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Ding H, Wang T, Zhang Y, Guo C, Shi K, Kurtovic I, Yuan Y, Yue T. Efficacy, kinetics, inactivation mechanism and application of cold plasma in inactivating Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris spores. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 423:110830. [PMID: 39047618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
As spores of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris can survive traditional pasteurization, this organism has been suggested as a target bacterium in the fruit juice industry. This study aimed to investigate the inactivation effect of cold plasma on A. acidoterrestris spores and the mechanism behind the inactivation. The inactivation effect was detected by the plate count method and described by kinetic models. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the detection of dipicolinic acid (DPA) release and heat resistance detection, the detection and scavenging experiment of reactive species, and cryo-scanning electron microscopy were used to explore the mechanism of cold plasma inactivation of A. acidoterrestris. The results showed that cold plasma can effectively inactivate A. acidoterrestris spores in saline with a 3.0 ± 0.3 and 4.4 ± 0.8 log reduction in CFU/mL, for 9 and 18 min, respectively. The higher the voltage and the longer the treatment time, the stronger the overall inactivation effect. However, a lower gas flow rate may increase the probability of spore contact with reactive species, resulting in better inactivation results. The biphasic model fits the survival curves better than the Weibull model. SEM and TEM revealed that cold plasma treatment can cause varying degrees of damage to the morphology and structure of A. acidoterrestris spores, with at least 50 % sustaining severe morphological and structural damage. The DPA release and heat resistance detection showed that A. acidoterrestris spores did not germinate but died directly during the cold plasma treatment. 1O2 plays the most important role in the inactivation, while O3, H2O2 and NO3- may also be responsible for inactivation. Cold plasma treatment for 1 min reduced A. acidoterrestris spores in apple juice by 0.4 ± 0.0 log, comparable to a 12-min heat treatment at 95 °C. However, as the treatment time increased, the survival curve exhibited a significant tailing phenomenon, which was most likely caused by the various compounds in apple juice that can react with reactive species and exert a physical shielding effect on spores. Higher input power and higher gas flow rate resulted in more complete inactivation of A. acidoterrestris spores in apple juice. What's more, the high inactivation efficiency in saline indicates the cold plasma device provides a promising alternative for controlling A. acidoterrestris spores during apple washing. Overall, our study provides adequate data support and a theoretical basis for using cold plasma to inactivate A. acidoterrestris spores in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Ding
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yuxiang Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Chunfeng Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Kaiyu Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Ivan Kurtovic
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Yahong Yuan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Tianli Yue
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
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Yang W, Yuan Y, He L, Fan H. Single-cell analysis reveals microbial spore responses to sodium hypochlorite. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2024; 17:e202400015. [PMID: 38613161 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202400015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Pollution from toxic spores has caused us a lot of problems because spores are extremely resistant and can survive most disinfectants. Therefore, the detection of spore response to disinfectant is of great significance for the development of effective decontamination strategies. In this work, we investigated the effect of 0.5% sodium hypochlorite on the molecular and morphological properties of single spores of Bacillus subtilis using single-cell techniques. Laser tweezers Raman spectroscopy showed that sodium hypochlorite resulted in Ca2+-dipicolinic acid release and nucleic acid denaturation. Atomic force microscopy showed that the surface of treated spores changed from rough to smooth, protein shells were degraded at 10 min, and the permeability barrier was destroyed at 15 min. The spore volume decreased gradually over time. Live-cell imaging showed that the germination and growth rates decreased with increasing treatment time. These results provide new insight into the response of spores to sodium hypochlorite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Yang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Intelligentization, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
- School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yufeng Yuan
- School of Electrical Engineering and Intelligentization, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin He
