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Zhang H, Lin Y, Li S, Bi J, Zeng J, Mo C, Xu S, Jia B, Lu Y, Liu C, Liu Z. Effects of bacterial extracellular vesicles derived from oral and gastrointestinal pathogens on systemic diseases. Microbiol Res 2024; 285:127788. [PMID: 38833831 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Oral microbiota and gastrointestinal microbiota, the two largest microbiomes in the human body, are closely correlated and frequently interact through the oral-gut axis. Recent research has focused on the roles of these microbiomes in human health and diseases. Under normal conditions, probiotics and commensal bacteria can positively impact health. However, altered physiological states may induce dysbiosis, increasing the risk of pathogen colonization. Studies suggest that oral and gastrointestinal pathogens contribute not only to localized diseases at their respective colonized sites but also to the progression of systemic diseases. However, the mechanisms by which bacteria at these local sites are involved in systemic diseases remain elusive. In response to this gap, the focus has shifted to bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs), which act as mediators of communication between the microbiota and the host. Numerous studies have reported the targeted delivery of bacterial pathogenic substances from the oral cavity and the gastrointestinal tract to distant organs via BEVs. These pathogenic components subsequently elicit specific cellular responses in target organs, thereby mediating the progression of systemic diseases. This review aims to elucidate the extensive microbial communication via the oral-gut axis, summarize the types and biogenesis mechanisms of BEVs, and highlight the translocation pathways of oral and gastrointestinal BEVs in vivo, as well as the impacts of pathogens-derived BEVs on systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Yunhe Lin
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Siwei Li
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Jiaming Bi
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Jiawei Zeng
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Chuzi Mo
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Shuaimei Xu
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Bo Jia
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Yu Lu
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Chengxia Liu
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Zhongjun Liu
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
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Chen Y, Gan Y, Zhong H, Liu Y, Huang J, Wang W, Geng J. Gut microbe and hepatic macrophage polarization in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1285473. [PMID: 38125578 PMCID: PMC10731260 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1285473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common chronic hepatic disorder with the potential to progress to hepatic fibrosis, hepatic cirrhosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma. Activation of hepatic macrophages, important innate immune cells predominantly composed of Kupffer cells, plays a pivotal role in NAFLD initiation and progression. Recent findings have underscored the regulatory role of microbes in both local and distal immune responses, including in the liver, emphasizing their contribution to NAFLD initiation and progression. Key studies have further revealed that gut microbes can penetrate the intestinal mucosa and translocate to the liver, thereby directly influencing hepatic macrophage polarization and NAFLD progression. In this review, we discuss recent evidence regarding the translocation of intestinal microbes into the liver, as well as their impact on hepatic macrophage polarization and associated cellular and molecular signaling pathways. Additionally, we summarize the potential mechanisms by which translocated microbes may activate hepatic macrophages and accelerate NAFLD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- Department of Infectious Disease and Hepatic Disease, First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- School of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yumeng Gan
- Department of Infectious Disease and Hepatic Disease, First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- School of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Huijie Zhong
- Department of Infectious Disease and Hepatic Disease, First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- School of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yincong Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease and Hepatic Disease, First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- School of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jingdi Huang
- Department of Infectious Disease and Hepatic Disease, First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Wenxue Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease and Hepatic Disease, First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- School of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiawei Geng
- Department of Infectious Disease and Hepatic Disease, First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- School of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Takeda N, Tsuchiya A, Mito M, Natsui K, Natusi Y, Koseki Y, Tomiyoshi K, Yamazaki F, Yoshida Y, Abe H, Sano M, Kido T, Yoshioka Y, Kikuta J, Itoh T, Nishimura K, Ishii M, Ochiya T, Miyajima A, Terai S. Analysis of distribution, collection, and confirmation of capacity dependency of small extracellular vesicles toward a therapy for liver cirrhosis. Inflamm Regen 2023; 43:48. [PMID: 37814342 PMCID: PMC10561446 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-023-00299-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The progression of liver fibrosis leads to portal hypertension and liver dysfunction. However, no antifibrotic agents have been approved for cirrhosis to date, making them an unmet medical need. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are among these candidate agents. In this study, we investigated the effects of sEVs of MSCs, analyzed their distribution in the liver post-administration, whether their effect was dose-dependent, and whether it was possible to collect a large number of sEVs. METHODS sEVs expressing tdTomato were generated, and their uptake into constituent liver cells was observed in vitro, as well as their sites of uptake and cells in the liver using a mouse model of liver cirrhosis. The efficiency of sEV collection using tangential flow filtration (TFF) and changes in the therapeutic effects of sEVs in a volume-dependent manner were examined. RESULTS The sEVs of MSCs accumulated mostly in macrophages in damaged areas of the liver. In addition, the therapeutic effect of sEVs was not necessarily dose-dependent, and it reached a plateau when the dosage exceeded a certain level. Furthermore, although ultracentrifugation was commonly used to collect sEVs for research purposes, we verified that TFF could be used for efficient sEV collection and that their effectiveness is not reduced. CONCLUSION In this study, we identified some unknown aspects regarding the dynamics, collection, and capacity dependence of sEVs. Our results provide important fundamentals for the development of therapies using sEVs and hold potential implications for the therapeutic applications of sEV-based therapies for liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Takeda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-Ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Atsunori Tsuchiya
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-Ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.
- Future Medical Research Center for Exosome and Designer Cell (F-EDC), Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-Ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.
| | - Masaki Mito
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-Ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuki Natsui
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-Ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Yui Natusi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-Ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Yohei Koseki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-Ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Kei Tomiyoshi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-Ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Fusako Yamazaki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-Ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Yuki Yoshida
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-Ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Abe
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-Ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Masayuki Sano
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Taketomo Kido
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yoshioka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1, Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Junichi Kikuta
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tohru Itoh
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Ken Nishimura
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Masaru Ishii
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1, Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyajima
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Shuji Terai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-Ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.
- Future Medical Research Center for Exosome and Designer Cell (F-EDC), Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-Ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.
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