1
|
Lawal-Ayinde BM, Morita T, Oda K, Nazmul T, Kurose M, Nomura T, Yamamoto A, Higashiura A, Akita T, Tanaka J, Horiuchi I, Goda H, Sakaguchi T. Virus purification highlights the high susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2 to a chlorine-based disinfectant, chlorous acid. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288634. [PMID: 37450488 PMCID: PMC10348549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorous acid water (HClO2) is known for its antimicrobial activity. In this study, we attempted to accurately assess the ability of chlorous acid water to inactivate SARS-CoV-2. When using cell culture supernatants of infected cells as the test virus, the 99% inactivation concentration (IC99) for the SARS-CoV-2 D614G variant, as well as the Delta and Omicron variants, was approximately 10ppm of free chlorine concentration with a reaction time of 10 minutes. On the other hand, in experiments using a more purified virus, the IC99 of chlorous acid water was 0.41-0.74ppm with a reaction time of 1 minute, showing a strong inactivation capacity over 200 times. With sodium hypochlorite water, the IC99 was 0.54ppm, confirming that these chlorine compounds have a potent inactivation effect against SARS-CoV-2. However, it became clear that when using cell culture supernatants of infected cells as the test virus, the effect is masked by impurities such as amino acids contained therein. Also, when proteins (0.5% polypeptone, or 0.3% BSA + 0.3% sheep red blood cells, or 5% FBS) were added to the purified virus, the IC99 values became high, ranging from 5.3 to 76ppm with a reaction time of 10 minutes, significantly reducing the effect. However, considering that the usual usage concentration is 200ppm, it was shown that chlorous acid water can still exert sufficient disinfection effects even in the presence of proteins. Further research is needed to confirm the practical applications and effects of chlorous acid water, but it has the potential to be an important tool for preventing the spread of SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomoko Morita
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kosuke Oda
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tanuza Nazmul
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Miuko Kurose
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Toshihito Nomura
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Akima Yamamoto
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Akifumi Higashiura
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Akita
- Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control, and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Junko Tanaka
- Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control, and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | | | - Takemasa Sakaguchi
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hatanaka N, Awasthi SP, Xu B, Goda H, Kawata H, Horiuchi I, Yasugi M, Yamasaki S. Comparative evaluation of chlorous acid and sodium hypochlorite activity against SARS-CoV-2. Access Microbiol 2022; 4:acmi000354. [PMID: 36003354 PMCID: PMC9394531 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel coronavirus, named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), suddenly emerged in China in 2019, spread globally and caused the present COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, to mitigate SARS-CoV-2 infection effective measures are essential. Chlorous acid (HClO2) has been shown to be an effective antimicrobial agent. However, at present there is no experimental evidence showing that HClO2 can inactivate SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, in this study, we examined the potential of HClO2 to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 in presence or absence of organic matter and the results were compared with that of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), another potent antimicrobial agent. When concentrated SARS-CoV-2 was incubated with 10 ppm HClO2 for 10 s, viral titre was decreased by 5 log of 50% tissue culture infective dose per mL (TCID50 ml−1). However, the same concentration of NaClO could not inactivate SARS-CoV-2 as effectively as HClO2 did even after incubation for 3 min. Furthermore, 10 ppm HClO2 also inactivated more than 4.0 log of TCID50 within 10 s in the presence of 5 % fetal bovine serum used as mixed organic matters. Our results obtained with HClO2 are more effective against SARS-CoV-2 as compared to NaClO that can be used for disinfectant against SARS-CoV-2 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noritoshi Hatanaka
- Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-58, Rinkuourai-kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
- Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-58, Rinkuourai-kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
- Graduate School of Veterinay Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-58, Rinkuourai-kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Sharda Prasad Awasthi
- Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-58, Rinkuourai-kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
- Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-58, Rinkuourai-kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
- Graduate School of Veterinay Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-58, Rinkuourai-kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Bingting Xu
- Graduate School of Veterinay Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-58, Rinkuourai-kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Hisataka Goda
- Sankei Co. Ltd., 2-2-53, Siromi, Chuou-ku, Osaka 540-0001, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kawata
- Sankei Co. Ltd., 2-2-53, Siromi, Chuou-ku, Osaka 540-0001, Japan
| | - Isanori Horiuchi
- Sankei Co. Ltd., 2-2-53, Siromi, Chuou-ku, Osaka 540-0001, Japan
| | - Mayo Yasugi
- Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-58, Rinkuourai-kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
- Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-58, Rinkuourai-kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
- Graduate School of Veterinay Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-58, Rinkuourai-kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamasaki
- Graduate School of Veterinay Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-58, Rinkuourai-kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
- Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-58, Rinkuourai-kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
- Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-58, Rinkuourai-kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
HATANAKA NORITOSHI, XU BINGTING, YAMASHITA YASUHARU, KAWAKAMI HIROO, YASUGI MAYO, YAMASAKI SHINJI. ShellCoat, a Calcinated Calcium Solution, Effectively Inactivates SARS-CoV-2. Biocontrol Sci 2022; 27:53-56. [DOI: 10.4265/bio.27.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- NORITOSHI HATANAKA
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University
| | - BINGTING XU
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University
| | | | | | - MAYO YASUGI
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University
| | - SHINJI YAMASAKI
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Inactivation of human norovirus by chlorous acid water, a novel chlorine-based disinfectant. J Infect Chemother 2021; 28:67-72. [PMID: 34635450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human norovirus (HuNoV) is a leading cause of infectious gastroenteritis. Since HuNoV shows resistance to alcohol, chlorine-based sanitizers are applied to decontaminate the virus on environmental surfaces. Chlorous acid water (CA) has been recently approved as a novel chlorine-based disinfectant categorized as a Type 2 OTC medicine in Japan. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the capability of CA to inactivate HuNoV. METHODS HuNoV (genogroups GII.2 and GII.4) was exposed to the test disinfectants including CA and sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), and the residual RNA copy was measured by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) after pretreatment with RNase. In addition, the log10 reduction of HuNoV RNA copy number by CA and NaClO was compared in the presence of bovine serum albumin (BSA), sheep red blood cells (SRBC), polypeptone, meat extract or amino acids to evaluate the stability of these disinfectants under organic-matter-rich conditions. RESULTS In the absence of organic substances, CA with 200 ppm free available chlorine provided >3.0 log10 reduction in the HuNoV RNA copy number within 5 min. Even under high organic matter load (0.3% each of BSA and SRBC or 0.5% polypeptone), 200 ppm CA achieved >3.0 log10 reduction in HuNoV RNA copy number while less than 1.0 log10 reduction was observed with 1,000 ppm sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) in the presence of 0.5% polypeptone. CA reacted with only cysteine, histidine and glutathione while NaClO reacted with all of the amino acids tested. CONCLUSIONS CA is an effective disinfectant to inactivate HuNoV under organic-matter-rich conditions.
Collapse
|
5
|
Cano C, Meneses Y, Chaves BD. Application of Peroxyacetic Acid for Decontamination of Raw Poultry Products and Comparison to Other Commonly Used Chemical Antimicrobial Interventions: A Review. J Food Prot 2021; 84:1772-1783. [PMID: 34086895 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Poultry remains one of the top food commodities responsible for foodborne illness in the United States, despite poultry industry efforts since the inception of hazard analysis and critical control point to reduce the burden of foodborne illness implicating poultry products. The appropriate use of antimicrobial compounds during processing of raw poultry can help minimize this risk. Currently, peroxyacetic acid (PAA) is the most popular antimicrobial in the poultry industry, displacing chlorine compounds and others. The aim of this review was to compare the effectiveness of PAA to that of other antimicrobials for the decontamination of raw poultry carcasses and parts. Twenty-six articles were found that compared PAA with over 20 different antimicrobials, applied as spray or immersion treatments for different exposure times and at different concentrations. The most common comparisons were to chlorine compounds (17 articles), to lactic acid compounds (five articles), and to cetylpyridinium chloride (six articles). Studies measured effectiveness by reductions in native flora or inoculated bacteria, usually Salmonella or Campylobacter. PAA was found to be more effective than chlorine under most conditions studied. Effectiveness of PAA was higher than or comparable to that of lactic acid compounds and cetylpyridinium chloride depending on product and treatment conditions. Overall, the results of primary literature studies support the popularity of PAA as an effective intervention against pathogenic bacteria during poultry processing. HIGHLIGHTS
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Cano
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - Yulie Meneses
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA.,Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - Byron D Chaves
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Palladino P, Torrini F, Scarano S, Minunni M. 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine as multi-colorimetric indicator of chlorine in water in line with health guideline values. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:7861-7869. [PMID: 32870352 PMCID: PMC7461152 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02918-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sanitizing solutions against bacterial and viral pathogens are of utmost importance in general and, in particular, in these times of pandemic due to Sars-Cov2. They frequently consist of chlorine-based solutions, or in the direct input of a certain amount of chlorine in water supply systems and swimming pools. Colorimetry is one of the techniques used to measure the crucial persistence of chlorine in water, including household chlorine test kits commonly based on colorimetric indicators. Here, we show a simple and cheap colorimetric method based on 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), commonly used as chromogenic reagent for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. TMB is converted by chlorine to a colored molecule through a pH-dependent multi-step oxidation process where the chromaticity of TMB is directly proportional to chlorine content. This molecule offers several advantages over other commonly used reagents in terms of safety, sensitivity, and, peculiarly, hue modulation, giving rise to the detection of chlorine in water with a multi-color change of the indicator solution (transparent/blue/green/yellow). Moreover, through the appropriate setting of reaction conditions, such coloration is finely tunable to cover the range of chlorine concentration recommended by international health agencies for treatment of drinking water and swimming pools and to test homemade solutions prepared by dilution of household bleach during health emergency events such as during the current pandemic. Graphical abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Palladino