- School of Electrical Engineering and Intelligentization, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Haihua Fan
- School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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3
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Öberg R, Sil TB, Johansson AC, Malyshev D, Landström L, Johansson S, Andersson M, Andersson PO. UV-Induced Spectral and Morphological Changes in Bacterial Spores for Inactivation Assessment. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:1638-1646. [PMID: 38326108 PMCID: PMC10895659 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c07062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The ability to detect and inactivate spore-forming bacteria is of significance within, for example, industrial, healthcare, and defense sectors. Not only are stringent protocols necessary for the inactivation of spores but robust procedures are also required to detect viable spores after an inactivation assay to evaluate the procedure's success. UV radiation is a standard procedure to inactivate spores. However, there is limited understanding regarding its impact on spores' spectral and morphological characteristics. A further insight into these UV-induced changes can significantly improve the design of spore decontamination procedures and verification assays. This work investigates the spectral and morphological changes to Bacillus thuringiensis spores after UV exposure. Using absorbance and fluorescence spectroscopy, we observe an exponential decay in the spectral intensity of amino acids and protein structures, as well as a logistic increase in dimerized DPA with increased UV exposure on bulk spore suspensions. Additionally, using micro-Raman spectroscopy, we observe DPA release and protein degradation with increased UV exposure. More specifically, the protein backbone's 1600-1700 cm-1 amide I band decays slower than other amino acid-based structures. Last, using electron microscopy and light scattering measurements, we observe shriveling of the spore bodies with increased UV radiation, alongside the leaking of core content and disruption of proteinaceous coat and exosporium layers. Overall, this work utilized spectroscopy and electron microscopy techniques to gain new understanding of UV-induced spore inactivation relating to spore degradation and CaDPA release. The study also identified spectroscopic indicators that can be used to determine spore viability after inactivation. These findings have practical applications in the development of new spore decontamination and inactivation validation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Öberg
- Swedish
Defence Research Agency (FOI), Umeå 90621, Sweden
- Department
of Physics, Umeå University, Umeå 90736, Sweden
| | - Timir B. Sil
- Department
of Physics, Umeå University, Umeå 90736, Sweden
| | | | | | - Lars Landström
- Swedish
Defence Research Agency (FOI), Norra Sorunda 13794, Sweden
| | | | - Magnus Andersson
- Department
of Physics, Umeå University, Umeå 90736, Sweden
- Umeå
Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå 90736, Sweden
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Setlow P, Christie G. New Thoughts on an Old Topic: Secrets of Bacterial Spore Resistance Slowly Being Revealed. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2023; 87:e0008022. [PMID: 36927044 PMCID: PMC10304885 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00080-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The quest for bacterial survival is exemplified by spores formed by some Firmicutes members. They turn up everywhere one looks, and their ubiquity reflects adaptations to the stresses bacteria face. Spores are impactful in public health, food safety, and biowarfare. Heat resistance is the hallmark of spores and is countered principally by a mineralized gel-like protoplast, termed the spore core, with reduced water which minimizes macromolecular movement/denaturation/aggregation. Dry heat, however, introduces mutations into spore DNA. Spores have countermeasures to extreme conditions that are multifactorial, but the fact that spore DNA is in a crystalline-like nucleoid in the spore core, likely due to DNA saturation with small acid-soluble spore proteins (SASPs), suggests that reduced macromolecular motion is also critical in spore dry heat resistance. SASPs are also central in the radiation resistance characteristic of spores, where the contributions of four spore features-SASP; Ca2+, with pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (CaDPA); photoproduct lyase; and low water content-minimize DNA damage. Notably, the spore environment steers UV photochemistry toward a product that germinated spores can repair without significant mutagenesis. This resistance extends to chemicals and macromolecules that could damage spores. Macromolecules are excluded by the spore coat which impedes the passage of moieties of ≥10 kDa. Additionally, damaging chemicals may be degraded or neutralized by coat enzymes/proteins. However, the principal protective mechanism here is the inner membrane, a compressed structure lacking lipid fluidity and presenting a barrier to the diffusion of chemicals into the spore core; SASP saturation of DNA also protects against genotoxic chemicals. Spores are also resistant to other stresses, including high pressure and abrasion. Regardless, overarching mechanisms associated with resistance seem to revolve around reduced molecular motion, a fine balance between rigidity and flexibility, and perhaps efficient repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Setlow
