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Rafique S, Jabeen Z, Pervaiz T, Rashid F, Luo S, Xie L, Xie Z. Avian infectious bronchitis virus (AIBV) review by continent. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1325346. [PMID: 38375362 PMCID: PMC10875066 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1325346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a positive-sense, single-stranded, enveloped RNA virus responsible for substantial economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide by causing a highly contagious respiratory disease. The virus can spread quickly through contact, contaminated equipment, aerosols, and personal-to-person contact. We highlight the prevalence and geographic distribution of all nine genotypes, as well as the relevant symptoms and economic impact, by extensively analyzing the current literature. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis was performed using Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA-6), which provided insights into the global molecular diversity and evolution of IBV strains. This review highlights that IBV genotype I (GI) is prevalent worldwide because sporadic cases have been found on many continents. Conversely, GII was identified as a European strain that subsequently dispersed throughout Europe and South America. GIII and GV are predominant in Australia, with very few reports from Asia. GIV, GVIII, and GIX originate from North America. GIV was found to circulate in Asia, and GVII was identified in Europe and China. Geographically, the GVI-1 lineage is thought to be restricted to Asia. This review highlights that IBV still often arises in commercial chicken flocks despite immunization and biosecurity measures because of the ongoing introduction of novel IBV variants and inadequate cross-protection provided by the presently available vaccines. Consequently, IB consistently jeopardizes the ability of the poultry industry to grow and prosper. Identifying these domains will aid in discerning the pathogenicity and prevalence of IBV genotypes, potentially enhancing disease prevention and management tactics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Rafique
- SB Diagnostic Laboratory, Sadiq Poultry Pvt. Ltd., Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Zohra Jabeen
- SB Diagnostic Laboratory, Sadiq Poultry Pvt. Ltd., Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Treeza Pervaiz
- SB Diagnostic Laboratory, Sadiq Poultry Pvt. Ltd., Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Farooq Rashid
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning, China
| | - Sisi Luo
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning, China
| | - Liji Xie
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning, China
| | - Zhixun Xie
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning, China
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Wu Z, Fang H, Xu Z, Lian J, Xie Z, Wang Z, Qin J, Huang B, Feng K, Zhang X, Lin W, Li H, Chen W, Xie Q. Molecular Characterization Analysis of Prevalent Infectious Bronchitis Virus and Pathogenicity Assessment of Recombination Strain in China. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:842179. [PMID: 35942113 PMCID: PMC9356287 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.842179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a respiratory pathogen of chickens, resulting in severe economic losses in the poultry industry. This study aimed to monitor and isolate the molecular identity of IBV in broiler flocks with respiratory symptoms in eight provinces of China. In total, 910 samples (oropharyngeal and cloacal mixed swabs) from broiler flocks showed IBV positive rates of 17.6% (160/910) using PCR assay. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete S1 genes of 160 IBV isolates was performed and revealed that QX-type (GI-19), TW-type (GI-7), 4/91-type (GI-13), HN08-type (GI-22),TC07-2-type (GVI-1), and LDT3-type (GI-28) exhibited IBV positive rates of 58.15, 25, 8.12, 1.86, 5.62, and 1.25%. In addition, recombination analyses revealed that the four newly IBV isolates presented different recombination patterns. The CK/CH/JS/YC10-3 isolate likely originated from recombination events between strain YX10 (QX-type) and strain TW2575-98 (TW-type), the pathogenicity of which was assessed, comparing it with strain GZ14 (TW-type) and strain CK/CH/GD/JR07-7 (QX-type). The complete S1 gene data from these isolates indicate that IBV has consistently evolved through genetic recombination or mutation, more likely changing the viral pathogenicity and leading to larger outbreaks in chick populations, in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Wu
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanxin Fang
- Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, China
| | - Zhouyi Xu
- Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, China
| | - Jiamin Lian
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi Xie
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhanxin Wang
- Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, China
| | - Jianpin Qin
- Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, China
| | - Benli Huang
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou, China
| | - Keyu Feng
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinheng Zhang
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou, China
- South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wencheng Lin
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou, China
- South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongxin Li
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou, China
- South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiguo Chen
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou, China
- South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingmei Xie
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou, China
- South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qingmei Xie
