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Wu L, Fan C, Lan C, Yu J, Wen H, Yang Q, Xiao N, Zhou J. A long-ignored unique ecosystem of cavefishes in the southern karst: achievements, challenges, and prospects. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:90489-90499. [PMID: 37479926 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28806-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Cavefishes represent a taxon that has experienced natural selection pressures. This paper summarizes the results with respect to the taxonomy, diversity, phylogeny, and adaptation aspects of cavefishes research. It showed that: 1) These studies suggest that cavefishes play important roles in the study of geologic history and adaptation to extreme environments, but the mechanisms involved 168 species of cavefishes belonging to 17 genera, four families, and two orders have been recorded in China. Meanwhile, more new species are being discovered recently, and the species diversity of cavefishes are still underestimated, indicating the need to strengthen the survey in field. 2) The biogeography of cavefishes have focused on Sinocyclocheilus and Triplophysa, that have helped understand the geomorphology of karst areas in southern China and the spatial pattern of species diversity. These studies revealed the influences of evolution and geological history in Sinocyclocheilus, but there are still many species that have not been studied accordingly. 3) Some adaptive mechanistic studies have been conducted on cavefishes, primarily focusing on eye and body color degradation and energy metabolism in the genus Sinocyclocheilus to reveal adaptive mechanisms in the dark environment. 4) The IUCN list of protected cavefishes species in China only includes 21 species. The List of Key Protected Wild Animals for 2021 includes all species of Sinocyclocheilus as National Class II.It is necessary to strengthen the research on the biodiversity and adaptation and need consider the conservation actions for cavefishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wu
- School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550001, China
| | - Cui Fan
- School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550001, China
| | - Changting Lan
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550001, China
| | - Jing Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550001, China
| | - Huamei Wen
- College of Science, Qiongtai Normal University, Haikou, 571127, China
| | - Qin Yang
- School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550001, China
| | - Ning Xiao
- Guiyang Healthcare Vocational University, Guiyang, 550081, Guizhou, China
| | - Jiang Zhou
- School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550001, China.
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Barros‐Diaz C, Vela S, Gallo‐Pérez A, Chiquito M, Cornejo X, Mosquera‐Muñoz D, Perez‐Correa J. Hypopigmentation in mantled howler monkeys Alouatta palliata (gray 1849): First documented cases of whole-body leucism in South America. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9628. [PMID: 36514543 PMCID: PMC9731914 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The existence of hypopigmentation like leucism is the result of genetic anomalies that might be enhanced by external factors such as pollution. This anomaly may reduce survival rates. Leucism has been recorded in wildlife, but overall, it is considered very rare. There have been few records of mantled howler monkeys with leucism in Mexico and Costa Rica, but whole-body leucism in howler monkeys from South America was unknown. In this article, we report for the first-time documented cases of whole-body leucism in young individuals of mantled howler monkeys Alouatta palliata in an isolated remanent of tropical dry forest in southwestern Ecuador known as Cerro Blanco Protective Forest. In total, we found two juvenile individuals with leucism in October 2021. The report of howler monkeys with whole-body leucism may be caused by two processes: inbreeding because of isolated populations, environmental pressure caused by pollution, or the interaction of both. Our findings also reveal that hypopigmentation is becoming more frequent in howler monkey populations along its distributional range. Therefore, it is important to promote research in this field to disentangle the causes of hypopigmentation and to consider a regional management strategy for the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Barros‐Diaz
- Fundación para la Conservación e Investigación JaPuGuayaquilEcuador,Faculdad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesPontificia Universidad Católica del EcuadorPichinchaEcuador
| | - Silvia Vela
- Fundación para la Conservación e Investigación JaPuGuayaquilEcuador
| | - Abel Gallo‐Pérez
- Fundación para la Conservación e Investigación JaPuGuayaquilEcuador,Facultad de Ciencias NaturalesUniversidad de GuayaquilGuayaquilEcuador
| | - Manuel Chiquito
- Fundación para la Conservación e Investigación JaPuGuayaquilEcuador,Facultad de Ciencias NaturalesUniversidad de GuayaquilGuayaquilEcuador
| | - Xavier Cornejo
- Herbario GUAY, Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias NaturalesUniversidad de GuayaquilGuayaquilEcuador