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Graham Christie
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Malyshev D, Jones IA, McKracken M, Öberg R, Harper GM, Joshi LT, Andersson M. Hypervirulent R20291 Clostridioides difficile spores show disinfection resilience to sodium hypochlorite despite structural changes. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:59. [PMID: 36879193 PMCID: PMC9986864 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02787-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clostridioides difficile is a spore forming bacterial species and the major causative agent of nosocomial gastrointestinal infections. C. difficile spores are highly resilient to disinfection methods and to prevent infection, common cleaning protocols use sodium hypochlorite solutions to decontaminate hospital surfaces and equipment. However, there is a balance between minimising the use of harmful chemicals to the environment and patients as well as the need to eliminate spores, which can have varying resistance properties between strains. In this work, we employ TEM imaging and Raman spectroscopy to analyse changes in spore physiology in response to sodium hypochlorite. We characterize different C. difficile clinical isolates and assess the chemical's impact on spores' biochemical composition. Changes in the biochemical composition can, in turn, change spores' vibrational spectroscopic fingerprints, which can impact the possibility of detecting spores in a hospital using Raman based methods. RESULTS We found that the isolates show significantly different susceptibility to hypochlorite, with the R20291 strain, in particular, showing less than 1 log reduction in viability for a 0.5% hypochlorite treatment, far below typically reported values for C. difficile. While TEM and Raman spectra analysis of hypochlorite-treated spores revealed that some hypochlorite-exposed spores remained intact and not distinguishable from controls, most spores showed structural changes. These changes were prominent in B. thuringiensis spores than C. difficile spores. CONCLUSION This study highlights the ability of certain C. difficile spores to survive practical disinfection exposure and the related changes in spore Raman spectra that can be seen after exposure. These findings are important to consider when designing practical disinfection protocols and vibrational-based detection methods to avoid a false-positive response when screening decontaminated areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rasmus Öberg
- Department of Physics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | | | - Magnus Andersson
- Department of Physics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. .,Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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Alvarado-Ávila M, Toledo-Carrillo E, Dutta J. Cerium Oxide on a Fluorinated Carbon-Based Electrode as a Promising Catalyst for Hypochlorite Production. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:37465-37475. [PMID: 36312353 PMCID: PMC9608405 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is widely used as a disinfectant agent for water treatment and surface cleaning. A straightforward way to produce NaOCl is by the electrolysis of an aqueous sodium chloride (NaCl) solution. This process presents several side reactions decreasing its efficiency with hypochlorite reduction on the cathode surface being one of the main detrimental reactions. In this work, we have studied carbon-based electrodes modified with cerium oxide (CeO2), fluorine, and platinum nanoparticles as cathodes for hypochlorite production. Fluorination was carried out electrochemically; the polyol method was used to synthesize platinum nanoparticles; and the hydrothermal process was applied to form a CeO2 layer. Scanning electron microscopy, FTIR, and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) indicated the presence of cerium oxide as a film, fluorine groups on the substrate, and a load of 3.2 mg/cm2 of platinum nanoparticles and 2.7 mg/cm2 of CeO2. From electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, it was possible to demonstrate that incorporating platinum and fluorine decreases the charge transfer resistance by 16% and 28%, respectively. Linear sweep voltammetry showed a significant decrease in hypochlorite reduction when the substrate was doped with fluorine from -16.6 mA/cm2 at -0.6 V to -9.64 mA/cm2 that further reduced to -8.78 mA/cm2 with cerium oxide covered fluorinated electrodes. The performance of the cathode materials during hypochlorite production improved by 80% compared with pristine activated carbon cloth (ACC) electrodes. The improvement toward hindering NaOCl reduction is probably caused by the incorporation of a partial negative charge upon doping with fluorine.