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Yuan S, Cheng Q, Guo J, Li Z, Yang J, Wang C, Liang Z, Zhang X, Yu H, Li Y, Huang S, Wen F. Detection and genetic characterization of novel infectious bronchitis viruses from recent outbreaks in broiler and layer chicken flocks in southern China, 2021. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102082. [PMID: 36041395 PMCID: PMC9449664 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a prevalent RNA virus that causes respiratory distress, nephritis, salpingitis, and egg production decline in chickens, resulting in significant economic loss. IBV is composed of complex genotypes and serotypes, which poses a great challenge for disease control. The current study reports 2 IBV outbreaks which were characterized by respiratory symptoms in IBV vaccinated commercial broilers and layers in Guangdong, China, in 2021. Two IBV strains, ZH01 and HH09, were identified via a RT-PCR assay through targeting the N gene and further characterization through full-length spike (S) gene sequence analysis. Phylogenetic analysis of S1 gene revealed that both ZH01 and HH09 belonged to the GI-19 lineage but contained a certain genetic distance from the GI-19 strain. Of note, the ZH01 and HH09 strains share a low homology of 70 and 86%, respectively, with common vaccine strains (H120), resulting in low vaccine protection. Further recombination analysis based on the S1 sequence suggested the newly identified IBV strains emerged through an intragroup recombination events between CK/CH/SCDY2003-2 and I0305/19 from G1-19 lineage. In addition, a number of novel mutations such as T273I, T292A, and S331K were found in the emerging IBV strains. Taken together, this study reports the genetic characteristics of 2 recent IBV outbreaks in southern China and emphasizes the urgent need for enhanced surveillance and development of novel vaccines for the control of IBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yuan
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Qing Cheng
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinyue Guo
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhili Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Congying Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhipeng Liang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Hai Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shujian Huang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Wen
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China.
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El-Tholoth M, Mauk MG, Anis E, Bau HH. A closed-tube, single-step, real time, reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for infectious bronchitis virus detection in chickens. J Virol Methods 2020; 284:113940. [PMID: 32687868 PMCID: PMC7367007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.113940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A closed tube, single-step-real-time-RT-LAMP assay was developed for detection and semi-quantification of IBV in closed tube. The least limit of detection of our assay is 1 EID50/ ml. Clinical evaluation of samples from diseased chickens using our assay shows a very good concordance with RT-qPCR assay.
Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a viral infection of the chicken respiratory tract that causes substantial economic burden on the industry. Simple, specific and rapid diagnosis of this disease is critical for the initiation of appropriate control measures. Conventional molecular diagnostic methods require a relatively sophisticated equipment and skilled staff. Here we describe a rapid, simple, semi-quantative, closed-tube, single-step, real-time- reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay for IB and compare our assay with quantative, reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The limit of detection (LOD) of our RT-LAMP assay is 1 EID50/ ml. Clinical evaluation of samples from diseased chickens with our RT-LAMP showed a very good concordance with RT-qPCR. Our assay enables simple, specific, rapid molecular detection and semi-quantification of the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in veterinary diagnostic laboratories. Furthermore, our RT-LAMP detection is carried out in a sealed tube, eliminating the risk of false-positive results in subsequent tests because of any contamination of the work area as in the case of lateral flow strip or gel electrophoresis-based amplicon detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Tholoth
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| | - Michael G Mauk
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Eman Anis
- Department of Pathobiology, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA 19348, United States
| | - Haim H Bau
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
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Infectious Bronchitis Virus Evolution, Diagnosis and Control. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7020079. [PMID: 32580381 PMCID: PMC7356646 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7020079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses are characterized by high mutation and recombination rates, which allow a rapid adaptation to new environments. Most of the emerging diseases and host jumps are therefore sustained by these viruses. Rapid evolution may also hinder the understanding of molecular epidemiology, affect the sensitivity of diagnostic assays, limit the vaccine efficacy and favor episodes of immune escape, thus significantly complicating the control of even well-known pathogens. The history of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) fits well with the above-mentioned scenario. Despite being known since the 1930s, it still represents one of the main causes of disease and economic losses for the poultry industry. A plethora of strategies have been developed and applied over time, with variable success, to limit its impact. However, they have rarely been evaluated objectively and on an adequate scale. Therefore, the actual advantages and disadvantages of IBV detection and control strategies, as well as their implementation, still largely depend on individual sensibility. The present manuscript aims to review the main features of IBV biology and evolution, focusing on their relevance and potential applications in terms of diagnosis and control.
