1
|
Blachier F. Amino Acid-Derived Bacterial Metabolites in the Colorectal Luminal Fluid: Effects on Microbial Communication, Metabolism, Physiology, and Growth. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1317. [PMID: 37317289 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Undigested dietary and endogenous proteins, as well as unabsorbed amino acids, can move from the terminal part of the ileum into the large intestine, where they meet a dense microbial population. Exfoliated cells and mucus released from the large intestine epithelium also supply nitrogenous material to this microbial population. The bacteria in the large intestine luminal fluid release amino acids from the available proteins, and amino acids are then used for bacterial protein synthesis, energy production, and in other various catabolic pathways. The resulting metabolic intermediaries and end products can then accumulate in the colorectal fluid, and their concentrations appear to depend on different parameters, including microbiota composition and metabolic activity, substrate availability, and the capacity of absorptive colonocytes to absorb these metabolites. The aim of the present review is to present how amino acid-derived bacterial metabolites can affect microbial communication between both commensal and pathogenic microorganisms, as well as their metabolism, physiology, and growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- François Blachier
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAe, UMR PNCA, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang S, Yang Q, Defoirdt T. Indole analogues decreasing the virulence of Vibrio campbellii towards brine shrimp larvae. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 15:2917-2928. [PMID: 36333944 PMCID: PMC9733641 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Indole signalling has been proposed as a potential target for the development of novel virulence inhibitors to control bacterial infections. However, the major structural features of indole analogues that govern antivirulence activity remain unexplored. Therefore, we investigated the impact of 26 indole analogues on indole-regulated virulence phenotypes in Vibrio campbellii and on the virulence of the bacterium in a gnotobiotic brine shrimp model. The results demonstrated that 10 indole analogues significantly increased the fluorescence of indole reporter strain Vibrio cholerae S9149, 21 of them decreased the swimming motility of V. campbellii, and 13 of them significantly decreased the biofilm formation of V. campbellii. Further, we found that 1-methylindole, indene, 2,3-benzofuran, thianaphthene, indole-3-acetonitrile, methyl indole-3-carboxylate, 3-methylindole, and indole-2-carboxaldehyde exhibited a significant protective effect on brine shrimp larvae against V. campbellii infection, resulting in survival rates of challenged brine shrimp above 80%. The highest survival of shrimp larvae (98%) was obtained with indole-3-acetonitrile, even at a relatively low concentration of 20 μM. Importantly, the indole analogues did not affect bacterial growth, both in vitro and in vivo. These results indicate the potential of indole analogues in applications aiming at the protection of shrimp from vibriosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhang
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET)Ghent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Qian Yang
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET)Ghent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Tom Defoirdt
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET)Ghent UniversityGhentBelgium
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ganesan R, Jeong JJ, Kim DJ, Suk KT. Recent Trends of Microbiota-Based Microbial Metabolites Metabolism in Liver Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:841281. [PMID: 35615096 PMCID: PMC9125096 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.841281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome and microbial metabolomic influences on liver diseases and their diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment are still controversial. Research studies have provocatively claimed that the gut microbiome, metabolomics understanding, and microbial metabolite screening are key approaches to understanding liver cancer and liver diseases. An advance of logical innovations in metabolomics profiling, the metabolome inclusion, challenges, and the reproducibility of the investigations at every stage are devoted to this domain to link the common molecules across multiple liver diseases, such as fatty liver, hepatitis, and cirrhosis. These molecules are not immediately recognizable because of the huge underlying and synthetic variety present inside the liver cellular metabolome. This review focuses on microenvironmental metabolic stimuli in the gut-liver axis. Microbial small-molecule profiling (i.e., semiquantitative monitoring, metabolic discrimination, target profiling, and untargeted profiling) in biological fluids has been incompletely addressed. Here, we have reviewed the differential expression of the metabolome of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), tryptophan, one-carbon metabolism and bile acid, and the gut microbiota effects are summarized and discussed. We further present proof-of-evidence for gut microbiota-based metabolomics that manipulates the host's gut or liver microbes, mechanosensitive metabolite reactions and potential metabolic pathways. We conclude with a forward-looking perspective on future attention to the “dark matter” of the gut microbiota and microbial metabolomics.