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Kruse S, Schenk M, Pierre F, Morlock GE. Bacillus subtilis spores in probiotic feed quantified via bacterial metabolite using planar chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1221:340124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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What's new and notable in bacterial spore killing! World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:144. [PMID: 34351499 PMCID: PMC8342367 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03108-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Spores of many species of the orders Bacillales and Clostridiales can be vectors for food spoilage, human diseases and intoxications, and biological warfare. Many agents are used for spore killing, including moist heat in an autoclave, dry heat at elevated temperatures, UV radiation at 254 and more recently 222 and 400 nm, ionizing radiation of various types, high hydrostatic pressures and a host of chemical decontaminants. An alternative strategy is to trigger spore germination, as germinated spores are much easier to kill than the highly resistant dormant spores—the so called “germinate to eradicate” strategy. Factors important to consider in choosing methods for spore killing include the: (1) cost; (2) killing efficacy and kinetics; (3) ability to decontaminate large areas in buildings or outside; and (4) compatibility of killing regimens with the: (i) presence of people; (ii) food quality; (iii) presence of significant amounts of organic matter; and (iv) minimal damage to equipment in the decontamination zone. This review will summarize research on spore killing and point out some common flaws which can make results from spore killing research questionable.
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Malyshev D, Dahlberg T, Wiklund K, Andersson PO, Henriksson S, Andersson M. Mode of Action of Disinfection Chemicals on the Bacterial Spore Structure and Their Raman Spectra. Anal Chem 2021; 93:3146-3153. [PMID: 33523636 PMCID: PMC7893628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Contamination of
toxic spore-forming bacteria is problematic since
spores can survive a plethora of disinfection chemicals and it is
hard to rapidly detect if the disinfection chemical has inactivated
the spores. Thus, robust decontamination strategies and reliable detection
methods to identify dead from viable spores are critical. In this
work, we investigate the chemical changes of Bacillus
thuringiensis spores treated with sporicidal agents
such as chlorine dioxide, peracetic acid, and sodium hypochlorite
using laser tweezers Raman spectroscopy. We also image treated spores
using SEM and TEM to verify if we can correlate structural changes
in the spores with changes to their Raman spectra. We found that over
30 min, chlorine dioxide did not change the Raman spectrum or the
spore structure, peracetic acid showed a time-dependent decrease in
the characteristic DNA/DPA peaks and ∼20% of the spores were
degraded and collapsed, and spores treated with sodium hypochlorite
showed an abrupt drop in DNA and DPA peaks within 20 min and some
structural damage to the exosporium. Structural changes appeared in
spores after 10 min, compared to the inactivation time of the spores,
which is less than a minute. We conclude that vibrational spectroscopy
provides powerful means to detect changes in spores but it might be
problematic to identify if spores are live or dead after a decontamination
procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Per Ola Andersson
- Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Umeå, 906 21 Sweden.,Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, Box 35 751 03, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Henriksson
- Umeå Core Facility for Electron Microscopy, Umeå University, Umeå, 901 87 Sweden
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Trunet C, Mtimet N, Mathot AG, Postollec F, Leguerinel I, Couvert O, Broussolle V, Carlin F, Coroller L. Suboptimal Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus weihenstephanensis Spore Incubation Conditions Increase Heterogeneity of Spore Outgrowth Time. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e02061-19. [PMID: 31900309 PMCID: PMC7054099 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02061-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes with time of a population of Bacillus weihenstephanensis KBAB4 and Bacillus licheniformis AD978 dormant spores into germinated spores and vegetative cells were followed by flow cytometry, at pH ranges of 4.7 to 7.4 and temperatures of 10°C to 37°C for B. weihenstephanensis and 18°C to 59°C for B. licheniformis Incubation conditions lower than optimal temperatures or pH led to lower proportions of dormant spores able to germinate and extended time of germination, a lower proportion of germinated spores able to outgrow, an extension of their times of