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Surace M, Andria I, Valentini G. Renal dysfunctions and liver disease: a brief update on management with particular attention to hepatorenal syndrome. Minerva Gastroenterol (Torino) 2023; 69:412-422. [PMID: 33829727 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5985.21.02816-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In 2015 the International Club of Ascites gave an accurate, exact and new definition of acute renal injury in cirrhotic patient, identifying objective criteria of severity and recoding hepatorenal syndrome as a particular form of renal dysfunction for which excessive renal vasoconstriction is one of the main, but not the only, pathophysiological mechanisms. In this review we tried to outline new pathophysiological and therapeutic insights, and to summarize the most recent recommendations. Vasopressor such as terlipressin and norepinephrine, in combination with albumin, still represent the first line therapy. However, the new discoveries in the pathophysiology of the disease have led the search for new pharmacological approaches, although, to date, the only definitive remedy is represented by liver (or simultaneous liver-kidney) transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Surace
- Unit of Gastroenterology, Hospital of Rivoli, Rivoli, Turin, Italy -
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Yewale RV, Ramakrishna BS, Venugopal G, Doraiswami BV, Rajini K. Urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a biomarker of acute kidney injury and prognosis in decompensated chronic liver disease: A prospective study. Indian J Gastroenterol 2023; 42:106-117. [PMID: 36763249 PMCID: PMC9913035 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-022-01312-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury (AKI) heralds deterioration in patients with decompensated chronic liver disease (DCLD). Serum creatinine (sCr), a component of the model for end-stage liver disease-sodium (MELD-Na) prognostic score, has limitations in patients with DCLD. We evaluated the prognostic role of urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in DCLD and its ability to sub-type AKI. METHODS Total 147 consecutive patients hospitalized between June 2018 and June 2020 for complications of DCLD were evaluated. Urine NGAL was estimated and demographic, clinical and biochemical parameters recorded at baseline. Participants were followed up till the end of study period or mortality, whichever came earlier. Primary outcomes included all-cause mortality and time to death after index hospitalization. Secondary outcomes included the presence and type of AKI, need for intensive care unit (ICU) stay, length of ICU/hospital stay, in-hospital mortality, development of new-onset/recurrent AKI and recurrent hospitalization after index admission. RESULTS Urine NGAL was highest in acute tubular necrosis (ATN), lowest in pre-renal azotemia (PRA) and intermediate in hepatorenal syndrome (HRS-AKI). Urine NGAL (p = 0.0208) was superior to sCr (p = 0.0388) and inferior to fractionated excretion of sodium (FENa) (p = 0.0013) in stratifying AKI. A cut-off of 203.9 ng/mL discriminated between HRS and PRA with sensitivity 77.8% and specificity 68.7%. Urine NGAL correlated with MELD-Na score, need for ICU stay, in-hospital mortality and mortality at three and six months. Two-year survival was significantly lower in patients with urine NGAL > 205 ng/mL. Addition of log-urine-NGAL score did not improve predictive performance of MELD-Na. CONCLUSION Urine NGAL could identify AKI sub-types and correlated with short-term clinical outcomes, including mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Vijay Yewale
- SIMS Institute of Gastroenterology, Hepatobiliary Sciences and Transplantation, SRM Institutes for Medical Science, 1 Jawaharlal Nehru Road, Chennai, 600 026, India.
| | - Balakrishnan Siddartha Ramakrishna
- SIMS Institute of Gastroenterology, Hepatobiliary Sciences and Transplantation, SRM Institutes for Medical Science, 1 Jawaharlal Nehru Road, Chennai, 600 026, India
| | - Giriprasad Venugopal
- SIMS Institute of Gastroenterology, Hepatobiliary Sciences and Transplantation, SRM Institutes for Medical Science, 1 Jawaharlal Nehru Road, Chennai, 600 026, India
| | - Babu Vinish Doraiswami
- SIMS Institute of Gastroenterology, Hepatobiliary Sciences and Transplantation, SRM Institutes for Medical Science, 1 Jawaharlal Nehru Road, Chennai, 600 026, India
| | - Kayalvizhi Rajini
- SIMS Institute of Gastroenterology, Hepatobiliary Sciences and Transplantation, SRM Institutes for Medical Science, 1 Jawaharlal Nehru Road, Chennai, 600 026, India
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Xiong J, Pu L, Xiong H, Xiang P, Zhang M, Liu J, Li A. Evaluation of the criteria of hepatorenal syndrome type of acute kidney injury in patients with cirrhosis admitted to ICU. Scand J Gastroenterol 2018; 53:1590-1596. [PMID: 30621473 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2018.1545423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and devastating complication in patients with cirrhosis. In 2015, the International Club of Ascites (ICA) proposed the definition of hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) type of AKI (HRS-AKI) in patients with cirrhosis. This study aims to evaluate the criteria of HRS-AKI in patients with cirrhosis admitted to ICU with regard to the prognosis. METHODS A total of 349 cirrhotic patients consecutively admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) from 2010 to 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. Demographic parameters and clinical variables were collected with case report forms. The occurrence of AKI was determined according to ICA-AKI criteria. The phenotypes of AKI comprised pre-renal azotemia (PRA), acute tubular necrosis (ATN) and HRS. In our study, patients with PRA or ATN were classified to the non-HRS-AKI group. RESULTS The incidence of AKI was 73.0%, comprising PRA (18.6%), ATN (16.3%) and HRS (38.1%). The overall hospital mortality was 64.5%. Patients with AKI had a significantly higher in-hospital (76.1%) and 180-d (86.7%) mortality. AKI type was an independent risk factor for in-hospital mortality by a multivariate logistic regression. The in-hospital and 180-d mortality rates were of no significant difference among patients with HRS-AKI stages 1-3. CONCLUSIONS AKI is common in patients with cirrhosis admitted to ICU, associated with significant in-hospital mortality. HRS-AKI was the most common and severe type of AKI in patients with cirrhosis admitted to ICU. The current staging system may not be applicable for HRS-AKI in patients with cirrhosis admitted to ICU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xiong
