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Hangartner S, Sgrò CM, Connallon T, Booksmythe I. Sexual dimorphism in phenotypic plasticity and persistence under environmental change: An extension of theory and meta-analysis of current data. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:1550-1565. [PMID: 35334155 PMCID: PMC9311083 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Populations must adapt to environmental changes to remain viable. Both evolution and phenotypic plasticity contribute to adaptation, with plasticity possibly being more important for coping with rapid change. Adaptation is complex in species with separate sexes, as the sexes can differ in the strength or direction of natural selection, the genetic basis of trait variation, and phenotypic plasticity. Many species show sex differences in plasticity, yet how these differences influence extinction susceptibility remains unclear. We first extend theoretical models of population persistence in changing environments and show that persistence is affected by sexual dimorphism for phenotypic plasticity, trait genetic architecture, and sex-specific selection. Our models predict that female-biased adaptive plasticity-particularly in traits with modest-to-low cross-sex genetic correlations-typically promotes persistence, though we also identify conditions where sexually monomorphic or male-biased plasticity promotes persistence. We then perform a meta-analysis of sex-specific plasticity under manipulated thermal conditions. Although examples of sexually dimorphic plasticity are widely observed, systematic sex differences are rare. An exception-cold resistance-is systematically female-biased and represents a trait wherein sexually dimorphic plasticity might elevate population viability in changing environments. We discuss our results in light of debates about the roles of evolution and plasticity in extinction susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Hangartner
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carla M Sgrò
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tim Connallon
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Isobel Booksmythe
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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2
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The seesaw of diet restriction and lifespan: lessons from Drosophila studies. Biogerontology 2021; 22:253-259. [PMID: 33575931 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-021-09912-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Diet restriction (DR) studies undergo the implementation of reduced single or multiple component/s of the fly food without causing malnutrition. The question of how and why DR modifies the fate of lifespan in fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster has prompted us to emphasize by attending the control food composition first. Certain concentrations of DR food do not always confer an extended lifespan, rather it enables the flies to achieve their normal lifespan, which was probably reduced by the control food per se (having toxic effect caused due to the excess levels of dietary components). However, the current paradigm of DR studies has elicited its benefits and losses via trade-offs in the organismal traits and have highlighted the need for a common diet, but have not claimed the tested diets as balanced. So, the DR effect on lifespan and other fitness traits cannot be justified only based on varying control food across labs and hence, the approach of DR studies has to be revisited and a balanced diet has to be formulated. The current article discusses the need for a balanced diet, the traits to be considered before designing a diet, and certain problems in the existing synthetic medium. Therefore, based on the control food composition, the validity of lifespan extension conferred by these nutrient restricted diets need to be accounted for.
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3
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Ng'oma E, Williams-Simon PA, Rahman A, King EG. Diverse biological processes coordinate the transcriptional response to nutritional changes in a Drosophila melanogaster multiparent population. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:84. [PMID: 31992183 PMCID: PMC6988245 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6467-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Environmental variation in the amount of resources available to populations challenge individuals to optimize the allocation of those resources to key fitness functions. This coordination of resource allocation relative to resource availability is commonly attributed to key nutrient sensing gene pathways in laboratory model organisms, chiefly the insulin/TOR signaling pathway. However, the genetic basis of diet-induced variation in gene expression is less clear. Results To describe the natural genetic variation underlying nutrient-dependent differences, we used an outbred panel derived from a multiparental population, the Drosophila Synthetic Population Resource. We analyzed RNA sequence data from multiple female tissue samples dissected from flies reared in three nutritional conditions: high sugar (HS), dietary restriction (DR), and control (C) diets. A large proportion of genes in the experiment (19.6% or 2471 genes) were significantly differentially expressed for the effect of diet, and 7.8% (978 genes) for the effect of the interaction between diet and tissue type (LRT, Padj. < 0.05). Interestingly, we observed similar patterns of gene expression relative to the C diet, in the DR and HS treated flies, a response likely reflecting diet component ratios. Hierarchical clustering identified 21 robust gene modules showing intra-modularly similar patterns of expression across diets, all of which were highly significant for diet or diet-tissue interaction effects (FDR Padj. < 0.05). Gene set enrichment analysis for different diet-tissue combinations revealed a diverse set of pathways and gene ontology (GO) terms (two-sample t-test, FDR < 0.05). GO analysis on individual co-expressed modules likewise showed a large number of terms encompassing many cellular and nuclear processes (Fisher exact test, Padj. < 0.01). Although a handful of genes in the IIS/TOR pathway including Ilp5, Rheb, and Sirt2 showed significant elevation in expression, many key genes such as InR, chico, most insulin peptide genes, and the nutrient-sensing pathways were not observed. Conclusions Our results suggest that a more diverse network of pathways and gene networks mediate the diet response in our population. These results have important implications for future studies focusing on diet responses in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ng'oma