outgrowth, and an increase of the heterogeneity of spore outgrowth time. A model based on the strain growth limits was proposed to quantify the impact of incubation temperature and pH on the passage through each physiological stage. The heat treatment temperature or time acted independently on spore recovery. Indeed, a treatment at 85°C for 12 min or at 95°C for 2 min did not have the same impact on spore germination and outgrowth kinetics of B. weihenstephanensis despite the fact that they both led to a 10-fold reduction of the population. Moreover, acidic sporulation pH increased the time of outgrowth 1.2-fold and lowered the proportion of spores able to germinate and outgrow 1.4-fold. Interestingly, we showed by proteomic analysis that some proteins involved in germination and outgrowth were detected at a lower abundance in spores produced at pH 5.5 than in those produced at pH 7.0, maybe at the origin of germination and outgrowth behavior of spores produced at suboptimal pH.IMPORTANCE Sporulation and incubation conditions have an impact on the numbers of spores able to recover after exposure to sublethal heat treatment. Using flow cytometry, we were able to follow at a single-cell level the changes in the physiological states of heat-stressed spores of Bacillus spp. and to discriminate between dormant spores, germinated spores, and outgrowing vegetative cells. We developed original mathematical models that describe (i) the changes with time of the proportion of cells in their different states during germination and outgrowth and (ii) the influence of temperature and pH on the kinetics of spore recovery using the growth limits of the tested strains as model parameters. We think that these models better predict spore recovery after a sublethal heat treatment, a common situation in food processing and a concern for food preservation and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Trunet
- Univ Brest, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, UMT ACTIA 19.03 ALTER'iX, Quimper, France
- ADRIA Food Expertise, UMT ACTIA 19.03 ALTER'iX, Quimper, France
| | - N Mtimet
- Univ Brest, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, UMT ACTIA 19.03 ALTER'iX, Quimper, France
| | - A-G Mathot
- Univ Brest, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, UMT ACTIA 19.03 ALTER'iX, Quimper, France
| | - F Postollec
- ADRIA Food Expertise, UMT ACTIA 19.03 ALTER'iX, Quimper, France
| | - I Leguerinel
- Univ Brest, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, UMT ACTIA 19.03 ALTER'iX, Quimper, France
| | - O Couvert
- Univ Brest, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, UMT ACTIA 19.03 ALTER'iX, Quimper, France
| | - V Broussolle
- INRAE, Avignon Université, UMR SQPOV, Avignon, France
| | - F Carlin
- INRAE, Avignon Université, UMR SQPOV, Avignon, France
| | - L Coroller
- Univ Brest, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, UMT ACTIA 19.03 ALTER'iX, Quimper, France
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Bai Y, Idris Muhammad A, Hu Y, Koseki S, Liao X, Chen S, Ye X, Liu D, Ding T. Inactivation kinetics of Bacillus cereus spores by Plasma activated water (PAW). Food Res Int 2020; 131:109041. [PMID: 32247505 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, plasma activated water has attracted more attention as a new disinfectant. The purpose of this study was to explore impact of variation of different treatment conditions on the inactivation kinetics of Bacillus cereus spores by PAW. All survival curves showed that the number of spores has decreased rapidly at first, followed by tailing results from the reduction inactivation rate. A linear and two nonlinear models (Weibull and Log-logistic model) were fitted to these data, and Log-logistic model fitted the inactivation of the B. cereus spores best. B. cereus spores in 106 CFU/mL was reduced by 1.62-2.96 log CFU/mL by PAW at 55 °C due to the reactive species generated in PAW. Elevated temperature, lower initial spore concentration, lower bovine serum albumin content, and smaller activation volume of PAW considerably enhanced PAW inactivation of B. cereus spores. These results provide an approach to evaluate the inactivation efficacy of different treatment conditions for PAW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Bai
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Aliyu Idris Muhammad
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yaqin Hu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Shigenobu Koseki
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Xinyu Liao
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Shiguo Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xingqian Ye
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Donghong Liu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Tian Ding
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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12
