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Sultan OS, Sidhu P, Rehman K, Madheswaran T, Davamani AF. Antibacterial Efficacy of Graphene Nanoparticles against Enterococcus faecalis: In Vitro Study. Eur J Dent 2024. [PMID: 38977007 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1786863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE(S) This study compared the antimicrobial efficacy of nanographene (NG) particles with chlorhexidine (CHX) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) against Enterococcus faecalis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty extracted human mandibular premolar teeth were cleaned using a scaler, and the middle-third of the root (6 mm) was decoronated using a rotary diamond disk. The inner diameter of the teeth was made consistent using Gates Glidden Drills #3, treated with ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid and sodium hypochlorite before sterilization. The samples were then contaminated with E. faecalis grown in Tryptic soy broth for 21 days. Tooth samples were then randomly divided into four groups: Group I (Control), untreated saline; Group II, Ca(OH)2; Group III, CHX; and Group IV, NG. The assessment of bacterial growth was carried out by harvesting dentin chips at the end of 1, 3, and 7 days. The colonies were physically counted and tabulated after 24 hours from seeding. Statistical analysis of the collected data was performed with analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test using SPSS Version 20.0. RESULTS The contaminated dentine blocks irrigated with NG (0.5 µg) and CHX (0 ± 0; p < 0.001) had no growth of E. faecalis colonies compared to blocks of Ca(OH)2 (10 ± 21) and saline (927 ± 455). All concentrations of NG (0.5 and 1.0 µg) showed effectiveness higher (p < 0.001) than 2% CHX when measured by the zone of inhibition against E. faecalis. CONCLUSION: It may be concluded that NG is effective against growth of E. faecalis and may be used as a promising antimicrobial agent during root canal treatment. However, further studies should be done to investigate the effect of NG against other dental pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Sheriff Sultan
- A.T. Still University's Missouri School of Dentistry & Oral Health (ATSU-MOSDOH), Kirksville, Missouri, United States
| | - Preena Sidhu
- Division of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kiran Rehman
- Division of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Thiagrajan Madheswaran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Qin B, Peng Q, Dong H, Lei L, Wu S. Non-coding RNAs in diabetic foot ulcer- a focus on infected wounds. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2024; 40:e3740. [PMID: 37839046 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is associated with a wide range of neuropathies, vasculopathies, and immunopathies, resulting in many complications. More than 30% of diabetic patients risk developing diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), play essential roles in various biological functions in the hyperglycaemic environment that determines the development of DFU. Ulceration results in tissue breakdown and skin barrier scavenging, thereby facilitating bacterial infection and biofilm formation. Many bacteria contribute to diabetic foot infection (DFI), including Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) et al. A heterogeneous group of "ncRNAs," termed small RNAs (sRNAs), powerfully regulates biofilm formation and DFI healing. Multidisciplinary foot care interventions have been identified for nonhealing ulcers. With an appreciation of the link between disease processes and ncRNAs, a novel therapeutic model of bioactive materials loaded with ncRNAs has been developed to prevent and manage diabetic foot complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boquan Qin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Peng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongxian Dong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shizhou Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Apostu AM, Sufaru IG, Tanculescu O, Stoleriu S, Doloca A, Ciocan Pendefunda AA, Solomon SM. Can Graphene Pave the Way to Successful Periodontal and Dental Prosthetic Treatments? A Narrative Review. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2354. [PMID: 37760795 PMCID: PMC10525677 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphene, as a promising material, holds the potential to significantly enhance the field of dental practices. Incorporating graphene into dental materials imparts enhanced strength and durability, while graphene-based nanocomposites offer the prospect of innovative solutions such as antimicrobial dental implants or scaffolds. Ongoing research into graphene-based dental adhesives and composites also suggests their capacity to improve the quality and reliability of dental restorations. This narrative review aims to provide an up-to-date overview of the application of graphene derivatives in the dental domain, with a particular focus on their application in prosthodontics and periodontics. It is important to acknowledge that further research and development are imperative to fully explore the potential of graphene and ensure its safe use in dental practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Mihaela Apostu
- Odontology-Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Irina-Georgeta Sufaru
- Odontology-Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Oana Tanculescu
- Odontology-Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Simona Stoleriu
- Odontology-Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Adrian Doloca
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alice Arina Ciocan Pendefunda
- Odontology-Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Sorina Mihaela Solomon
- Odontology-Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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The Regulations of Essential WalRK Two-Component System on Enterococcus faecalis. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12030767. [PMID: 36769415 PMCID: PMC9917794 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12030767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is a Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic bacterium that is highly adaptable to its environment. In humans, it can cause serious infections with biofilm formation. With increasing attention on its health threat, prevention and control of biofilm formation in E. faecalis have been observed. Many factors including polysaccharides as well as autolysis, proteases, and eDNA regulate biofilm formation. Those contributors are regulated by several important regulatory systems involving the two-component signal transduction system (TCS) for its adaptation to the environment. Highly conserved WalRK as one of 17 TCSs is the only essential TCS in E. faecalis. In addition to biofilm formation, various metabolisms, including cell wall construction, drug resistance, as well as interactions among regulatory systems and resistance to the host immune system, can be modulated by the WalRK system. Therefore, WalRK has been identified as a key target for E. faecalis infection control. In the present review, the regulation of WalRK on E. faecalis pathogenesis and associated therapeutic strategies are demonstrated.