Collapse
|
4
|
Gut microbiome and metabolic response in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 523:304-314. [PMID: 34666025 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fatty liver disease (FLD) is one of the largest burdens to human health worldwide and is associated with gut microbiome and metabolite stability. Engineered liver tissues have shown promise in restoring liver functions in non-alcoholic FLD (NAFLD), hepatitis and cirrhosis. Fatty liver, largely noted in obesity and hepatic cancer, is highly fatal and has led to a global increase in death rates. It is associated with complex metabolic reprogramming too. A standard approach to therapy in the newly diagnosed setting includes surgery or identification of biomarkers/ metabolites for therapeutic purposes, which ultimately focus on improvement of liver health in patients. As such there are no standard procedures for patient care, but depending on the severity, systemic therapy with either genomic, proteomic or metabolomic profiling form potential options. Better comparisons and study of underlying mechanisms in gut microbiome-based metabolic functions in obesity are urgently required. Today, an emerging field, focusing on metabolomic approaches and metabolic phenotyping, involved in high-throughput identification of metabolome in obesity and gut disorders, is involved in biomarker and metabolite identification. There are supporting technologies and approaches in NAFLD that throw light on the metabolites and gut microbiome, and also on the understanding of the risk factors of obesity along with liver cancer metabolic reaction networks. We discuss the current state of NAFLD metabolites, gut micro-environmental changes, and the further challenges in digital metabolomics profiling. Innovative clinical trial designs, with biomarker-enrichment strategies that are required to improve the outcome of NAFLD in patients are also discussed.
Collapse
|
5
|
Fujita R, Yokono M, Ube N, Okuda Y, Ushijima S, Fukushima-Sakuno E, Ueno K, Osaki-Oka K, Ishihara A. Suppression of Alternaria brassicicola infection by volatile compounds from spent mushroom substrates. J Biosci Bioeng 2021; 132:25-32. [PMID: 33867273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Most commercially circulating mushrooms are produced via cultivation using artificially produced mushroom substrates. However, after mushroom harvesting, the disposal of spent mushroom substrates (SMSs) is a serious problem for the mushroom industry owing to the need for a disposal site and the cost involved. Thus, in view of the possibility of recycling SMSs as a soil modifier, we examined the effect of soil mixed with SMSs on the infection of Arabidopsis leaves by Alternaria brassicicola, the causal agent of cabbage leaf spot. The mixing of SMSs used for Hypsizygus marmoreus, Pholiota microspora, Lyophyllum decastes, and Auricularia polytricha into culture soil suppressed the lesion formation caused by A. brassicicola. The defense responses of Arabidopsis were not induced by the culturing of these seedlings in soils containing SMSs. Suppressed lesion formation was observed after the seedlings were treated with volatiles emitted from SMSs that were incubated with soil for 7 days and used for H. marmoreus, P. microspora, L. decastes, A. polytricha, Lentinula edodes, and Cyclocybe cylindracea. The volatiles from the SMSs reduced the elongation of A. brassicicola hyphae. GC-MS analyses of extracts from the SMS containing soils led to the detection of various volatile compounds; among these, skatole, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, γ-dodecalactone, butyric acid, guaiacol, 6-amyl-2-pyrone, and 1-octen-3-ol were examined for inhibitory activity on A. brassicicola and found to suppress hyphae elongation. These findings indicate that the antifungal volatile compounds emitted by the SMSs suppress A. brassicicola infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rina Fujita
- Graduate School of Sustainability Science, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Mizuki Yokono
- Technical Department, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8550, Japan
| | - Naoki Ube
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori 680-0001, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Okuda
- The Tottori Mycological Institute, The Japan Kinoko Research Center Foundation, Tottori 689-1125, Japan
| | - Shuji Ushijima
- The Tottori Mycological Institute, The Japan Kinoko Research Center Foundation, Tottori 689-1125, Japan
| | - Emi Fukushima-Sakuno
- The Tottori Mycological Institute, The Japan Kinoko Research Center Foundation, Tottori 689-1125, Japan
| | - Kotomi Ueno
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Kumiko Osaki-Oka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ishihara
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Amer MA, Wasfi R, Attia AS, Ramadan MA. Indole Derivatives Obtained from Egyptian Enterobacter sp. Soil Isolates Exhibit Antivirulence Activities against Uropathogenic Proteus mirabilis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:363. [PMID: 33805493 PMCID: PMC8065651 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10040363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteus mirabilis is a frequent cause of catheter associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs). Several virulence factors contribute to its pathogenesis, but swarming motility, biofilm formation, and urease activity are considered the hallmarks. The increased prevalence in antibiotic resistance among uropathogens is alarming and requires searching for new treatment alternatives. With this in mind, our study aims to investigate antivirulence activity of indole derivatives against multidrug resistant P. mirabilis isolates. Ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extracts from Enterobacter sp. (rhizobacterium), isolated from Egyptian soil samples were tested for their ability to antagonize the virulence capacity and biofilm activity of P. mirabilis uropathogens. Extracts of two Enterobacter sp. isolates (coded Zch127 and Cbg70) showed the highest antivirulence activities against P. mirabilis. The two promising rhizobacteria Zch127 and Cbg70 were isolated from soil surrounding: Cucurbita pepo (Zucchini) and Brassica oleracea var. capitata L. (Cabbage), respectively. Sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (Sub-MICs) of the two extracts showed potent antibiofilm activity with significant biofilm reduction of ten P. mirabilis clinical isolates (p-value < 0.05) in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, the Zch127 extract showed anti-urease, anti-swarming and anti-swimming activity against the tested strains. Indole derivatives identified represented key components of indole pyruvate, indole acetamide pathways; involved in the synthesis of indole acetic acid. Additional compounds for indole acetonitrile pathway were detected in the Zch127 extract which showed higher antivirulence activity. Accordingly, the findings of the current study model the feasibility of using these extracts as promising antivirulence agent against the P. mirabilis uropathogens and as potential therapy for treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mai A. Amer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Giza 12451, Egypt; (M.A.A.); (R.W.)