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McEvoy B, Rowan NJ. Terminal sterilization of medical devices using vaporized hydrogen peroxide: a review of current methods and emerging opportunities. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:1403-1420. [PMID: 31410952 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Medical devices are an important and growing aspect of healthcare provision and are increasing in complexity to meet established and emerging patient needs. Terminal sterilization plays a vital role in the provision of safe medical devices. While terminal sterilization technologies for medical devices include multiple radiation options, ethylene oxide remains the predominant nonthermal gaseous option, sterilizing c. 50% of all manufactured devices. Vaporized hydrogen peroxide (abbreviated VH2O2 by the International Organization for Standardization) is currently deployed for clinical sterilization applications, where its performance characteristics appear aligned to requirements, constituting a viable alternative low-temperature process for terminal processing of medical devices. However, VH2O2 has operational limitations that create technical challenges for industrial-scale adoption. This timely review provides a succinct overview of VH2O2 in gaseous sterilization and addresses its applicability for terminal sterilization of medical devices. It also describes underappreciated factors such as the occurrence of nonlinear microbial inactivation kinetic plots that may dictate a need to develop a new standard approach to validate VH2O2 for terminal sterilization of medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- B McEvoy
- STERIS Applied Sterilization Technologies, IDA Business and Technology Park, Tullamore, Ireland
| | - N J Rowan
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Ireland
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Trunet C, Mtimet N, Mathot AG, Postollec F, Leguérinel I, Couvert O, Carlin F, Coroller L. Effect of incubation temperature and pH on the recovery of Bacillus weihenstephanensis spores after exposure to a peracetic acid-based disinfectant or to pulsed light. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 278:81-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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14
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Malleck T, Daufouy G, André S, Broussolle V, Planchon S. Temperature impacts the sporulation capacities and spore resistance of Moorella thermoacetica. Food Microbiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Wang G, Chen H, Wang X, Peng L, Peng Y, Li YQ. Probing the germination kinetics of ethanol-treated Bacillus thuringiensis spores. APPLIED OPTICS 2017; 56:3263-3269. [PMID: 28430241 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.003263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is the most widely used microbial insecticide. To clarify the mechanism of bacterial resistance to ethanol toxicity, the present study investigated the effects of 70% (v/v) ethanol at a moderate temperature (65°C) on Bt spore germination by single-cell Raman spectroscopy and differential interference contrast microscopy. We found that over 80% of Bt spores were inviable after 30 min of treatment. Moreover, ethanol treatment affected spore germination; the time for initiation of rapid calcium dipicolinate (CaDPA) release (i.e., lag time, Tlag), time taken for rapid CaDPA release (i.e., ΔTrelease), and time required for complete hydrolysis of the peptidoglycan cortex of spores (i.e., ΔTlys) were increased with longer treatment times. Alanine-initiated germination upon ethanol treatment for 30-90 min showed a 2- to 4-fold longer Tlag, 2- to 3.5-fold longer ΔTrelease, and ∼2-fold longer ΔTlys relative to the control. Dodecylamine-initiated germination treated for 15-30 min had 3- to 5-fold longer Tlag and 1.4- to 1.7-fold longer ΔTrelease than the control. Germination induced by exogenous CaDPA was observed only in a small fraction of spores treated with ethanol for 5 min. Single-cell Raman spectroscopy revealed that more than 52% of spores lost CaDPA after 30 min of ethanol treatment; these showed reductions in the intensity of 1280 and 1652 cm-1 bands (corresponding to protein α-helical structure) and increases in that of 1245 and 1665 cm-1 bands (attributed to irregularities in protein structure). These results indicate that CaDPA in the core of Bt spores confers resistance to ethanol, and that damage to the spore inner membrane by ethanol treatment results in CaDPA leakage. Additionally, moderate-temperature ethanol treatment and consequent denaturation of germination-related proteins affected spore germination, specifically by inactivating the cortex-lytic enzyme CwlJ. Our findings provide a theoretical basis for the development of more effective methods for killing spore-forming bacteria; microscopy imaging and Raman spectroscopy can provide novel insight into the effects of chemical agents on microbial cells.
