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Dreyer N, Sørensen S, Yusa Y, Sawada K, Nash DR, Svennevig N, Høeg JT. Sex allocation and maintenance of androdioecy in the pedunculated barnacle Scalpellum scalpellum (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Thoracica). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Dreyer
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, Zoological Museum, Section for Biosystematics, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stefan Sørensen
- Department of Biology, Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yoichi Yusa
- Nara Women’s University, Kitauoya-nishi, Nara, Japan
| | - Kota Sawada
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, Sokendai (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - David R Nash
- Department of Biology, Section for Ecology and Evolution, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Svennevig
- Department of Biology, Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens T Høeg
- Department of Biology, Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken, Copenhagen, Denmark
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2
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Pansch C, Hattich GSI, Heinrichs ME, Pansch A, Zagrodzka Z, Havenhand JN. Long-term exposure to acidification disrupts reproduction in a marine invertebrate. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192036. [PMID: 29408893 PMCID: PMC5800648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change research is advancing to more complex and more comprehensive studies that include long-term experiments, multiple life-history stages, multi-population, and multi-trait approaches. We used a population of the barnacle Balanus improvisus known to be sensitive to short-term acidification to determine its potential for long-term acclimation to acidification. We reared laboratory-bred individuals (as singles or pairs), and field-collected assemblages of barnacles, at pH 8.1 and 7.5 (≈ 400 and 1600 μatm pCO2 respectively) for up to 16 months. Acidification caused strong mortality and reduced growth rates. Acidification suppressed respiration rates and induced a higher feeding activity of barnacles after 6 months, but this suppression of respiration rate was absent after 15 months. Laboratory-bred barnacles developed mature gonads only when they were held in pairs, but nonetheless failed to produce fertilized embryos. Field-collected barnacles reared in the laboratory for 8 months at the same pH’s developed mature gonads, but only those in pH 8.1 produced viable embryos and larvae. Because survivors of long-term acidification were not capable of reproducing, this demonstrates that B. improvisus can only partially acclimate to long-term acidification. This represents a clear and significant bottleneck in the ontogeny of this barnacle population that may limit its potential to persist in a future ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Pansch
- Department of Marine Sciences – Tjärnö, University of Gothenburg, Tjärnö, Strömstad, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Giannina S. I. Hattich
- Department of Marine Sciences – Tjärnö, University of Gothenburg, Tjärnö, Strömstad, Sweden
| | - Mara E. Heinrichs
- Department of Marine Sciences – Tjärnö, University of Gothenburg, Tjärnö, Strömstad, Sweden
| | - Andreas Pansch
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Wattenmeerstation Sylt, List, Germany
| | - Zuzanna Zagrodzka
- Department of Marine Sciences – Tjärnö, University of Gothenburg, Tjärnö, Strömstad, Sweden
| | - Jonathan N. Havenhand
- Department of Marine Sciences – Tjärnö, University of Gothenburg, Tjärnö, Strömstad, Sweden
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3
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Bürkli A, Jokela J. Increase in multiple paternity across the reproductive lifespan in a sperm-storing, hermaphroditic freshwater snail. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:5264-5278. [PMID: 28605149 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Polyandry is a common phenomenon and challenges the traditional view of stronger sexual selection in males than in females. In simultaneous hermaphrodites, the physical proximity of both sex functions was long thought to preclude the operation of sexual selection. Laboratory studies suggest that multiple mating and polyandry in hermaphrodites may actually be common, but data from natural populations are sparse. We therefore estimated the rate of multiple paternity and its seasonal variability in the annual, sperm-storing, simultaneously hermaphroditic freshwater snail Radix balthica for the entire duration of the reproductive lifespan. We also tested whether multiple paternity was associated with clutch size or embryonic development. To obtain these data, we measured and genotyped 60 field-collected egg clutches using nine highly polymorphic microsatellite markers. Overall, 50% of the clutches had multiple fathers, and both the frequency (20-93% of clutches) and magnitude of multiple paternity (mean 1.3-3.8 fathers per clutch) substantially increased over time, probably because of extensive sperm storage. Most multiply sired clutches (83%) had a dominant father, but neither clutch size nor the proportion of developed embryos per clutch was associated with levels of multiple paternity. Both the evident promiscuity and the frequent skew of paternity shares suggest that sexual selection may be an important evolutionary force in the study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Bürkli
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,ETH Zurich, D-USYS, Institute of Integrative Biology, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jukka Jokela
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,ETH Zurich, D-USYS, Institute of Integrative Biology, Zürich, Switzerland
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4
