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Winkler DE, Clauss M, Kubo MO, Schulz-Kornas E, Kaiser TM, Tschudin A, De Cuyper A, Kubo T, Tütken T. Microwear textures associated with experimental near-natural diets suggest that seeds and hard insect body parts cause high enamel surface complexity in small mammals. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.957427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, complex dental microwear textures (DMT) representing differently sized and shaped enamel lesions overlaying each other have traditionally been associated with the seeds and kernels in frugivorous diets, as well as with sclerotized insect cuticles. Recently, this notion has been challenged by field observations as well as in vitro experimental data. It remains unclear to what extent each food item contributes to the complexity level and is reflected by the surface texture of the respective tooth position along the molar tooth row. To clarify the potential of seeds and other abrasive dietary items to cause complex microwear textures, we conducted a controlled feeding experiment with rats. Six individual rats each received either a vegetable mix, a fruit mix, a seed mix, whole crickets, whole black soldier fly larvae, or whole day-old-chicks. These diets were subjected to material testing to obtain mechanical properties, such as Young’s modulus, yield strength, and food hardness (as indicated by texture profile analysis [TPA] tests). Seeds and crickets caused the highest surface complexity. The fruit mix, seed mix, and crickets caused the deepest wear features. Moreover, several diets resulted in an increasing wear gradient from the first to the second molar, suggesting that increasing bite force along the tooth row affects dental wear in rats on these diets. Mechanical properties of the diets showed different correlations with DMT obtained for the first and second molars. The first molar wear was mostly correlated with maximum TPA hardness, while the second molar wear was strongly correlated with maximum yield stress, mean TPA hardness, and maximum TPA hardness. This indicates a complex relationship between chewing mechanics, food mechanical properties, and observed DMT. Our results show that, in rats, seeds are the main cause of complex microwear textures but that hard insect body parts can also cause high complexity. However, the similarity in parameter values of surface textures resulting from seed and cricket consumption did not allow differentiation between these two diets in our experimental approach.
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Anderson PSL, Kawano SM. Different traits at different rates: The effects of dynamic strain rate on structural traits in biology. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:icac066. [PMID: 35640914 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic diversity is influenced by physical laws that govern how an organism's morphology relates to functional performance. To study comparative organismal biology, we need to quantify this diversity using biological traits (definable aspects of the morphology, behavior, and/or life history of an organism). Traits are often assumed to be immutable properties that need only be measured a single time in each adult. However, organisms often experience changes in their biotic and abiotic environments that can alter trait function. In particular, structural traits represent the physical capabilities of an organism and may be heavily influenced by the rate at which they are exposed to physical demands ('loads'). For instance, materials tend to become more brittle when loaded at faster rates which could negatively affect structures trying to resist those loads (e.g., brittle materials are more likely to fracture). In the following perspective piece, we address the dynamic properties of structural traits and present case studies that demonstrate how dynamic strain rates affect the function of these traits in diverse groups of organisms. First, we review how strain rate affects deformation and fracture in biomaterials and demonstrate how these effects alter puncture mechanics in systems such as snake strikes. Second, we discuss how different rates of bone loading affect the locomotor biomechanics of vertebrates and their ecology. Through these examinations of diverse taxa and ecological functions, we aim to highlight how rate-dependent properties of structural traits can generate dynamic form-function relationships in response to changing environmental conditions. Findings from these studies serve as a foundation to develop more nuanced ecomechanical models that can predict how complex traits emerge and, thereby, advance progress on outlining the Rules of Life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip S L Anderson
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, U.S.A
| | - Sandy M Kawano
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052, U.S.A
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Correia-Caeiro C, Burrows A, Wilson DA, Abdelrahman A, Miyabe-Nishiwaki T. CalliFACS: The common marmoset Facial Action Coding System. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266442. [PMID: 35580128 PMCID: PMC9113598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial expressions are subtle cues, central for communication and conveying emotions in mammals. Traditionally, facial expressions have been classified as a whole (e.g. happy, angry, bared-teeth), due to automatic face processing in the human brain, i.e., humans categorise emotions globally, but are not aware of subtle or isolated cues such as an eyebrow raise. Moreover, the same facial configuration (e.g. lip corners pulled backwards exposing teeth) can convey widely different information depending on the species (e.g. humans: happiness; chimpanzees: fear). The Facial Action Coding System (FACS) is considered the gold standard for investigating human facial behaviour and avoids subjective interpretations of meaning by objectively measuring independent movements linked to facial muscles, called Action Units (AUs). Following a similar methodology, we developed the CalliFACS for the common marmoset. First, we determined the facial muscular plan of the common marmoset by examining dissections from the literature. Second, we recorded common marmosets in a variety of contexts (e.g. grooming, feeding, play, human interaction, veterinary procedures), and selected clips from online databases (e.g. YouTube) to identify their facial movements. Individual facial movements were classified according to appearance changes produced by the corresponding underlying musculature. A diverse repertoire of 33 facial movements was identified in the common marmoset (15 Action Units, 15 Action Descriptors and 3 Ear Action Descriptors). Although we observed a reduced range of facial movement when compared to the HumanFACS, the common marmoset's range of facial movements was larger than predicted according to their socio-ecology and facial morphology, which indicates their importance for social interactions. CalliFACS is a scientific tool to measure facial movements, and thus, allows us to better understand the common marmoset's expressions and communication. As common marmosets have become increasingly popular laboratory animal models, from neuroscience to cognition, CalliFACS can be used as an important tool to evaluate their welfare, particularly in captivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Burrows
- Department of Physical Therapy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Duncan Andrew Wilson
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
- Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Abdelhady Abdelrahman