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Sakudo A, Toyokawa Y, Nakamura T, Yagyu Y, Imanishi Y. Nitrogen gas plasma treatment of bacterial spores induces oxidative stress that damages the genomic DNA. Mol Med Rep 2016; 15:396-402. [PMID: 27909733 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Gas plasma, produced by a short high‑voltage pulse generated from a static induction thyristor power supply [1.5 kilo pulse/sec (kpps)], was demonstrated to inactivate Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores (decimal reduction time at 15 min, 2.48 min). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assays further indicated that nitrogen gas plasma treatment for 15 min decreased the level of intact genomic DNA and increased the level of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, a major product of DNA oxidation. Three potential inactivation factors were generated during operation of the gas plasma instrument: Heat, longwave ultraviolet-A and oxidative stress (production of hydrogen peroxide, nitrite and nitrate). Treatment of the spores with hydrogen peroxide (3x2‑4%) effectively inactivated the bacteria, whereas heat treatment (100˚C), exposure to UV-A (75‑142 mJ/cm2) and 4.92 mM peroxynitrite (•ONOO‑), which is decomposed into nitrite and nitrate, did not. The results of the present study suggest the gas plasma treatment inactivates bacterial spores primarily by generating hydrogen peroxide, which contributes to the oxidation of the host genomic DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akikazu Sakudo
- Laboratory of Biometabolic Chemistry, School of Health Sciences, University of The Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903‑0215, Japan
| | - Yoichi Toyokawa
- Laboratory of Biometabolic Chemistry, School of Health Sciences, University of The Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903‑0215, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Nakamura
- Laboratory of Biometabolic Chemistry, School of Health Sciences, University of The Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903‑0215, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Yagyu
- Department of Electrical and Electric Engineering, Sasebo National College of Technology, Nagasaki 857‑1193, Japan
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17
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Li Q, Korza G, Setlow P. Killing the spores of
Bacillus
species by molecular iodine. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 122:54-64. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Q. Li
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics UConn Health Farmington CT USA
| | - G. Korza
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics UConn Health Farmington CT USA
| | - P. Setlow
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics UConn Health Farmington CT USA
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Leggett M, Setlow P, Sattar S, Maillard JY. Assessing the activity of microbicides against bacterial spores: knowledge and pitfalls. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 120:1174-80. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M.J. Leggett
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Cardiff University; Cardiff UK
| | | | - S.A. Sattar
- Faculty of Medicine; University of Ottawa; Ottawa ON Canada
| | - J.-Y. Maillard
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Cardiff University; Cardiff UK
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19
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Zhang C, Li B, Jadeja R, Hung YC. Effects of Electrolyzed Oxidizing Water on Inactivation of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus Spores in Suspension and on Carriers. J Food Sci 2015; 81:M144-9. [PMID: 26642381 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Spores of some Bacillus species are responsible for food spoilage and foodborne disease. These spores are highly resistant to various interventions and cooking processes. In this study, the sporicidal efficacy of acidic electrolyzed oxidizing (EO) water (AEW) and slightly acidic EO water (SAEW) with available chlorine concentration (ACC) of 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 mg/L and treatment time for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 min were tested on Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus spores in suspension and on carrier with or without organics. The reduction of spore significantly increased with increasing ACC and treatment time (P < 0.05). Nondetectable level of B. cereus spore in suspension occurred within 2 min after exposure to both EO waters containing 120 mg/L ACC, while only SAEW at 120 mg/L and 2 min treatment achieved >6 log reductions of B. subtilis spore. Both types of EO water with ACC of 60 mg/L and 6 min treatment achieved a reduction of B. subtilis and B. cereus spores to nondetectable level. EO water with ACC of 80 mg/L and treatment time of 3 min on carrier test without organics addition resulted in reductions of B. subtilis spore to nondetectable level. But, addition of 0.3% organics on carrier decreased the inactivation effect of EO water. This study indicated that EO water was highly effective in inactivation of B. subtilis and B. cereus spores in suspension or on carrier, and therefore, rendered it as a promising disinfectant to be applied in food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-environmental Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural Univ, P.O. Box 67, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China