- University of Missouri, 401 Tucker Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
| | | | - A Rahman
- University of Missouri, 401 Tucker Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - E G King
- University of Missouri, 401 Tucker Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
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4
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Flatt T. Life-History Evolution and the Genetics of Fitness Components in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2020; 214:3-48. [PMID: 31907300 PMCID: PMC6944413 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.300160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Life-history traits or "fitness components"-such as age and size at maturity, fecundity and fertility, age-specific rates of survival, and life span-are the major phenotypic determinants of Darwinian fitness. Analyzing the evolution and genetics of these phenotypic targets of selection is central to our understanding of adaptation. Due to its simple and rapid life cycle, cosmopolitan distribution, ease of maintenance in the laboratory, well-understood evolutionary genetics, and its versatile genetic toolbox, the "vinegar fly" Drosophila melanogaster is one of the most powerful, experimentally tractable model systems for studying "life-history evolution." Here, I review what has been learned about the evolution and genetics of life-history variation in D. melanogaster by drawing on numerous sources spanning population and quantitative genetics, genomics, experimental evolution, evolutionary ecology, and physiology. This body of work has contributed greatly to our knowledge of several fundamental problems in evolutionary biology, including the amount and maintenance of genetic variation, the evolution of body size, clines and climate adaptation, the evolution of senescence, phenotypic plasticity, the nature of life-history trade-offs, and so forth. While major progress has been made, important facets of these and other questions remain open, and the D. melanogaster system will undoubtedly continue to deliver key insights into central issues of life-history evolution and the genetics of adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Flatt
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
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5
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Zhao F, Xing K, Hoffmann AA, Ma CS. The importance of timing of heat events for predicting the dynamics of aphid pest populations. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:1866-1874. [PMID: 30663223 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heatwaves are increasing in frequency and there is growing interest in their impact on pest organisms. Previous work indicates that effects depend on the timing of the stress event, whose impact needs to be characterized across the full set of developmental stages and exposure periods of an organism. Here, we undertake such a detailed assessment using heat stress (20-35 °C diurnal cycle) across the nymph and adult stages of the English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (Fabricius). RESULTS Stress-related mortality increased with stress duration at all stages; effects were less severe at the late nymphal stage. Effects on longevity adults after stress showed a complex pattern with nymphal heat stress, increasing with stress duration at the late nymphal stage, but decreasing with duration at the early nymphal stage. Longevity was also reduced by adult stress although to a lesser extent, and patterns were not connected to duration. Post-stress productivity decreased following adult and nymphal stress and the decrease tended to be correlated with stress duration. The rate of offspring production was more affected by adult stress than nymphal stress. Productivity and longevity effects, when combined, showed that the largest effect of heat stress occurred at the early nymphal stage. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the complex ways in which heat stress at a particular life stage influences later fitness and they also emphasize the importance of considering multiple fitness components when assessing stress effects. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, China
- Climate Change Biology Research Group, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Xing
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group, School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Chun-Sen Ma
- Climate Change Biology Research Group, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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6
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Friedrich M, Jones JW. Gene Ages, Nomenclatures, and Functional Diversification of the Methuselah/Methuselah-Like GPCR Family in Drosophila and Tribolium. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2017; 326:453-463. [PMID: 28074535 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Affecting lifespan regulation and oxidative stress resistance, the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) gene methuselah (mth) plays important roles in the life history of Drosophila melanogaster. Substantial progress has been made in elucidating the molecular pathways by which mth affects these traits, yet conflicting ideas exist as to how old these genetic interactions are as well as how old the mth gene itself is. Root to these issues is the complex gene family history of the Mth/Mthl GPCR family, which experienced independent expansions in a variety of animal clades, leading to at least six subfamilies in insects. Within insects, drosophilid flies stand out by possessing up to three times more Mth/Mthl receptors due to the expansion of a single subfamily, the mth superclade subfamily, which contains an even younger subfamily introduced here as the melanogaster subgroup subfamily. As a result, most of the 16 Mth/Mthl receptors of D. melanogaster are characterized by n:1 orthology relationships to singleton mth superclade homologs in nondrosophilid species. This challenge is exacerbated by the inconsistent naming of Mth/Mthl orthologs across species. To consolidate this situation, we review established ortholog relationships among insect Mth/Mthl receptors, clarify the gene nomenclatures in two important satellite model species, the fruit fly relative D. virilis and the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, and discuss the genetic and functional evolution of the D. melanogaster Mth GPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Friedrich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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7