- a Department of Critical Care Medicine , Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , PR China
| | - Lin Pu
- a Department of Critical Care Medicine , Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , PR China
| | - Haofeng Xiong
- a Department of Critical Care Medicine , Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , PR China
| | - Pan Xiang
- a Department of Critical Care Medicine , Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , PR China
| | - Ming Zhang
- a Department of Critical Care Medicine , Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , PR China
| | - Jingyuan Liu
- a Department of Critical Care Medicine , Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , PR China
| | - Ang Li
- a Department of Critical Care Medicine , Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , PR China
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A novel scoring model for predicting mortality risk in patients with cirrhosis and hepatorenal syndrome. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 30:938-943. [PMID: 29634664 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000001127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS This study aimed to create a risk scoring model for death from cirrhosis and hepatorenal syndrome, improve the detection rate of high-risk groups, and provide clinical evidence for early intervention treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively recruited 196 patients with cirrhosis and hepatorenal syndrome between 1 January 2013 and 31 July 2014 at Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China. The clinical information, biochemical values, age, and sex of the patients were included in the multivariate logistic regression model for screening independent risk factors. The model was validated in 56 patients with cirrhosis and hepatorenal syndrome between 1 August 2014 and 31 December 2014 at Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China. RESULTS The death risk prediction scoring model included the following four independent risk factors: liver cancer, neutrophil above 70%, alanine aminotransferase higher than 40 U/l, and creatinine higher than 127 mmol/l. The sum death risk score ranged from 0 to 5: 0-2 identified patients with a lower risk of death (mortality rates: 12-41.4%), whereas 3-5 identified patients with a higher risk of death (mortality rates: 48.8-80%). Receiver-operating characteristic curves were constructed for the scoring model and the areas under the curves (AUC) were compared using the z-test. The AUC of the scoring model was 0.843. In addition, the AUC of validated model in 56 patients was 0.742. CONCLUSION The scoring model can accurately predict mortality risk in patients with hepatorenal syndrome.
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Xu XL. Value of cystatin C, β2 macroglobulin, serum creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen in predicting hepatorenal syndrome in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2018; 26:700-706. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v26.i12.700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess the predictive value of cystatin C (Cys-C), β2 macroglobulin (β2-MG), serum creatinine (Scr), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) for hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) .
METHODS Thirty-six ACLF patients with HRS (HRS group) treated at our hospital from February 2014 to December 2017 were analyzed retrospectively. Thirty-six patients with ACLF without HRS were selected as an ACLF group, and 50 patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) were selected as a CLD group. Cys-C, β2-MG, Scr, and BUN were compared between the three groups. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of Cys-C, β2-MG, Scr, and BUN, alone or in combination, in predicting HRS in patients with ACLF.
RESULTS The levels of Cys-C, β2-MG, Scr, and BUN in the three groups were statistically different (F = 47.330, 23.693, 41.220, 26.715; P = 0.000 for all). Compared with the CLD and ACLF groups, Cys-C (t = 9.386, 4.807, P = 0.000 for both), β2-MG (t = 30.265, 4.116; P = 0.000 for both), Scr (t = 7.457, 7.415; P = 0.000 for both), and BUN (t = 6.608, 5.014; P = 0.000 for both) were significantly increased in the HRS group. ROC curve analysis showed that Scr had the highest AUC (0.799), followed by Cys-C (AUC = 0.789), β2-MG (AUC = 0.741), and BUN (AUC = 0.910). The combination of Cys-C, β2-MG, and Scr (AUC = 0.910) performed significantly better than any of the four indexes alone. Using the best cutoff point of the ROC curve as the predictive index, the diagnostic accuracy rate of the combination of Cys-C, β2-MG, and Scr for HRS was 80.33% (sensitivity, 91.67%; specificity, 75.58%; positive predictive value, 61.11%; negative predictive value, 95.59%). The sensitivity of combined indexes was significantly higher than any of the four indexes alone (χ2 = 10, 8.692, 7.432, 3.956; P = 0.002, 0.003, 0.006, 0.047).
