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Lee F, Gallo MV, Schell LM, Jennings J, Lawrence DA, On The Environment ATF. Exposure of Akwesasne Mohawk women to polychlorinated biphenyls and hexachlorobenzene is associated with increased serum levels of thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2023; 86:597-613. [PMID: 37335069 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2023.2226685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p'-DDT) were reported to influence immunological activity. As endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC), these pollutants may disrupt normal thyroid function and act as catalysts for development of autoimmune thyroid disease by directly and indirectly affecting levels of thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAbs). Native American communities are disproportionately exposed to harmful toxicants and are at an increased risk of developing an autoimmune disease. The aim of this study was to determine the association between POPs and TPOAbs in serum obtained from Native American women. This assessment was used to measure whether increased risk of autoimmune thyroid disease occurred as a result of exposure to POPs. Data were collected from 183 Akwesasne Mohawk women, 21-38 years of age, between 2009 and 2013. Multivariate analyses were conducted to determine the association between toxicant exposure and levels of TPOAbs. In multiple logistic regression analyses, exposure to PCB congener 33 was related to elevated risk of individuals possessing above normal levels of TPOAbs. Further, HCB was associated with more than 2-fold higher risk of possessing above normal levels of TPOAbs compared to women with normal levels of TPOAbs. p,p'-DDE was not associated with TPOAb levels within this study. Exposure to PCB congener 33 and HCB was correlated with above normal levels of TPOAbs, a marker of autoimmune thyroid disease. Additional investigations are needed to establish the causes and factors surrounding autoimmune thyroid disease which are multiple and complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Lee
- Department of Anthropology, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Mia V Gallo
- Department of Anthropology, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
- Center for the Elimination of Minority Health Disparities, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Lawrence M Schell
- Department of Anthropology, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
- Center for the Elimination of Minority Health Disparities, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Julia Jennings
- Department of Anthropology, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - David A Lawrence
- Wadsworth Center/New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
- Biomedical Sciences and Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
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Linking Human Betaretrovirus with Autoimmunity and Liver Disease in Patients with Primary Biliary Cholangitis. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091941. [PMID: 36146750 PMCID: PMC9502388 DOI: 10.3390/v14091941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune liver disease characterized by the production of diagnostic antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA) reactive to the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. A human betaretrovirus (HBRV) resembling mouse mammary tumor virus has been characterized in patients with PBC. However, linking the viral infection with the disease is not a straight-forward process because PBC is a complex multifactorial disease influenced by genetic, hormonal, autoimmune, environmental, and other factors. Currently, PBC is assumed to have an autoimmune etiology, but the evidence is lacking to support this conjecture. In this review, we describe different approaches connecting HBRV with PBC. Initially, we used co-cultivation of HBRV with biliary epithelial cells to trigger the PBC-specific phenotype with cell surface expression of cryptic mitochondrial autoantigens linked with antimitochondrial antibody expression. Subsequently, we have derived layers of proof to support the role of betaretrovirus infection in mouse models of autoimmune biliary disease with spontaneous AMA production and in patients with PBC. Using Hill’s criteria, we provide an overview of how betaretrovirus infection may trigger autoimmunity and propagate biliary disease. Ultimately, the demonstration that disease can be cured with antiviral therapy may sway the argument toward an infectious disease etiology in an analogous fashion that was used to link H. pylori with peptic ulcer disease.
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Roberts SB, Hirschfield GM, Worobetz LJ, Vincent C, Flemming JA, Cheung A, Qumosani K, Swain M, Grbic D, Ko HH, Peltekian K, Selzner N, Abrahamyan L, Aziz B, Lytvyak E, Tirona K, Gulamhusein AF, Janssen HLA, Montano-Loza AJ, Mason AL, Hansen BE. Ethnicity, disease severity, and survival in Canadian patients with primary biliary cholangitis. Hepatology 2022; 76:303-316. [PMID: 35220609 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS We investigated associations between ethnicity, survival, and disease severity in a diverse Canadian cohort of patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). APPROACH AND RESULTS Patients with PBC were included from the Canadian Network for Autoimmune Liver Disease. Ethnicity was defined using a modified list adopted from Statistics Canada, and ethnicities with small samples were grouped. Clinical events were defined as liver decompensation, HCC, liver transplantation, or death. Clinical event-free and liver transplantation-free survival were analyzed using Cox regression. Trajectories of serum liver function tests were assessed over time using mixed-effects regression. Health-related quality of life was assessed using the Short Form 36, the PBC-40 questionnaire, and the 5-D Itch scale and analyzed using mixed-effects regression. The cohort included 1538 patients with PBC from six sites and was comprised of 82% White, 4.7% Indigenous, 5.5% East Asian, 2.6% South Asian, and 5.1% miscellaneous ethnicities. Indigenous patients were the only ethnic group with impaired liver transplant-free and event-free survival compared to White patients (HR, 3.66; 95% CI, 2.23-6.01; HR, 3.09; 95% CI, 1.94-4.92). Indigenous patients were more likely to have a clinical event before diagnosis (10%) than all other ethnic groups despite similar age at diagnosis. Indigenous patients presented with higher alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, and GLOBE scores than White patients; and these relative elevations persisted during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Indigenous Canadians with PBC present with advanced disease and have worse long-term outcomes compared to White patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surain B Roberts
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gideon M Hirschfield
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lawrence J Worobetz
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Catherine Vincent
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Angela Cheung
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karim Qumosani
- Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Swain
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dusanka Grbic
- Department de Médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hin Hin Ko
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kevork Peltekian
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Nazia Selzner
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lusine Abrahamyan
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bishoi Aziz
- Department of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ellina Lytvyak
- Department of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kattleya Tirona
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aliya F Gulamhusein
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Harry L A Janssen
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aldo J Montano-Loza
- Department of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew L Mason
- Department of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bettina E Hansen
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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