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Šandor K, Perak Junaković E, Terzić S, Žarković I, Vujnović A, Fajdić D, Pehnec M, Sinković S, Ćaleta I, Andrišić M. A Green HPLC Approach to Florfenicol Analysis in Pig Urine. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:495. [PMID: 38675455 PMCID: PMC11053663 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Florfenicol (FF) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used to treat gastrointestinal and respiratory infections in domestic animals. Considering FF's rapid elimination via urine after drug treatment, its use increases concerns about environmental contamination. The objective of the study was to establish a sustainable chromatographic method for simple analysis of FF in pig urine to investigate the urinary excretion of FF after a single intramuscular administration of 20 mg FF/kg body weight. The urine sample was prepared using a centrifuge and regenerated cellulose filter, and the diluted sample was analyzed. The method was validated in terms of linearity, the limit of detection (0.005 µg/mL) and quantitation (0.016 µg/mL), repeatability and matrix effect (%RSD ranged up to 2.5), accuracy (varied between 98% and 102%), and stability. The concentration-time profile of pig urine samples collected within 48 h post-drug administration showed that 63% of FF's dose was excreted. The developed method and previously published methods used to qualify FF in the urine of animal origin were evaluated by the National Environmental Method Index (NEMI), Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) and Analytical GREENness Metric Approach (AGREE). The greenness profiles of published methods revealed problems with high solvents and energy consumption, while the established method was shown to be more environmentally friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenija Šandor
- Laboratory for Analysis of Veterinary Medicinal Products, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (K.Š.); (S.T.); (I.Ž.); (A.V.); (D.F.); (M.P.); (S.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Eleonora Perak Junaković
- Laboratory for Analysis of Veterinary Medicinal Products, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (K.Š.); (S.T.); (I.Ž.); (A.V.); (D.F.); (M.P.); (S.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Svjetlana Terzić
- Laboratory for Analysis of Veterinary Medicinal Products, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (K.Š.); (S.T.); (I.Ž.); (A.V.); (D.F.); (M.P.); (S.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Irena Žarković
- Laboratory for Analysis of Veterinary Medicinal Products, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (K.Š.); (S.T.); (I.Ž.); (A.V.); (D.F.); (M.P.); (S.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Anja Vujnović
- Laboratory for Analysis of Veterinary Medicinal Products, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (K.Š.); (S.T.); (I.Ž.); (A.V.); (D.F.); (M.P.); (S.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Dominika Fajdić
- Laboratory for Analysis of Veterinary Medicinal Products, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (K.Š.); (S.T.); (I.Ž.); (A.V.); (D.F.); (M.P.); (S.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Mirta Pehnec
- Laboratory for Analysis of Veterinary Medicinal Products, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (K.Š.); (S.T.); (I.Ž.); (A.V.); (D.F.); (M.P.); (S.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Sonja Sinković
- Laboratory for Analysis of Veterinary Medicinal Products, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (K.Š.); (S.T.); (I.Ž.); (A.V.); (D.F.); (M.P.); (S.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Irena Ćaleta
- Chemistry, Selvita Ltd., Prilaz Baruna Filipovića 29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Miroslav Andrišić
- Laboratory for Analysis of Veterinary Medicinal Products, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (K.Š.); (S.T.); (I.Ž.); (A.V.); (D.F.); (M.P.); (S.S.); (M.A.)
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Paranos P, Vourli S, Pournaras S, Meletiadis J. Assessing Clinical Potential of Old Antibiotics against Severe Infections by Multi-Drug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria Using In Silico Modelling. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15121501. [PMID: 36558952 PMCID: PMC9781251 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In the light of increasing antimicrobial resistance among gram-negative bacteria and the lack of new more potent antimicrobial agents, new strategies have been explored. Old antibiotics, such as colistin, temocillin, fosfomycin, mecillinam, nitrofurantoin, minocycline, and chloramphenicol, have attracted the attention since they often exhibit in vitro activity against multi-drug-resistant (MDR) gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii. The current review provides a summary of the in vitro activity, pharmacokinetics and PK/PD characteristics of old antibiotics. In silico modelling was then performed using Monte Carlo simulation in order to combine all preclinical data with human pharmacokinetics and determine the probability of target (1-log kill in thigh/lung infection animal models) attainment (PTA) of different dosing regimens. The potential of clinical efficacy of a drug against severe infections by MDR gram-negative bacteria was considered when PTA was >95% at the epidemiological cutoff values of corresponding species. In vitro potent activity against MDR gram-negative pathogens has been shown for colistin, polymyxin B, temocillin (against E. coli and K. pneumoniae), fosfomycin (against E. coli), mecillinam (against E. coli), minocycline (against E. coli, K. pneumoniae, A. baumannii), and chloramphenicol (against E. coli) with ECOFF or MIC90 ≤ 16 mg/L. When preclinical PK/PD targets were combined with human pharmacokinetics, Monte Carlo analysis showed that among the old antibiotics analyzed, there is clinical potential for polymyxin B against E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and A. baumannii; for temocillin against K. pneumoniae and E. coli; for fosfomycin against E. coli and K. pneumoniae; and for mecillinam against E. coli. Clinical studies are needed to verify the potential of those antibiotics to effectively treat infections by multi-drug resistant gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paschalis Paranos