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Kasumovic MM, Chen Z, Wilkins MR. Australian black field crickets show changes in neural gene expression associated with socially-induced morphological, life-history, and behavioral plasticity. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:827. [PMID: 27776492 PMCID: PMC5078956 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3119-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ecological and evolutionary model organisms have provided extensive insight into the ecological triggers, adaptive benefits, and evolution of life-history driven developmental plasticity. Despite this, we still have a poor understanding of the underlying genetic changes that occur during shifts towards different developmental trajectories. The goal of this study is to determine whether we can identify underlying gene expression patterns that can describe the different life-history trajectories individuals follow in response to social cues of competition. To do this, we use the Australian black field cricket (Teleogryllus commodus), a species with sex-specific developmental trajectories moderated by the density and quality of calls heard during immaturity. In this study, we manipulated the social information males and females could hear by rearing individuals in either calling or silent treatments. We next used RNA-Seq to develop a reference transcriptome to study changes in brain gene expression at two points prior to sexual maturation. RESULTS We show accelerated development in both sexes when exposed to calling; changes were also seen in growth, lifespan, and reproductive effort. Functional relationships between genes and phenotypes were apparent from ontological enrichment analysis. We demonstrate that increased investment towards traits such as growth and reproductive effort were often associated with the expression of a greater number of genes with similar effect, thus providing a suite of candidate genes for future research in this and other invertebrate organisms. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide interesting insight into the genomic underpinnings of developmental plasticity and highlight the potential of a genomic exploration of other evolutionary theories such as condition dependence and sex-specific developmental strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Kasumovic
- Ecology & Evolution Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Zhiliang Chen
- Systems Biology Initiative, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Marc R Wilkins
- Systems Biology Initiative, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
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8
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Altitudinal variation in lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster populations from the Firtina Valley, northeastern Turkey. J Therm Biol 2016; 61:91-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Xiao L, He H, Huang L, Geng T, Fu S, Xue F. Variation of life-history traits of the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis in relation to temperature and geographical latitude. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:5129-43. [PMID: 27551371 PMCID: PMC4984492 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Life-history traits from four geographical populations (tropical Ledong population [LD], subtropical Guangzhou [GZ] and Yongxiu populations, and temperate Langfang population [LF]) of the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis were investigated at a wide range of temperatures (20-32°C). The larval and pupal times were significantly decreased with increasing rearing temperature, and growth rate was positively correlated with temperature. The relationship between body weight and rearing temperature in O. furnacalis did not follow the temperature-size rule (TSR); all populations exhibited the highest pupal and adult weights at high temperatures or intermediate temperatures. However, development time, growth rate, and body weight did not show a constant latitudinal gradient. Across all populations at each temperature, female were significantly bigger than males, showing a female-biased sexual size dimorphism (SSD). Contrary to Rensch's rule, the SSD tended to increase with rising temperature. The subtropical GZ population exhibited the largest degree of dimorphism while the temperate LF exhibited the smallest. Male pupae lose significantly more weight at metamorphosis compared to females. The proportionate weight losses of different populations were significantly different. Adult longevity was significantly decreased with increasing temperature. Between sexes, all populations exhibit a rather female-biased adult longevity. Finally, we discuss the adaptive significance of higher temperature-inducing high body weight in the moth's life history and why the moth exhibits the reverse TSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xiao
- Institute of EntomologyJiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Hai‐Min He
- Institute of EntomologyJiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Li‐Li Huang
- Jiangxi Entry Exit Inspection and Quarantine BureauNanchangChina
| | - Ting Geng
- Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Shu Fu
- Institute of EntomologyJiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Fang‐Sen Xue
- Institute of EntomologyJiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchangChina
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10
