.)
| | - Caterina Burreddu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.B.); (M.V.V.); (M.P.D.); (P.M.); (C.B.); (G.G.)
| | - Giovanni Garippa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.B.); (M.V.V.); (M.P.D.); (P.M.); (C.B.); (G.G.)
| | - Gianpiero Boatto
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
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12
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Preliminary Monitoring of Praziquantel in Water and Sediments at a Japanese Amberjack (Seriola quinqueradiata) Aquaculture Site. FISHES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes4020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Praziquantel (PZQ), an active compound against Platyhelminthes, is an essential anthelmintic for the aquaculture industry. However, there are few reports of the environmental risks of PZQ use in aquaculture. In this study, we monitored PZQ in water and sediment at an aquaculture site of Japanese amberjack, also called yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata). Although PZQ was detected in water during treatment and 3 days post-treatment, PZQ levels were below the detectable limit in water 60 m from the net pen during the treatment, and in all sediment samples. In this preliminary study, we could not detect residue of PZQ from sediments in the aquaculture site, and no evidence about environmental effect of PZQ administration was obtained.
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