| | - Baoming Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-environmental Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural Univ, P.O. Box 67, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China.,College of Water Resources & Civil Engineering, China Agricultural Univ, 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China
| | - Ravirajsinh Jadeja
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Univ. of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA, 30223, U.S.A
| | - Yen-Con Hung
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Univ. of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA, 30223, U.S.A
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Abstract
Growth of microorganisms in environments containing CO2 above its critical point is unexpected due to a combination of deleterious effects, including cytoplasmic acidification and membrane destabilization. Thus, supercritical CO2 (scCO2) is generally regarded as a sterilizing agent. We report isolation of bacteria from three sites targeted for geologic carbon dioxide sequestration (GCS) that are capable of growth in pressurized bioreactors containing scCO2. Analysis of 16S rRNA genes from scCO2 enrichment cultures revealed microbial assemblages of varied complexity, including representatives of the genus Bacillus. Propagation of enrichment cultures under scCO2 headspace led to isolation of six strains corresponding to Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subterraneus, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus safensis, and Bacillus megaterium. Isolates are spore-forming, facultative anaerobes and capable of germination and growth under an scCO2 headspace. In addition to these isolates, several Bacillus type strains grew under scCO2, suggesting that this may be a shared feature of spore-forming Bacillus spp. Our results provide direct evidence of microbial activity at the interface between scCO2 and an aqueous phase. Since microbial activity can influence the key mechanisms for permanent storage of sequestered CO2 (i.e., structural, residual, solubility, and mineral trapping), our work suggests that during GCS microorganisms may grow and catalyze biological reactions that influence the fate and transport of CO2 in the deep subsurface.
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Leggett MJ, Schwarz JS, Burke PA, Mcdonnell G, Denyer SP, Maillard JY. Resistance to and killing by the sporicidal microbicide peracetic acid. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014; 70:773-9. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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22
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Inactivation of chemical and heat-resistant spores of Bacillus and Geobacillus by nitrogen cold atmospheric plasma evokes distinct changes in morphology and integrity of spores. Food Microbiol 2014; 45:26-33. [PMID: 25481059 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial spores are resistant to severe conditions and form a challenge to eradicate from food or food packaging material. Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) treatment is receiving more attention as potential sterilization method at relatively mild conditions but the exact mechanism of inactivation is still not fully understood. In this study, the biocidal effect by nitrogen CAP was determined for chemical (hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide), physical (UV) and heat-resistant spores. The three different sporeformers used are Bacillus cereus a food-borne pathogen, and Bacillus atrophaeus and Geobacillus stearothermophilus that are used as biological indicators for validation of chemical sterilization and thermal processes, respectively. The different spores showed variation in their degree of inactivation by applied heat, hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, and UV treatments, whereas similar inactivation results were obtained with the different spores treated with nitrogen CAP. G. stearothermophilus spores displayed high resistance to heat, hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, while for UV treatment B. atrophaeus spores are most tolerant. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed distinct morphological changes for nitrogen CAP-treated B. cereus spores including etching effects and the appearance of rough spore surfaces, whereas morphology of spores treated with heat or disinfectants showed no such changes. Moreover, microscopy analysis revealed CAP-exposed B. cereus spores to turn phase grey conceivably because of water influx indicating damage of the spores, a phenomenon that was not observed for non-treated spores. In addition, data are supplied that exclude UV radiation as determinant of antimicrobial activity of nitrogen CAP. Overall, this study shows that nitrogen CAP treatment has a biocidal effect on selected Bacillus and Geobacillus spores associated with alterations in spore surface morphology and loss of spore integrity.
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23
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Setlow P. Summer meeting 2013 - when the sleepers wake: the germination of spores of Bacillus
species. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 115:1251-68. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Setlow
- Department of Molecular, Microbial and Structural Biology; University of Connecticut Health Center; Farmington CT USA
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