| | | | - Julian Perez‐Correa
- Fundación para la Conservación e Investigación JaPuGuayaquilEcuador,Programa de Maestría en Ciencias Marinas y Costeras, Facultad de Ciencias NaturalesUniversidad de GuayaquilGuayaquilEcuador,School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
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GNAI2 Promotes Proliferation and Decreases Apoptosis in Rabbit Melanocytes. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081130. [PMID: 34440304 PMCID: PMC8392598 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
GNAI2 (G protein subunit alpha i2) is a signaling modulator or transducer, involved in several transmembrane signaling systems, that plays a vital role in the melanogenesis signaling pathway. However, whether GNAI2 regulates cell proliferation and apoptosis in rabbit melanocytes is not known. We found that GNAI2 was differentially expressed in rabbits with different coat colors using qRT-PCR and Wes assays. Furthermore, it was observed that the rabbits with black skin had the highest GNAI2 levels, and those with white skin had the lowest expression. The coding sequence of GNAI2 was successfully cloned and inserted into pcDNA3.1 and pcDNA3.1-Myc vectors. It was observed that the GNAI2 protein was mainly localized in the cytoplasm using the indirect immunofluorescence staining assay. Overexpression of GNAI2 significantly increased melanin content, promoted melanocyte proliferation, and inhibited melanocyte apoptosis. On the contrary, the knockdown of GNAI2 using siRNA had the opposite effect. In addition, GNAI2 significantly increased the mRNA expression levels of the melanin-related genes TYR, GPNMB, PMEL, and DCT in rabbit melanocytes. The results suggested that GNAI2 regulated melanocyte development by promoting melanocyte proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis.
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Policarpo M, Fumey J, Lafargeas P, Naquin D, Thermes C, Naville M, Dechaud C, Volff JN, Cabau C, Klopp C, Møller PR, Bernatchez L, García-Machado E, Rétaux S, Casane D. Contrasting Gene Decay in Subterranean Vertebrates: Insights from Cavefishes and Fossorial Mammals. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:589-605. [PMID: 32986833 PMCID: PMC7826195 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolution sometimes proceeds by loss, especially when structures and genes become dispensable after an environmental shift relaxes functional constraints. Subterranean vertebrates are outstanding models to analyze this process, and gene decay can serve as a readout. We sought to understand some general principles on the extent and tempo of the decay of genes involved in vision, circadian clock, and pigmentation in cavefishes. The analysis of the genomes of two Cuban species belonging to the genus Lucifuga provided evidence for the largest loss of eye-specific genes and nonvisual opsin genes reported so far in cavefishes. Comparisons with a recently evolved cave population of Astyanax mexicanus and three species belonging to the Chinese tetraploid genus Sinocyclocheilus revealed the combined effects of the level of eye regression, time, and genome ploidy on eye-specific gene pseudogenization. The limited extent of gene decay in all these cavefishes and the very small number of loss-of-function mutations per pseudogene suggest that their eye degeneration may not be very ancient, ranging from early to late Pleistocene. This is in sharp contrast with the identification of several vision genes carrying many loss-of-function mutations in ancient fossorial mammals, further suggesting that blind fishes cannot thrive more than a few million years in cave ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Policarpo
- CNRS, IRD, UMR Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Julien Fumey
- CNRS, IRD, UMR Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Philippe Lafargeas
- CNRS, IRD, UMR Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Delphine Naquin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Claude Thermes
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Magali Naville
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Corentin Dechaud
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Nicolas Volff
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Cedric Cabau
- SIGENAE, GenPhySE, INRAE, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Christophe Klopp
- INRAE, SIGENAE, Genotoul Bioinfo, MIAT UR875, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Peter Rask Møller
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Louis Bernatchez
- Department of Biology, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Erik García-Machado
- Department of Biology, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.,Centro de Investigaciones Marinas, Universidad de La Habana, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Sylvie Rétaux
- CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Didier Casane
- CNRS, IRD, UMR Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,UFR Sciences du Vivant, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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