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Thompson CL, Bottenberg KN, Lantz AW, de Oliveira MAB, Melo LCO, Vinyard CJ. What smells? Developing in-field methods to characterize the chemical composition of wild mammalian scent cues. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:4691-4701. [PMID: 32551053 PMCID: PMC7297786 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory cues play an important role in mammalian biology, but have been challenging to assess in the field. Current methods pose problematic issues with sample storage and transportation, limiting our ability to connect chemical variation in scents with relevant ecological and behavioral contexts. Real-time, in-field analysis via portable gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has the potential to overcome these issues, but with trade-offs of reduced sensitivity and compound mass range. We field-tested the ability of portable GC-MS to support two representative applications of chemical ecology research with a wild arboreal primate, common marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus). We developed methods to (a) evaluate the chemical composition of marmoset scent marks deposited at feeding sites and (b) characterize the scent profiles of exudates eaten by marmosets. We successfully collected marmoset scent marks across several canopy heights, with the portable GC-MS detecting known components of marmoset glandular secretions and differentiating these from in-field controls. Likewise, variation in the chemical profile of scent marks demonstrated a significant correlation with marmoset feeding behavior, indicating these scents' biological relevance. The portable GC-MS also delineated species-specific olfactory signatures of exudates fed on by marmosets. Despite the trade-offs, portable GC-MS represents a viable option for characterizing olfactory compounds used by wild mammals, yielding biologically relevant data. While the decision to adopt portable GC-MS will likely depend on site- and project-specific needs, our ability to conduct two example applications under relatively challenging field conditions bodes well for the versatility of in-field GC-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L. Thompson
- Department of Biomedical SciencesGrand Valley State UniversityAllendaleMIUSA
| | | | - Andrew W. Lantz
- Department of ChemistryGrand Valley State UniversityAllendaleMIUSA
| | - Maria A. B. de Oliveira
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia AnimalUniversidade Federal Rural de PernambucoRecifeBrazil
| | - Leonardo C. O. Melo
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia AnimalUniversidade Federal Rural de PernambucoRecifeBrazil
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THOMPSON CL, GAPP LM, MELO LC, VINYARD CJ, DE OLIVEIRA MA. Nocturnal foragers exploit tree exudates from holes gouged by diurnal common marmoset monkeys (
Callithrix jacchus
). Integr Zool 2020; 15:617-623. [DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L. THOMPSON
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Grand Valley State University Allendale Michigan USA
| | - Lauren M. GAPP
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Grand Valley State University Allendale Michigan USA
| | - Leonardo C.O. MELO
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco Recife‐PE Brazil
| | - Christopher J. VINYARD
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology Northeast Ohio Medical University Rootstown Ohio USA
| | - Maria A.B. DE OLIVEIRA
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco Recife‐PE Brazil
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Regaiolli B, Angelosante C, Marliani G, Accorsi PA, Vaglio S, Spiezio C. Gum feeder as environmental enrichment for zoo marmosets and tamarins. Zoo Biol 2020; 39:73-82. [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Regaiolli
- Department of Research and ConservationParco Natura Viva ‐ Garda Zoological ParkBussolengo Italy
| | - Chiara Angelosante
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche VeterinarieUniversità di BolognaBologna Italy
| | - Giovanna Marliani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche VeterinarieUniversità di BolognaBologna Italy
| | | | - Stefano Vaglio
- Department of Research and ConservationParco Natura Viva ‐ Garda Zoological ParkBussolengo Italy
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic ScienceUniversity of WolverhamptonWolverhampton UK
- Department of Anthropology and Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution Research (BEER) CentreDurham UniversityDurham UK
| | - Caterina Spiezio
- Department of Research and ConservationParco Natura Viva ‐ Garda Zoological ParkBussolengo Italy
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Anderson PSL. Making a point: shared mechanics underlying the diversity of biological puncture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:221/22/jeb187294. [PMID: 30446527 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.187294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A viper injecting venom into a target, a mantis shrimp harpooning a fish, a cactus dispersing itself via spines attaching to passing mammals; all these are examples of biological puncture. Although disparate in terms of materials, kinematics and phylogeny, all three examples must adhere to the same set of fundamental physical laws that govern puncture mechanics. The diversity of biological puncture systems is a good case study for how physical laws can be used as a baseline for comparing disparate biological systems. In this Review, I explore the diversity of biological puncture and identify key variables that influence these systems. First, I explore recent work on biological puncture in a diversity of organisms, based on their hypothesized objectives: gripping, injection, damage and defence. Variation within each category is discussed, such as the differences between gripping for prey capture, gripping for dispersal of materials or gripping during reproduction. The second half of the Review is focused on specific physical parameters that influence puncture mechanics, such as material properties, stress, energy, speed and the medium within which puncture occurs. I focus on how these parameters have been examined in biology, and how they influence the evolution of biological systems. The ultimate objective of this Review is to outline an initial framework for examining the mechanics and evolution of puncture systems across biology. This framework will not only allow for broad biological comparisons, but also create a baseline for bioinspired design of both tools that puncture efficiently and materials that can resist puncture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip S L Anderson
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Berthaume MA. Food mechanical properties and dietary ecology. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 159:S79-104. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Berthaume
- Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Deutscher Platz 6 Leipzig 04103 Germany
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Taylor AB, Yuan T, Ross CF, Vinyard CJ. Jaw-muscle force and excursion scale with negative allometry in platyrrhine primates. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 158:242-256. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea B. Taylor
- DPT Program; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Duke University School of Medicine; Durham NC 27708
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology; Duke University; Durham NC 27710
| | - Tian Yuan
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology; Duke University; Durham NC 27710
| | - Callum F. Ross
- Organismal Biology and Anatomy; University of Chicago; Chicago IL 60637
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