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Francesca Torrini
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Simona Scarano
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Maria Minunni
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chlorous acid is a more potent antibacterial agent than sodium hypochlorite against Campylobacter. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.107046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
8
|
Deng W, Almeida G, Gibson KE. Co-culture with Enterobacter cloacae does not Enhance Virus Resistance to Thermal and Chemical Treatments. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2019; 11:238-246. [PMID: 30915682 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09381-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Human noroviruses (hNoV) are the primary cause of foodborne disease in the USA. Most studies on inactivation kinetics of hNoV and its surrogates are performed in monoculture, while the microbial ecosystem effect on virus inactivation remains limited. This study investigated the persistence of hNoV surrogates, murine norovirus (MNV) and Tulane virus (TuV), along with Aichi virus (AiV) under thermal and chemical inactivation in association with Gram-negative (Enterobacter cloacae) bacteria. Thermal inactivation of viruses in co-culture with E. cloacae revealed no protective effects of bacteria. At 56 °C, AiV with and without bacteria was completely inactivated by 10 min with decimal reduction values (D-values) of 41 and 43 s, respectively. Similar results were also observed for TuV. Conversely, MNV with bacteria was completely inactivated by 10 min while MNV alone remained stable up to 30 min at 56 °C. Both MNV and TuV were slightly more stable than AiV at 63 °C with TuV detection up to 2 min without bacteria. For chemical inactivation on stainless steel surfaces, viruses alone and in association with bacteria were treated with 1000 ppm sodium hypochlorite. Virus association with bacteria had no significant effect (p > 0.05) on virus resistance to bleach inactivation compared to virus alone. Specifically, exposure to 1000 ppm bleach for 5 min resulted in an average of 3.86, 2.14, and 0.94 log10 PFU/ml reductions for TuV, MNV, and AiV without bacteria, respectively. Reductions in TuV, MNV, and AiV were 3.50, 1.88, and 0.61 log10 PFU/ml when associated with E. cloacae, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Deng
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, 2650 N Young Ave, Fayetteville, AR, 72704, USA
| | - Giselle Almeida
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, 2650 N Young Ave, Fayetteville, AR, 72704, USA
| | - Kristen E Gibson
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, 2650 N Young Ave, Fayetteville, AR, 72704, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
HIRAI KAZUYUKI, ANDO NAOKI, KOMADA HIROSHI, SOUNAI ATSUO, MURAKAMI MICHIYA, NAKAYAMA HIRONOBU. Investigation of the Effective Concentration of Ozonated Water for Disinfection in the Presence of Protein Contaminants. Biocontrol Sci 2019; 24:155-160. [DOI: 10.4265/bio.24.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- KAZUYUKI HIRAI
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science
| | - NAOKI ANDO
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science
| | - HIROSHI KOMADA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - ATSUO SOUNAI
- National Institute of Technology, Suzuka college
| | | | - HIRONOBU NAKAYAMA
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Goda H, Yamaoka H, Nakayama-Imaohji H, Kawata H, Horiuchi I, Fujita Y, Nagao T, Tada A, Terada A, Kuwahara T. Microbicidal effects of weakly acidified chlorous acid water against feline calicivirus and Clostridium difficile spores under protein-rich conditions. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176718. [PMID: 28472060 PMCID: PMC5417504 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sanitation of environmental surfaces with chlorine based-disinfectants is a principal measure to control outbreaks of norovirus or Clostridium difficile. The microbicidal activity of chlorine-based disinfectants depends on the free available chlorine (FAC), but their oxidative potential is rapidly eliminated by organic matter. In this study, the microbicidal activities of weakly acidified chlorous acid water (WACAW) and sodium hypochlorite solution (NaClO) against feline calcivirus (FCV) and C. difficile spores were compared in protein-rich conditions. WACAW inactivated FCV and C. difficile spores better than NaClO under all experimental conditions used in this study. WACAW above 100 ppm FAC decreased FCV >4 log10 within 30 sec in the presence of 0.5% each of bovine serum albumin (BSA), polypeptone or meat extract. Even in the presence of 5% BSA, WACAW at 600 ppm FAC reduced FCV >4 log10 within 30 sec. Polypeptone inhibited the virucidal activity of WACAW against FCV more so than BSA or meat extract. WACAW at 200 ppm FAC decreased C. difficile spores >3 log10 within 1 min in the presence of 0.5% polypeptone. The microbicidal activity of NaClO was extensively diminished in the presence of organic matter. WACAW recovered its FAC to the initial level after partial neutralization by sodium thiosulfate, while no restoration of the FAC was observed in NaClO. These results indicate that WACAW is relatively stable under organic matter-rich conditions and therefore may be useful for treating environmental surfaces contaminated by human excretions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hisataka Goda
- Honbu Sankei Co. Ltd., 2-2-53 Shiromi, Chuou-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Yamaoka
- Honbu Sankei Co. Ltd., 2-2-53 Shiromi, Chuou-ku, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750–1 Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | | | - Hiroyuki Kawata
- Honbu Sankei Co. Ltd., 2-2-53 Shiromi, Chuou-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Yatsuka Fujita
- Honbu Sankei Co. Ltd., 2-2-53 Shiromi, Chuou-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tamiko Nagao
- Faculty of Nursing, Shikoku University, Furukawa, Ojin-cho, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ayano Tada
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750–1 Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Terada
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kameino, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Tomomi Kuwahara
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750–1 Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|