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Wang H, Wan HT, Wu B, Jian J, Ng AHM, Chung CYL, Chow EYC, Zhang J, Wong AOL, Lai KP, Chan TF, Zhang EL, Wong CKC. A Chromosome-level assembly of the Japanese eel genome, insights into gene duplication and chromosomal reorganization. Gigascience 2022; 11:giac120. [PMID: 36480030 PMCID: PMC9730501 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giac120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese eels (Anguilla japonica) are commercially important species, harvested extensively for food. Currently, this and related species (American and European eels) are challenging to breed on a commercial basis. As a result, the wild stock is used for aquaculture. Moreover, climate change, habitat loss, water pollution, and altered ocean currents affect eel populations negatively. Accordingly, the International Union for Conservation of Nature lists Japanese eels as endangered and on its red list. Here we presented a high-quality genome assembly for Japanese eels and demonstrated that large chromosome reorganizations occurred in the events of third-round whole-genome duplications (3R-WRDs). Several chromosomal fusions and fissions have reduced the ancestral protochromosomal number of 25 to 19 in the Anguilla lineage. A phylogenetic analysis of the expanded gene families showed that the olfactory receptors (group δ and ζ genes) and voltage-gated Ca2+ channels expanded significantly. Both gene families are crucial for olfaction and neurophysiology. Additional tandem and proximal duplications occurred following 3R-WGD to acquire immune-related genes for an adaptive advantage against various pathogens. The Japanese eel assembly presented here can be used to study other Anguilla species relating to evolution and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Wang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), China
- Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Hin Ting Wan
- Department of Biology, Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Bin Wu
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Jianbo Jian
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Alice H M Ng
- Department of Biology, Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Claire Yik-Lok Chung
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Hong Kong Bioinformatics Centre, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Eugene Yui-Ching Chow
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Hong Kong Bioinformatics Centre, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Jizhou Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Hong Kong Bioinformatics Centre, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Anderson O L Wong
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), China
- School of Biological Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Keng Po Lai
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Integrative Omics, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Ting Fung Chan
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), China
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Hong Kong Bioinformatics Centre, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Eric Lu Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Chris Kong-Chu Wong
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), China
- Department of Biology, Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR
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2
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Changes in Dendritic Spine Morphology and Density of Granule Cells in the Olfactory Bulb of Anguilla anguilla (L., 1758): A Possible Way to Understand Orientation and Migratory Behavior. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11081244. [PMID: 36009870 PMCID: PMC9405168 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The olfactory bulb can process odour cues through granular cells (GCs) and dendritic spines, changing their synaptic plasticity properties and their morphology. The GCs’ dendritic spines density and morphology were analysed in Anguilla anguilla, considering the olfaction as a driver involved in fish orientation and migration. For the head and neck morphology, spines were classified as mushroom, long thin, stubby, and filopodia. Spines’ density decreased from juvenile migrants to no-migrant stages and increased in the adult migrants. Spines’ density was comparable between glass and silver eels as an adaptation to migration, while at non-migrating phases, spines’ density decreased. For its phylogenetic Elopomorph attribution and its complex life cycle, A. anguilla could be recommended as a model species to study the development of dendritic spines in GCs of the olfactory bulb. Considering the role of olfaction in the orientation and migration of A. anguilla, the modification of environmental stimuli (ocean alterations and climate change) could represent contributing factors that threaten this critically endangered species. Abstract Olfaction could represent a pivotal process involved in fish orientation and migration. The olfactory bulb can manage olfactive signals at the granular cell (GC) and dendritic spine levels for their synaptic plasticity properties and changing their morphology and structural stability after environmental odour cues. The GCs’ dendritic spine density and morphology were analysed across the life stages of the catadromous Anguilla anguilla. According to the head and neck morphology, spines were classified as mushroom (M), long thin (LT), stubby (S), and filopodia (F). Total spines’ density decreased from juvenile migrants to no-migrant stages, to increase again in the adult migrant stage. Mean spines’ density was comparable between glass and silver eels as an adaptation to migration. At non-migrating phases, spines’ density decreased for M and LT, while M, LT, and S density increased in silver eels. A great dendritic spine development was found in the two migratory phases, regressing in trophic phases, but that could be recreated in adults, tracing the migratory memory of the routes travelled in juvenile phases. For its phylogenetic Elopomorph attribution and its complex life cycle, A. anguilla could be recommended as a model species to study the development of dendritic spines in GCs of the olfactory bulb as an index of synaptic plasticity involved in the modulation of olfactory stimuli. If olfaction is involved in the orientation and migration of A. anguilla and if eels possess a memory, these processes could be influenced by the modification of environmental stimuli (ocean alterations and rapid climate change) contributing to threatening this critically endangered species.