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Hoch JM, Schneck DT, Neufeld CJ. Ecology and Evolution of Phenotypic Plasticity in the Penis and Cirri of Barnacles. Integr Comp Biol 2016; 56:728-40. [PMID: 27371382 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icw006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Most barnacles are sessile, simultaneous hermaphrodites that reproduce by copulation. This is achieved through the extension of a muscular penis, famous for being the proportionally largest in the animal kingdom. The penis is a long cylindrical or conical organ, composed of a series of folded rings, allowing it to stretch to great lengths. The penises are covered with chemosensory setae allowing them to seek out receptive neighbors. For many species, the condition of the penis changes seasonally. In the most extreme circumstances, it degenerates and is shed during the first post-mating molt and is re-grown for the next mating season. Barnacle penises have been shown to exhibit phenotypic plasticity in response to many different challenges. When exposed to heavy waves, diameter is increased by thickening both the cuticle and muscles. When mates are far, length increases by adding ringed annulations. Experiments have shown that these plastic traits are modular, capable of changing independently from each other and that they improve mating ability. Alternate strategies to increase reproductive ability by barnacles include the production of dwarf and complemental males, sperm casting and sperm leakage, and aerial copulation. All of these mating strategies may have important implications for the study of reproductive biology, life history, and sex allocation theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Matthew Hoch
- *Department of Marine and Environmental Science, Nova Southeastern University, Ford Lauderdale, 33314 FL, USA
| | - Daniel T Schneck
- *Department of Marine and Environmental Science, Nova Southeastern University, Ford Lauderdale, 33314 FL, USA
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Ewers‐Saucedo C, Hope NB, Wares JP. The unexpected mating system of the androdioecious barnacle
Chelonibia testudinaria
(Linnaeus 1758). Mol Ecol 2016; 25:2081-92. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Neva B. Hope
- Department of Genetics University of Georgia Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - John P. Wares
- Department of Genetics University of Georgia Athens GA 30602 USA
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6
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Hooper RC, Eichhorn MP. Too close for comfort: spatial patterns in acorn barnacle populations. POPUL ECOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-016-0542-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Chen HN, Chan BK, Tsang LM. Transcriptome derived microsatellite markers of Tetraclita kuroshioensis and cross amplification among Tetraclita spp. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Tetranucleotide microsatellites for the barnacle Megabalanus coccopoma (Darwin, 1854). BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Dawson MN, Hays CG, Grosberg RK, Raimondi PT. Dispersal potential and population genetic structure in the marine intertidal of the eastern North Pacific. ECOL MONOGR 2014. [DOI: 10.1890/13-0871.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Plough LV, Moran A, Marko P. Density drives polyandry and relatedness influences paternal success in the Pacific gooseneck barnacle, Pollicipes elegans. BMC Evol Biol 2014; 14:81. [PMID: 24739102 PMCID: PMC4021092 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-14-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyandry is a common mating strategy in animals, increasing female fitness through direct (material) and indirect (genetic) benefits. Most theories about the benefits of polyandry come from studies of terrestrial animals, which have relatively complex mating systems and behaviors; less is known about the potential benefits of polyandry in sessile marine animals, for which potential mates may be scarce and females have less control over pre-copulatory mate choice. Here, we used microsatellite markers to examine multiple paternity in natural aggregations of the Pacific gooseneck barnacle Pollicipes elegans, testing the effect of density on paternity and mate relatedness on male reproductive success. RESULTS We found that multiple paternity was very common (79% of broods), with up to five fathers contributing to a brood, though power was relatively low to detect more than four fathers. Density had a significant and positive linear effect on the number of fathers siring a brood, though this relationship leveled off at high numbers of fathers, which may reflect a lack of power and/or an upper limit to polyandry in this species. Significant skew in male reproductive contribution in multiply-sired broods was observed and we found a positive and significant relationship between the proportion of offspring sired and the genetic similarity between mates, suggesting that genetic compatibility may influence reproductive success in this species. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first study to show high levels of multiple paternity in a barnacle, and overall, patterns of paternity in P. elegans appear to be driven primarily by mate availability. Evidence of paternity bias for males with higher relatedness suggests some form of post-copulatory sexual selection is taking place, but more work is needed to determine whether it operates during or post-fertilization. Overall, our results suggest that while polyandry in P. elegans is driven by mate availability, it may also provide a mechanism for females to ensure fertilization by compatible gametes and increase reproductive success in this sessile species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis V Plough
- Horn Point Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, P,O, Box 775, Cambridge, MD 21601, USA.