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Sophia Vourli
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Spyros Pournaras
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Joseph Meletiadis
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-210-583-1909
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Wang F, Luo W, Pan Y, Qu W, Xie S, Huang L, Wang Y. Antibacterial activity of combined aditoprim and sulfamethoxazole against Escherichia coli from swine and a dose regimen based on pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 45:133-145. [PMID: 34435681 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The mortality of livestock caused by pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) still accounts for a large proportion of deaths in large-scale production and reproduction, which causes devastating economic losses to the pig breeding industry. The aims of this study were to investigate the antibacterial activity of combined aditoprim (ADP) and sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) against clinical isolates of E. coli from pigs and to develop a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) model to formulate the optimal dose of ADP/SMZ for the treatment of pig colibacillosis. Blood and ileum fluid samples were collected at different times after single intramuscular injection of ADP/SMZ (5/25 mg/kg b.w.) to healthy pigs and E. coli-infected pigs. Concentrations of ADP and SMZ in plasma and ileum fluid were analyzed by HPLC. The peak concentration (Cmax ) and the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0-24h ) in ileum fluid of healthy pigs were 1.76 ± 0.27 µg/ml and 18.92 ± 2.87 µg·h/ml for ADP and 19.15 ± 2.63 µg/ml and 125.70 ± 11.86 µg·h/ml for SMZ, respectively. Cmax and AUC0-24h in ileum fluid of infected pigs were 1.88 ± 0.13 µg/ml and 15.12 ± 0.75 µg·h/ml for ADP and 19.71 ± 3.68 µg/ml and 133.92 ± 17.14 µg·h/ml for SMZ, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of combined ADP and SMZ (ADP/SMZ) against 185 strains of E. coli from pigs were determined. The MIC50 and MIC90 of ADP/SMZ were 0.5/2.5 and 4/20 µg/ml, respectively. The MIC of the selected pathogenic E. coli SHC28 was 0.5/2.5 µg/ml in Mueller-Hinton broth and 0.25/1.25 µg/ml in ileum fluid, respectively. In vitro, the mutant prevention concentration, the post-antibiotic effect, growth, and time-killing curves in vitro and ex vivo of ADP/SMZ against the isolate SHC28 were assayed for PD studies. The results showed that ADP/SMZ exhibited strong concentration-dependent antimicrobial activity against E. coli. After integrating the in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters of infected pigs and ex vivo PD data using the sigmoid Emax (Hill) equation, the AUC24h /MIC values in ileum fluid for bacteriostatic, bactericidal, and bacterial eradication were 18.84, 65.39, and 110.68 h, respectively. In conclusion, a dosage of 3.45/17.25 mg/kg ADP/SMZ by intramuscular injection daily for 3 consecutive days may be sufficient to treat swine colibacillosis due to E. coli with a MIC of 0.5/2.5 µg/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wanhe Luo
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanhu Pan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Qu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuyu Xie
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lingli Huang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yulian Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Zhang HL, Wu SL, Fu JL, Jiang HX, Ding HZ. Research Note: Epidemiological cutoff values and acquired resistance mechanisms of three veterinary antibiotics against Escherichia coli from chicken respiratory tract infections. Poult Sci 2020; 100:1093-1097. [PMID: 33518068 PMCID: PMC7858166 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Florfenicol, apramycin, and danofloxacin are antibiotics approved only for veterinary use and that have good therapeutic effects on chicken respiratory infections caused by Escherichia coli. We established epidemiological cutoff values (ECV) for these antibiotics using 363 E. coli isolates from tracheal samples of chickens in 5 veterinary clinics in Guangdong Province, China. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined using the agar dilution method as per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institution guidelines. The ECV were then calculated using the statistical method and verified by normalized resistance interpretation and ECOFFinder software programs. The ECV of florfenicol, apramycin, and danofloxacin against E. coli were 16, 16, and 0.125 μg/mL, respectively. Susceptibility tests indicated that these isolates were resistant to florfenicol (66.7%), apramycin (22.3%), and danofloxacin (92.3%). Strains carrying floR were distributed in the range of MIC ≥32 μg/mL for florfenicol. Apramycin resistance was found in 77 strains (77/363, 21.1%), and isolates that carried aac(3)-IV were all in the range of MIC ≥512 μg/mL. Danofloxacin resistance was found in the range of MIC ≤0.125 μg/mL, but there were no mutations in the quinolone resistance–determining regions and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes qnrA, qnrB, qnrC, qnrD, aac-(6′)-Ib-cr, qep, and oqxB. The presence of the qnrS gene was verified in a few of the strains with an MIC of 0.06 μg/mL. The establishment of ECV was significant for monitoring of resistance development and therapy guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Lin Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, 510642 Guangzhou, China
| | - Si-Li Wu
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory For Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, 510642 Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Li Fu
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory For Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, 510642 Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Xia Jiang
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory For Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, 510642 Guangzhou, China
| | - Huan-Zhong Ding
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, 510642 Guangzhou, China.
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