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Kapun M, Fabian DK, Goudet J, Flatt T. Genomic Evidence for Adaptive Inversion Clines in Drosophila melanogaster. Mol Biol Evol 2016; 33:1317-36. [PMID: 26796550 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msw016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Clines in chromosomal inversion polymorphisms-presumably driven by climatic gradients-are common but there is surprisingly little evidence for selection acting on them. Here we address this long-standing issue in Drosophila melanogaster by using diagnostic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers to estimate inversion frequencies from 28 whole-genome Pool-seq samples collected from 10 populations along the North American east coast. Inversions In(3L)P, In(3R)Mo, and In(3R)Payne showed clear latitudinal clines, and for In(2L)t, In(2R)NS, and In(3R)Payne the steepness of the clinal slopes changed between summer and fall. Consistent with an effect of seasonality on inversion frequencies, we detected small but stable seasonal fluctuations of In(2R)NS and In(3R)Payne in a temperate Pennsylvanian population over 4 years. In support of spatially varying selection, we observed that the cline in In(3R)Payne has remained stable for >40 years and that the frequencies of In(2L)t and In(3R)Payne are strongly correlated with climatic factors that vary latitudinally, independent of population structure. To test whether these patterns are adaptive, we compared the amount of genetic differentiation of inversions versus neutral SNPs and found that the clines in In(2L)t and In(3R)Payne are maintained nonneutrally and independent of admixture. We also identified numerous clinal inversion-associated SNPs, many of which exhibit parallel differentiation along the Australian cline and reside in genes known to affect fitness-related traits. Together, our results provide strong evidence that inversion clines are maintained by spatially-and perhaps also temporally-varying selection. We interpret our data in light of current hypotheses about how inversions are established and maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kapun
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel K Fabian
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jérôme Goudet
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Flatt
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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11
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Bergland AO, Tobler R, González J, Schmidt P, Petrov D. Secondary contact and local adaptation contribute to genome-wide patterns of clinal variation in Drosophila melanogaster. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:1157-74. [PMID: 26547394 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Populations arrayed along broad latitudinal gradients often show patterns of clinal variation in phenotype and genotype. Such population differentiation can be generated and maintained by both historical demographic events and local adaptation. These evolutionary forces are not mutually exclusive and can in some cases produce nearly identical patterns of genetic differentiation among populations. Here, we investigate the evolutionary forces that generated and maintain clinal variation genome-wide among populations of Drosophila melanogaster sampled in North America and Australia. We contrast patterns of clinal variation in these continents with patterns of differentiation among ancestral European and African populations. Using established and novel methods we derive here, we show that recently derived North America and Australia populations were likely founded by both European and African lineages and that this hybridization event likely contributed to genome-wide patterns of parallel clinal variation between continents. The pervasive effects of admixture mean that differentiation at only several hundred loci can be attributed to the operation of spatially varying selection using an FST outlier approach. Our results provide novel insight into the well-studied system of clinal differentiation in D. melanogaster and provide a context for future studies seeking to identify loci contributing to local adaptation in a wide variety of organisms, including other invasive species as well as temperate endemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan O Bergland
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5020, USA
| | - Ray Tobler
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5020, USA.,Institut für Populationsgenetik, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, A-1210, Austria
| | - Josefa González
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5020, USA.,Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Maritim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 0800, 3 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paul Schmidt
- Department of Biology, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Dmitri Petrov
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5020, USA
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12
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Hangartner SB, Hoffmann AA, Smith A, Griffin PC. A collection of Australian Drosophila datasets on climate adaptation and species distributions. Sci Data 2015; 2:150067. [PMID: 26601886 PMCID: PMC4658573 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2015.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Australian Drosophila Ecology and Evolution Resource (ADEER) collates Australian datasets on drosophilid flies, which are aimed at investigating questions around climate adaptation, species distribution limits and population genetics. Australian drosophilid species are diverse in climatic tolerance, geographic distribution and behaviour. Many species are restricted to the tropics, a few are temperate specialists, and some have broad distributions across climatic regions. Whereas some species show adaptability to climate changes through genetic and plastic changes, other species have limited adaptive capacity. This knowledge has been used to identify traits and genetic polymorphisms involved in climate change adaptation and build predictive models of responses to climate change. ADEER brings together 103 datasets from 39 studies published between 1982-2013 in a single online resource. All datasets can be downloaded freely in full, along with maps and other visualisations. These historical datasets are preserved for future studies, which will be especially useful for assessing climate-related changes over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra B. Hangartner
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Ary A. Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ailie Smith
- eScholarship Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Philippa C. Griffin
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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13
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Briga M, Verhulst S. What can long-lived mutants tell us about mechanisms causing aging and lifespan variation in natural environments? Exp Gerontol 2015; 71:21-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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14
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Wit J, Loeschcke V, Kellermann V. Life span variation in 13 Drosophila
species: a comparative study on life span, environmental variables and stress resistance. J Evol Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Wit