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Le Cam S, Riquet F, Pechenik JA, Viard F. Paternity and gregariousness in the sex-changing sessile marine gastropod Crepidula convexa: comparison with other protandrous Crepidula species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 105:397-406. [PMID: 24489076 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esu002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In sex-changing animals with internal fertilization, gregarious behavior may increase mating opportunities and the frequency of multiple paternity, thus increasing maternal reproductive success. Crepidula convexa is a direct-developing protandrous gastropod characterized by only modest gregarious behavior compared with previously studied members of the genus: females are frequently found isolated. Using 6 microsatellite markers, we analyzed paternity profiles in 10 broods (25 embryos per mother). The number of assigned fathers varied among families from 1 to 4 fathers per brood. Interestingly, polyandry was not detected in solitary females but only in females grouped with conspecific individuals. Overall, we found an average of 1.8 fathers per brood, but this increased to 2.6 fathers per brood when considering only the nonisolated females. Among 18 unambiguously identified fathers, only 5 were collected in our samples, suggesting substantial male mobility. Comparison with previous paternity analyses in Crepidula fornicata and Crepidula coquimbensis revealed that polyandry appears as a common trait of these sex-changing gastropods despite their different grouping behaviors and life histories. As expected, the level of polyandry was nevertheless lower in the modestly gregarious C. convexa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Le Cam
- the UPMC Univ Paris 06, Adaptation & Diversity in the Marine Environment, UMR 7144 and CNRS, UMR 7144, Team Diversity & Connectivity in Coastal Marine Landscapes, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, CS 90074, 29688 Roscoff, France
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Plough LV, Marko PB. Characterization of microsatellite loci and repeat density in the gooseneck barnacle, Pollicipes elegans, using next generation sequencing. J Hered 2013; 105:136-42. [PMID: 24115106 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/est064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pollicipes elegans is a commercially important and biogeographically significant rocky-shore gooseneck barnacle found along the eastern Pacific coasts of Peru, El Salvador, and Mexico. Little is known about its reproductive biology, and no genetic resources exist despite its growing importance as a fisheries species in the region. Next generation sequencing methods can provide rapid and cost-effective development of molecular markers such as microsatellites, which can be applied to studies of paternity, parentage, and population structure in this understudied species. Here, we used Roche 454 pyrosequencing to develop microsatellite markers in P. elegans and made genomic comparisons of repeat density and repeat class frequency with other arthropods and more distantly related taxa. We identified 13 809 repeats of 1-6 bp, or a density of 9744 bp of repeat per megabase queried, which was intermediate in the range of taxonomic groups compared. Comparison of repeat class frequency distributions revealed that P. elegans was most similar to Drosophila melanogaster rather than the more closely related crustacean Daphnia pulex. We successfully isolated 15 polymorphic markers with an average of 9.4 alleles per locus and average observed and expected heterozygosities of 0.501 and 0.597, respectively. Four loci were found to be out of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, likely due to the presence of null alleles. A preliminary population genetic analysis revealed low but significant differentiation between a Peruvian (n = 47) and Mexican (n = 48) population (F(ST) = 0.039) and markedly reduced genetic diversity in Peru. These markers should facilitate future studies of paternity, parentage, and population structure in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis V Plough
- the Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, 132 Long Hall, Clemson 29634, South Carolina
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Yusa Y, Takemura M, Sawada K, Yamaguchi S. Diverse, Continuous, and Plastic Sexual Systems in Barnacles. Integr Comp Biol 2013; 53:701-12. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/ict016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Barazandeh M, Davis CS, Neufeld CJ, Coltman DW, Palmer AR. Something Darwin didn't know about barnacles: spermcast mating in a common stalked species. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20122919. [PMID: 23325777 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.2919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Most free-living barnacles are hermaphroditic, and eggs are presumed to be fertilized either by pseudo-copulation or self-fertilization. Although the common northeast Pacific intertidal gooseneck barnacle, Pollicipes polymerus, is believed only to cross-fertilize, some isolated individuals well outside penis range nonetheless bear fertilized eggs. They must therefore either self-fertilize or-contrary to all prior expectations about barnacle mating-obtain sperm from the water. To test these alternative hypotheses, we collected isolated individuals bearing egg masses, as well as isolated pairs where at least one parent carried egg masses. Using 16 single nucleotide polymorphism markers, we confirmed that a high percentage of eggs were fertilized with sperm captured from the water. Sperm capture occurred in 100 per cent of isolated individuals and, remarkably, even in 24 per cent of individuals that had an adjacent partner. Replicate subsamples of individual egg masses confirmed that eggs fertilized by captured sperm occurred throughout the egg mass. Sperm capture may therefore be a common supplement to pseudo-copulation in this species. These observations (i) overturn over a century of beliefs about what barnacles can (or cannot) do in terms of sperm transfer, (ii) raise doubts about prior claims of self-fertilization in barnacles, (iii) raise interesting questions about the capacity for sperm capture in other species (particularly those with short penises), and (iv) show, we believe for the first time, that spermcast mating can occur in an aquatic arthropod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Barazandeh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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