CONCLUSION The levels of Cys-C, β2-MG, Scr, and BUN in ACLF patients with HRS significantly increase. The combination of Cys-C, β2-MG, and Scr has higher accuracy for predicting HRS in ACLF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lin Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Shaoxing Central Hospital, Shaoxing 312000, Zhejiang Province, China
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Mandorfer M, Reiberger T. Role of diuretics in the harmful effects of beta blockers in patients with ascites. Author's reply. Dig Liver Dis 2018; 50:102-103. [PMID: 29110962 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2017.09.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Mandorfer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic Lab, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Thomas Reiberger
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic Lab, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Bucsics T, Krones E. Renal dysfunction in cirrhosis: acute kidney injury and the hepatorenal syndrome. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2017; 5:127-137. [PMID: 28533910 PMCID: PMC5421450 DOI: 10.1093/gastro/gox009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal dysfunction is a common complication of liver cirrhosis and of utmost clinical and prognostic relevance. Patients with cirrhosis are more prone to developing acute kidney injury (AKI) than the non-cirrhotic population. Pre-renal AKI, the hepatorenal syndrome type of AKI (HRS-AKI, formerly known as 'type 1') and acute tubular necrosis represent the most common causes of AKI in cirrhosis. Correct differentiation is imperative, as treatment differs substantially. While pre-renal AKI usually responds well to plasma volume expansion, HRS-AKI and ATN require different specific approaches and are associated with substantial mortality. Several paradigms, such as the threshold of 2.5 mg/dL for diagnosis of HRS-AKI, have recently been abolished and novel urinary biomarkers are being investigated in order to facilitate early and correct diagnosis and treatment of HRS-AKI and other forms of AKI in patients with cirrhosis. This review summarizes the current diagnostic criteria, as well as pathophysiologic and therapeutic concepts for AKI and HRS-AKI in cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Bucsics
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Krones
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Unger LW, Stork T, Bucsics T, Rasoul-Rockenschaub S, Staufer K, Trauner M, Maschke S, Pawloff M, Soliman T, Reiberger T, Berlakovich GA. The role of TIPS in the management of liver transplant candidates. United European Gastroenterol J 2017; 5:1100-1107. [PMID: 29238588 DOI: 10.1177/2050640617704807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) implantation is used for treatment of several complications in patients with liver cirrhosis. Recent studies have identified a survival benefit for patients on the waiting list after TIPS implantation, but the optimal time point for TIPS implantation prior to orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) has not been established. Study This study retrospectively assessed patients undergoing TIPS implantation before or after listing for OLT at the Medical University of Vienna. n = 98 patients with TIPS on the waiting list between January 1993 and December 2013 were identified (n = 73 (74.5%) pre-listing TIPS, n = 25 (25.5%) post-listing TIPS). A matched control group at the time of OLT without TIPS (n = 60) was included. Results More patients with post-listing TIPS (28.0%, 7/25) showed clinical improvement and went off-list than patients with pre-listing TIPS (8.2%, 6/73, p = .0119). A similar proportion of patients with pre-listing TIPS (19.2%, 14/73) and post-listing TIPS (20.0%, 5/25) died on the OLT waiting list. Transplant surgery time was similar in patients with and without TIPS: 348(±13) vs. 337(±10) minutes (p = .5139). Estimated 1-year post-transplant survival was similar across all groups (pre-listing TIPS: 76.2%, post-listing TIPS: 86.0%, no TIPS: 91.2%, log-rank p = .1506). Conclusion TIPS should be considered in all liver transplant candidates, since it can obviate the need for OLT and optimize bridging to OLT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas W Unger
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Theresa Stork
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Theresa Bucsics
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Katharina Staufer
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Svenja Maschke
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Max Pawloff
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Soliman
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Reiberger
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabriela A Berlakovich
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Mandorfer M, Reiberger T. Beta blockers and cirrhosis, 2016. Dig Liver Dis 2017; 49:3-10. [PMID: 27717792 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To date, non-selective beta blockers (NSBBs) are a cornerstone in the treatment of portal hypertension. During the last years, our understanding of the potential benefits of early initiation of NSBB treatment, their effects beyond the prevention of variceal bleeding (i.e., their non-hemodyamic effects), as well as potential detrimental effects in patients with advanced disease has continuously evolved. In addition, we have learned that not all NSBBs are equal. Due to its additional anti-α1-adrenergic activity, carvedilol has been shown to be more potent in decreasing portal pressure, but might lead to more pronounced decreases in systemic arterial pressure, when compared to conventional NSBBs. It might be particularly beneficial in 'early' portal hypertension, when potential detrimental effects on systemic hemodynamics are less critical. In contrast, there is increasing evidence that the use of carvedilol or high NSBB doses should be carefully scrutinized in patients with severe or refractory ascites. Our review summarizes the current knowledge on the use of NSBBs for preventing variceal bleeding and other decompensating events and provides guidance for their safe use in hemodynamically 'vulnerable' patient populations. Finally, we also highlight areas for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Mandorfer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic Lab, Austria.
| | - Thomas Reiberger
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic Lab, Austria
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