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Reinhart JM, de Oliveira GAR, Forsythe L, Li Z. Pharmacokinetics of a 503B outsourcing facility-produced theophylline in dogs. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262336. [PMID: 34990472 PMCID: PMC8735617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Theophylline is an important drug for treatment of canine chronic bronchitis and bradyarrhythmias, but new products require validation since pharmacokinetics in dogs can vary by formulation. A new, 503B outsourcing facility-produced theophylline product (OFT) is available for veterinary use. Outsourcing facilities have many advantages over traditional compounding sources including current good manufacturing practice compliance. The purpose of this study was to establish the pharmacokinetics of OFT in dogs. Eight healthy dogs received 11 mg/kg intravenous aminophylline and 10 mg/kg oral OFT followed by serial blood sampling in a two-way, randomized, crossover design with 7-day washout. Plasma theophylline concentrations were quantified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Bioavailability, maximum concentration, time to maximum concentration, half-life and area under the curve were: 97 ± 10%, 7.13 ± 0.71 μg/mL, 10.50 ± 2.07 h, 9.20 ± 2.87 h, and 141 ± 37.6 μg*h/mL, respectively. Steady-state predictions supported twice daily dosing of the OFT, but specific dosage recommendations are hindered by lack of a canine-specific therapeutic range for plasma theophylline concentration. These findings suggest that the OFT is well absorbed and can likely be dosed twice daily in dogs, but future pharmacodynamic and clinical studies are needed to establish a definitive therapeutic range for theophylline in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Reinhart
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Gabriela A. R. de Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Lauren Forsythe
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Zhong Li
- Metabolomics Lab, Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
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Reinhart JM, Perkowski C, Lester C, Campos V, Kadotani S, Li Z, McKiernan BC, Fries R. Multidose pharmacokinetics and safety of a modified, compounded theophylline product in dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 44:902-909. [PMID: 34173985 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Theophylline is used in canine medicine for the management of chronic bronchitis and bradyarrhythmias, yet no species-validated commercial products are available. This study reports the single-dose and multidose pharmacokinetics and safety of a modified, compounded theophylline (MCT) product readily available from a well-established, USP-compliant compounding pharmacy, which may be a suitable and reliable source for theophylline for dogs. Eleven dogs underwent serial plasma theophylline measurement following 10 mg/kg MCT PO. After a 7 days washout, dogs received 10 mg/kg MCT PO q12h and serial plasma theophylline quantification was repeated after the ninth dose. Dogs were monitored for potential adverse effects. For the nine dogs that completed the study, plasma theophylline concentrations were between 5 and 30 μg/ml for 91 +/- 15% of the dosing interval. There was no significant difference in half-life between single-dose and multidose administration. The most common adverse effects reported were mild and included agitation, excitement, and increased activity. The results of this study support the use of 10 mg/kg MCT administered twice daily as a starting dosage in dogs. This regimen appears safe, achieves appropriate plasma drug concentrations in most dogs, and does not cause significant changes in pharmacokinetic properties at steady state. Because compounded drugs do not undergo consistent testing for identity, quality, strength, purity, and stability, results of research described in reports using compounded products may not be reproducible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Reinhart
- The Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61820, US
| | - Claudia Perkowski
- The Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61820, US
| | - Courtney Lester
- The Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61820, US
| | - Valeria Campos
- The Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61820, US
| | - Saki Kadotani
- The Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61820, US
| | - Zhong Li
- The Metabolomics Center, Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61820, US
| | - Brendan C McKiernan
- The Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61820, US
| | - Ryan Fries
- The Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61820, US
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