| | - Reham Wasfi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Giza 12451, Egypt; (M.A.A.); (R.W.)
| | - Ahmed S. Attia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmacy, Newgiza University, Giza 11341, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Ramadan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kreuzer M, Hardt WD. How Food Affects Colonization Resistance Against Enteropathogenic Bacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol 2020; 74:787-813. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-020420-013457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Food has a major impact on all aspects of health. Recent data suggest that food composition can also affect susceptibility to infections by enteropathogenic bacteria. Here, we discuss how food may alter the microbiota as well as mucosal defenses and how this can affect infection. Salmonella Typhimurium diarrhea serves as a paradigm, and complementary evidence comes from other pathogens. We discuss the effects of food composition on colonization resistance, host defenses, and the infection process as well as the merits and limitations of mouse models and experimental foods, which are available to decipher the underlying mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kreuzer
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wolf-Dietrich Hardt
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ma Q, Liu S, Li S, Hu J, Tang M, Sun Y. Removal of malodorant skatole by two enriched microbial consortia: Performance, dynamic, function prediction and bacteria isolation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 725:138416. [PMID: 32302841 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Malodor emission has become one of the major challenges in animal husbandry. Skatole, one of the most offensive odorous compounds, can cause several diseases to organisms and is resistant to biodegradation. However, the microbial community information for skatole degradation has yet to be reported. In this study, the aerobic sequencing batch reactors with two different inocula were constructed. Both Group N (sample from cattle house) and Group E (sample from goose house) could efficiently degrade skatole after 70 days operation under conditions of pH 7.0-9.0 and temperature 20-40 °C. High-throughput sequencing results showed that the α-diversity in Group N was higher than that in Group E, while neither of them changed during the whole operation process. Bacterial community structures in both groups shifted. Generally, Lactococcus, Pseudomonas and Flavobacterium remarkably reduced, while Arthrobacter became the dominant population. Function prediction results indicated that the xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism category was significantly up-regulated in Group E but remained unchanged in Group N. On the other hand, culture-dependent technique was applied and ten bacteria were obtained from the sludges. Two strains belonged to Rhodococcus, a minor genus in the communities, were firstly proven to harbor excellent skatole-degrading capacity. This study proved that skatole could be effectively removed by activated sludges, and the non-core bacteria Rhodococcus would be functionally important in the degradation process. These findings provide new insights into our understanding of skatole biotransformation process, and offer valuable bacterial resources for bioremediation application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Ma
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China.