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Deng Z, Lin B, Liu F, Zhao W. Role of Enterococcus faecalis in refractory apical periodontitis: from pathogenicity to host cell response. J Oral Microbiol 2023; 15:2184924. [PMID: 36891193 PMCID: PMC9987735 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2023.2184924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Refractory apical periodontitis (RAP) is an oral infectious disease characterised by persistent inflammation, progressive alveolar bone destruction, and delayed bone healing. RAP has received increasing attention, because it cannot be cured after repeated root canal therapies. The aetiology of RAP is related to the complex interplay between the pathogen and its host. However, the exact pathogenesis of RAP remains unclarified and includes several factors, such as microorganism immunogenicity, host immunity and inflammation, and tissue destruction and repair. Enterococcus faecalis is the dominant pathogen involved in RAP, and has evolved multiple strategies to ensure survival, which cause persistent intraradicular and extraradicular infections. OBJECTIVE To review the crucial role of E. faecalis in the pathogenesis of RAP, and open new avenues for prevention and treatment of RAP. METHODS The PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched for pertinent publications, employing the search terms "Enterococcus faecalis", "refractory apical periodontitis", "persistent periapical periodontitis", "pathogenicity", "virulence", "biofilm formation", "dentine tubule", "immune cell", "macrophage", and "osteoblast". RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Besides its high pathogenicity due to various virulence mechanisms, E. faecalis modulates the macrophage and osteoblast responses, including regulated cell death, cell polarisation, cell differentiation, and inflammatory response. An in-depth understanding of the multifaceted host cell responses modulated by E. faecalis will help to design potential future therapeutic strategies and overcome the challenges of sustained infection and delayed tissue healing in RAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Deng
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Binbin Lin
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Liu
- School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanghong Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Xia M, Zhuo N, Ren S, Zhang H, Yang Y, Lei L, Hu T. Enterococcus faecalis rnc gene modulates its susceptibility to disinfection agents: a novel approach against biofilm. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:416. [PMID: 36127648 PMCID: PMC9490916 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02462-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) plays an important role in the failure of root canal treatment and refractory periapical periodontitis. As an important virulence factor of E. faecalis, extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) serves as a matrix to wrap bacteria and form biofilms. The homologous rnc gene, encoding Ribonuclease III, has been reported as a regulator of EPS synthesis. In order to develop novel anti-biofilm targets, we investigated the effects of the rnc gene on the biological characteristics of E. faecalis, and compared the biofilm tolerance towards the typical root canal irrigation agents and traditional Chinese medicine fluid Pudilan. METHODS E. faecalis rnc gene overexpression (rnc+) and low-expression (rnc-) strains were constructed. The growth curves of E. faecalis ATCC29212, rnc+, and rnc- strains were obtained to study the regulatory effect of the rnc gene on E. faecalis. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and crystal violet staining assays were performed to evaluate the morphology and composition of E. faecalis biofilms. Furthermore, the wild-type and mutant biofilms were treated with 5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), and Pudilan. The residual viabilities of E. faecalis biofilms were evaluated using crystal violet staining and colony counting assays. RESULTS The results demonstrated that the rnc gene could promote bacterial growth and EPS synthesis, causing the EPS-barren biofilm morphology and low EPS/bacteria ratio. Both the rnc+ and rnc- biofilms showed increased susceptibility to the root canal irrigation agents. The 5% NaOCl group showed the highest biofilm removing effect followed by Pudilan and 2% CHX. The colony counting results showed almost complete removal of bacteria in the 5% NaOCl, 2% CHX, and Chinese medicine agents' groups. CONCLUSIONS This study concluded that the rnc gene could positively regulate bacterial proliferation, EPS synthesis, and biofilm formation in E. faecalis. The rnc mutation caused an increase in the disinfectant sensitivity of biofilm, indicating a potential anti-biofilm target. In addition, Pudilan exhibited an excellent ability to remove E. faecalis biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Xia
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, NO. 14 Third Section Renmin South Road, Chengdu, China
| | - Niya Zhuo
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, NO. 14 Third Section Renmin South Road, Chengdu, China
| | - Shirui Ren
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, NO. 14 Third Section Renmin South Road, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, NO. 14 Third Section Renmin South Road, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingming Yang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, NO. 14 Third Section Renmin South Road, Chengdu, China.
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, NO. 14 Third Section Renmin South Road, Chengdu, China.
| | - Tao Hu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, NO. 14 Third Section Renmin South Road, Chengdu, China
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Wu S, Liu Y, Lei L, Zhang H. An Antisense yycF RNA Modulates Biofilm Organization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pathogenicity in a Rat Model of Osteomyelitis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10050603. [PMID: 34069543 PMCID: PMC8160899 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10050603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is one of most common opportunistic pathogens and is attributed to several human infections. The increasing incidence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is a serious clinical threat for osteomyelitis crisis. The YycFG two-component system of S. aureus regulates genes associated with biofilm formation. To investigate the potential role of an antisense yycF RNA in the regulation of transcription levels of yycF and associated effects on biofilm formation and pathogenicity, antisense yycF (ASyycF) RNA was detected by RT-PCR and 5′ RACE assays. ASyycF overexpression mutants were constructed, and the biofilm biomass was determined by crystal violet microtiter assay and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting analyses were used to detect whether ASyycF overexpression inhibited the transcription and translation of biofilm-related genes. Then, a rat tibial infective model was used to evaluate the pathogenicity of ASyycF overexpression in vivo. ASyycF transcription led to reductions in YycF production and biofilm formation. Overexpression of ASyycF inhibited the transcription and translation of biofilm-related genes. The sensitivity to vancomycin was improved in ASyycF-overexpressing MRSA. Furthermore, ASyycF inhibited MRSA invasion in a rat tibial infection model. From this study, the expression of the YycF protein was found to be inversely correlated with different levels of ASyycF transcription. The biofilm biomass and pathogenicity decreased in the ASyycF-overexpressing mutant. Thus, the current evidence may support ASyycF as a supplementary strategy for managing S. aureus and MRSA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhou Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;
| | - Yunjie Liu
- Department of Nutrition, Food Hygiene and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (H.Z.)
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