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Domanska-Blicharz K, Sajewicz-Krukowska J, Lisowska A. New PA/1220/98-like variant of infectious bronchitis virus in Poland. Avian Pathol 2020; 49:380-388. [PMID: 32271091 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2020.1754332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to report the first detection of a new infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) variant in Polish commercial flocks which is completely different to any previously known in this region. In 2018, samples from Ross 308 breeding hens aged 35 weeks were delivered for IBV diagnosis. IBV presence was detected, but all attempts to amplify the S gene fragment were negative. The field material was analysed using the Illumina MiSeq platform and a 1073-nt fragment of the S1 coding region was obtained. The gCoV/ck/Poland/516/2018 strain shared only 52.7-58.1% nucleotide identity to any known genotype of IBV and shared the highest identity of 81.4% to the unique North American PA/1220/98 variant. Based on the obtained sequence, a specific molecular test was constructed and used for screening of chicken samples from 35 field cases delivered to our laboratory between 2018 and 2019 for IBV diagnosis. Application of this test enabled detection of another three chicken flocks as positive for this new strain. All positives were identified in commercial layers with egg production problems. To date, the virus has not been detected in broiler chickens. Taking into account the proposed criteria for the definition of a new IBV genotype or lineage, it seems that the detected viruses in Poland, together with the unique North American PA/1220/98 variant, may be classified as separate lineages/genotype in the new IBV classification. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS The new IBV variant is distantly related to other known GI-GVII IBV genotypes/lineages. It affects long-lived birds causing egg production problems. The detected IBV and the unique North American PA/1220/98 variant are candidates for separate lineages in the new GVIII genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Lisowska
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
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Molenaar RJ, Dijkman R, de Wit JJ. Characterization of infectious bronchitis virus D181, a new serotype (GII-2). Avian Pathol 2020; 49:243-250. [PMID: 31951468 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2020.1713987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the characterization of a new infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strain D181, that rapidly evolved from a low-level incidental finding in 2017 to become the second most isolated IBV strain in Dutch layers and breeders in 2018, as well as being found in samples from Germany and Belgium. Based on the sequence of the S gene and the results of cross-neutralization tests, D181 can be considered as a new serotype and the second lineage within genotype II (GII-2). The experimental infection of SPF hens confirmed the ability of D181 to cause a drop in egg production, and immunohistochemistry showed presence of the virus in the trachea, lung and conjunctiva at 5 days post inoculation and in the caecal tonsils at 5 and 8 days post inoculation. In silico analysis of several widely used PCR primers indicated that primer sets adapted for GII might be needed to detect D181, as many general S1 primers might miss it.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R Dijkman
- GD Animal Health, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - J J de Wit
- GD Animal Health, Deventer, The Netherlands.,Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Domanska-Blicharz K, Lisowska A, Sajewicz-Krukowska J. Molecular epidemiology of infectious bronchitis virus in Poland from 1980 to 2017. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 80:104177. [PMID: 31917362 PMCID: PMC7173311 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The presence of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) was identified for the first time in the poultry population in Poland at the end of the 1960s. From this time a few waves of epidemics caused by different IBV variants spread across the country. In order to gain more insight into the molecular epidemiology of IBV in Poland, in the present study the S1 coding region of 34 IBV isolates and nearly whole genome of 10 strains collected over a period of 38 years was characterized. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these strains belonged to five recently established IBV lineages: GI-1, GI-12, GI-13, GI-19 and GI-23. Additionally, two strains from 1989 and 1997 formed a separate branch of the phylogenetic tree categorized as unique early Polish variants, and one strain was revealed to be the recombinant of these and GI-1 lineage viruses. Irrespective of year of isolation and S1-dependent genotype, the genome sequences of Polish IBV strains showed the presence of six genes and 13 ORFs: 5'UTR-1a-1b-S-3a-3b-E-M-4b-4c-5a-5b-N-6b-3'UTR, however their individual genes and putative proteins had different lengths. The phylogenetic analyses performed on the genome of ten Polish IBV strains revealed that they cluster into different groups. The Polish GI-1, GI-19 and GI-23 strains cluster with other similar viruses of these lineages, with the exception of the two strains from 1989 and 1997 which are different. It seems that in Poland in the 1980s and 1990s IBV strains with a unique genome backbone circulated in the field, which were then replaced by other strains belonging to other IBV lineages with a genome backbone specific to these lineages. The recombination analysis showed that some Polish strains resulted from a recombination event involving different IBV lineages, most frequently GI-13 and GI-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Domanska-Blicharz
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Anna Lisowska
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Joanna Sajewicz-Krukowska
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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