| | - Shengwei Liu
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Shuzhen Li
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jiabao Hu
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Minyi Tang
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Yeqing Sun
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chang PV. Chemical Mechanisms of Colonization Resistance by the Gut Microbial Metabolome. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:1119-1126. [PMID: 31895538 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiome, the collection of 100 trillion microorganisms that resides in the intestinal lumen, plays major roles in modulating host physiology. One well-established function of the gut microbiota is that of colonization resistance or the ability of the microbial collective to protect the host against enteric pathogens. Although evidence suggests that these microbes may outcompete some pathogens, there remains a lack of mechanistic understanding that underlies this competitive exclusion. In recent years, there has been great interest in small-molecule metabolites that are produced by the gut microbiota and in understanding how these molecules regulate host-pathogen interactions. In this review, we briefly summarize these findings by focusing on several classes of metabolites that mediate this important process. Understanding these host-microbe interactions in the gut may lead to identification of potential candidates for the development of prophylactics and therapeutics for many infectious diseases that are impacted by the gut microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela V. Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions & Disease, and Cornell Center for Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ma Q, Qu H, Meng N, Li S, Wang J, Liu S, Qu Y, Sun Y. Biodegradation of skatole by Burkholderia sp. IDO3 and its successful bioaugmentation in activated sludge systems. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 182:109123. [PMID: 32069749 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Skatole is the key malodorous compound in livestock and poultry waste and wastewater with a low odor threshold. It not only causes serious nuisance to residents and workers, but also poses threat to the environment and human health due to its biotoxicity and recalcitrant nature. Biological treatment is an eco-friendly and cost-effective approach for skatole removal, while the bacterial resources are scarce. Herein, the Burkholderia strain was reported to efficiently degrade skatole for the first time. Results showed that strain IDO3 maintained high skatole-degrading performance under the conditions of pH 4.0-9.0, rotate speed 0-250 rpm, and temperature 30-35 °C. RNA-seq analysis indicated that skatole activated the oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production levels in strain IDO3. The oxidoreductase activity item which contained 373 differently expressed genes was significantly impacted by Gene Ontology analysis. Furthermore, the bioaugmentation experiment demonstrated that strain IDO3 could notably increase the removal of skatole in activated sludge systems. High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing data indicated that the alpha-diversity and bacterial community tended to be stable in the bioaugmented group after 8 days operation. PICRUSt analysis indicated that xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism, and membrane transport categories significantly increased, consistent with the improved skatole removal performance in the bioaugmented group. Burkholderia was survived and colonized to be the predominant population during the whole operation process (34.19-64.00%), confirming the feasibility of Burkholderia sp. IDO3 as the bioaugmentation agent in complex systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Ma
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China.
| | - Hui Qu
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Nan Meng
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Shuzhen Li
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jingwei Wang
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Shengwei Liu
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Yuanyuan Qu
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Yeqing Sun
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Strategies for Biofilm Inhibition and Virulence Attenuation of Foodborne Pathogen-Escherichia coli O157:H7. Curr Microbiol 2017; 74:1477-1489. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-017-1314-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
12
|
Lee JH, Wood TK, Lee J. Roles of Indole as an Interspecies and Interkingdom Signaling Molecule. Trends Microbiol 2015; 23:707-718. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
13
|
Aerobic biotransformation of 3-methylindole to ring cleavage products by Cupriavidus sp. strain KK10. Biodegradation 2015; 26:359-73. [PMID: 26126873 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-015-9739-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
3-Methylindole, also referred to as skatole, is a pollutant of environmental concern due to its persistence, mobility and potential health impacts. Petroleum refining, intensive livestock production and application of biosolids to agricultural lands result in releases of 3-methylindole to the environment. Even so, little is known about the aerobic biodegradation of 3-methylindole and comprehensive biotransformation pathways have not been established. Using glycerol as feedstock, the soil bacterium Cupriavidus sp. strain KK10 biodegraded 100 mg/L of 3-methylindole in 24 h. Cometabolic 3-methylindole biodegradation was confirmed by the identification of biotransformation products through liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry analyses. In all, 14 3-methylindole biotransformation products were identified which revealed that biotransformation occurred through different pathways that included carbocyclic aromatic ring-fission of 3-methylindole to single-ring pyrrole carboxylic acids. This work provides first comprehensive evidence for the aerobic biotransformation mechanisms of 3-methylindole by a soil bacterium and expands our understanding of the biodegradative capabilities of members of the genus Cupriavidus towards heteroaromatic pollutants.
Collapse
|
14
|
Melander RJ, Minvielle MJ, Melander C. Controlling bacterial behavior with indole-containing natural products and derivatives. Tetrahedron 2014; 70:6363-6372. [PMID: 25267859 PMCID: PMC4175420 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.05.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Indole has recently been implicated as an important small molecule signal utilized by many bacteria to coordinate various forms of behavior. Indole plays a role in numerous bacterial processes, including: biofilm formation and maintenance, virulence factor production, antibiotic resistance and persister cell formation. Intercepting indole-signaling pathways with appropriately designed small molecules provides a n opportunity to control unwanted bacterial behaviors, and is an attractive anti-virulence therapeutic strategy. In this review, we give an overview of the process controlled by indole signaling, and summarize current efforts to design indole-containing small molecules to intercept these pathways, and detail the synthetic efforts towards accessing indole derived bioactive small molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta J. Melander
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695
| | - Marine J. Minvielle
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695
| | - Christian Melander
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695
| |
Collapse
|