- Department of Bioscience, Genetics, Ecology and Evolution; Aarhus University; Aarhus C Denmark
| | - V. Loeschcke
- Department of Bioscience, Genetics, Ecology and Evolution; Aarhus University; Aarhus C Denmark
| | - V. Kellermann
- Department of Bioscience, Genetics, Ecology and Evolution; Aarhus University; Aarhus C Denmark
- Department of Biological Sciences; Monash University; Clayton Vic. Australia
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15
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Connallon T. The geography of sex-specific selection, local adaptation, and sexual dimorphism. Evolution 2015; 69:2333-44. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Connallon
- School of Biological Sciences; Monash University; Clayton Victoria Australia
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16
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Fabian DK, Lack JB, Mathur V, Schlötterer C, Schmidt PS, Pool JE, Flatt T. Spatially varying selection shapes life history clines among populations of Drosophila melanogaster from sub-Saharan Africa. J Evol Biol 2015; 28:826-40. [PMID: 25704153 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Clines in life history traits, presumably driven by spatially varying selection, are widespread. Major latitudinal clines have been observed, for example, in Drosophila melanogaster, an ancestrally tropical insect from Africa that has colonized temperate habitats on multiple continents. Yet, how geographic factors other than latitude, such as altitude or longitude, affect life history in this species remains poorly understood. Moreover, most previous work has been performed on derived European, American and Australian populations, but whether life history also varies predictably with geography in the ancestral Afro-tropical range has not been investigated systematically. Here, we have examined life history variation among populations of D. melanogaster from sub-Saharan Africa. Viability and reproductive diapause did not vary with geography, but body size increased with altitude, latitude and longitude. Early fecundity covaried positively with altitude and latitude, whereas lifespan showed the opposite trend. Examination of genetic variance-covariance matrices revealed geographic differentiation also in trade-off structure, and QST -FST analysis showed that life history differentiation among populations is likely shaped by selection. Together, our results suggest that geographic and/or climatic factors drive adaptive phenotypic differentiation among ancestral African populations and confirm the widely held notion that latitude and altitude represent parallel gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Fabian
- Institut für Populationsgenetik, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Vienna Graduate School of Population Genetics, Vienna, Austria
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17
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Paaby AB, Bergland AO, Behrman EL, Schmidt PS. A highly pleiotropic amino acid polymorphism in the Drosophila insulin receptor contributes to life-history adaptation. Evolution 2014; 68:3395-409. [PMID: 25319083 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Finding the specific nucleotides that underlie adaptive variation is a major goal in evolutionary biology, but polygenic traits pose a challenge because the complex genotype-phenotype relationship can obscure the effects of individual alleles. However, natural selection working in large wild populations can shift allele frequencies and indicate functional regions of the genome. Previously, we showed that the two most common alleles of a complex amino acid insertion-deletion polymorphism in the Drosophila insulin receptor show independent, parallel clines in frequency across the North American and Australian continents. Here, we report that the cline is stable over at least a five-year period and that the polymorphism also demonstrates temporal shifts in allele frequency concurrent with seasonal change. We tested the alleles for effects on levels of insulin signaling, fecundity, development time, body size, stress tolerance, and life span. We find that the alleles are associated with predictable differences in these traits, consistent with patterns of Drosophila life-history variation across geography that likely reflect adaptation to the heterogeneous climatic environment. These results implicate insulin signaling as a major mediator of life-history adaptation in Drosophila, and suggest that life-history trade-offs can be explained by extensive pleiotropy at a single locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalise B Paaby
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104; Current Address: Department of Biology, Center for Genomics & Systems Biology, New York University, New York, New York, 10003.
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A recent global selective sweep on the age-1 phosphatidylinositol 3-OH kinase regulator of the insulin-like signaling pathway within Caenorhabditis remanei. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2014; 4:1123-33. [PMID: 24727287 PMCID: PMC4065255 DOI: 10.1534/g3.114.010629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The discovery that genetic pathways can be manipulated to extend lifespan has revolutionized our understanding of aging, yet their function within natural populations remains poorly characterized. In particular, evolutionary theories of aging predict tradeoffs in resource investment toward somatic maintenance vs. reproductive output that should impose strong natural selection on genetic components that influence this balance. To explore such selective pressure at the molecular level, we examine population genetic variation in the insulin-like signaling pathway of the nematode Caenorhabditis remanei. We document a recent global selective sweep on the phosphoinositide-3-kinase pathway regulator, age-1, the first life-extension gene to have been identified. In particular, we find that age-1 has 5−20 times less genetic variation than any other insulin-like signaling pathway components and that evolutionary signatures of selection center on the age-1 locus within its genomic environment. These results demonstrate that critical components of aging-related pathways can be subject to shifting patterns of strong selection, as predicted by theory. This highly polymorphic outcrossing species offers high-resolution, population-level analyses of molecular variation as a complement to functional genetic studies within the self-reproducing C. elegans model system.
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