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Chang YLK, Feunteun E, Miyazawa Y. Reply to: No new evidence for an Atlantic eels spawning area outside the Sargasso Sea. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11794. [PMID: 35821506 PMCID: PMC9276716 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14885-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lin K Chang
- Application Laboratory, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, 236-0001, Japan
| | - Eric Feunteun
- Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, BOREA (MNHN, CNRS, SU, IRD, UCN, UA), Station Marine de Dinard, 35800, Dinard, France.
| | - Yasumasa Miyazawa
- Application Laboratory, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, 236-0001, Japan
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Zhong L, Wang W, Cao X. Species-Specific Duplication and Adaptive Evolution of a Candidate Sex Pheromone Receptor Gene in Weather Loach. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1845. [PMID: 34946797 PMCID: PMC8701048 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The release and sensation of sex pheromone play a role in the reproductive success of vertebrates including fish. Previous studies have shown that the weather loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus perceives sex pheromones by olfaction to stimulate courtship behavior. It was speculated that weather loaches use smell to recognize intraspecific mates. However, the identification of loach pheromone receptor has not been reported. By comparative transcriptomic approach, we found that the olfactory receptor gene or114-1 was male-biasedly expressed in the olfactory epithelium of M. anguillicaudatus, M. bipartitus and the closely related species Paramisgurnus dabryanus. This sex-biased expression pattern implicated that or114-1 presumably encoded a sex pheromone receptor in loaches. M. bipartitus and P. dabryanus, like zebrafish, possess one or114-1 only. However, in M. anguillicaudatus, or114-1 has two members: Ma_or114-1a and Ma_or114-1b. Ma_or114-1a, not Ma_or114-1b, showed sex-differential expression in olfactory epithelium. Ma_or114-1b has base insertions that delayed the stop codon, causing the protein sequence length to be extended by 8 amino acids. Ma_or114-1a was subject to positive selection resulting in adaptive amino acid substitutions, which indicated that its ligand binding specificity has probably changed. This adaptive evolution might be driven by the combined effects of sexual selection and reinforcement of premating isolation between the sympatric loach species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhong
- Fisheries Research Institute, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430207, China;
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Weimin Wang
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Xiaojuan Cao
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
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5
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Porteus CS, Roggatz CC, Velez Z, Hardege JD, Hubbard PC. Acidification can directly affect olfaction in marine organisms. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:270986. [PMID: 34310682 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.237941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, many studies have investigated the effects of low pH/high CO2 as a proxy for ocean acidification on olfactory-mediated behaviours of marine organisms. The effects of ocean acidification on the behaviour of fish vary from very large to none at all, and most of the maladaptive behaviours observed have been attributed to changes in acid-base regulation, leading to changes in ion distribution over neural membranes, and consequently affecting the functioning of gamma-aminobutyric acid-mediated (GABAergic) neurotransmission. Here, we highlight a possible additional mechanism by which ocean acidification might directly affect olfaction in marine fish and invertebrates. We propose that a decrease in pH can directly affect the protonation, and thereby, 3D conformation and charge distribution of odorants and/or their receptors in the olfactory organs of aquatic animals. This can sometimes enhance signalling, but most of the time the affinity of odorants for their receptors is reduced in high CO2/low pH; therefore, the activity of olfactory receptor neurons decreases as measured using electrophysiology. The reduced signal reception would translate into reduced activation of the olfactory bulb neurons, which are responsible for processing olfactory information in the brain. Over longer exposures of days to weeks, changes in gene expression in the olfactory receptors and olfactory bulb neurons cause these neurons to become less active, exacerbating the problem. A change in olfactory system functioning leads to inappropriate behavioural responses to odorants. We discuss gaps in the literature and suggest some changes to experimental design in order to improve our understanding of the underlying mechanisms and their effects on the associated behaviours to resolve some current controversy in the field regarding the extent of the effects of ocean acidification on marine fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosima S Porteus
- Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbour St, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Christina C Roggatz
- Energy and Environment Institute, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Zelia Velez
- Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Jörg D Hardege
- Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Peter C Hubbard
- Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
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6
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Liu H, Chen C, Lv M, Liu N, Hu Y, Zhang H, Enbody ED, Gao Z, Andersson L, Wang W. A chromosome-level assembly of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) reveals an expansion of olfactory receptor genes in freshwater fish. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:4238-4251. [PMID: 34003267 PMCID: PMC8476165 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of olfactory receptor genes (ORs), which are responsible for detecting diverse odor molecules varies extensively among mammals as a result of frequent gene gains and losses that contribute to olfactory specialization. However, how OR expansions/contractions in fish are influenced by habitat and feeding habit and which OR subfamilies are important in each ecological niche is unknown. Here, we report a major OR expansion in a freshwater herbivorous fish, Megalobrama amblycephala, using a highly contiguous, chromosome-level assembly. We evaluate the possible contribution of OR expansion to habitat and feeding specialization by comparing the OR repertoire in 28 phylogenetically and ecologically diverse teleosts. In total, we analyzed > 4,000 ORs including 3,253 intact, 122 truncated, and 913 pseudogenes. The number of intact ORs is highly variable ranging from 20 to 279. We estimate that the most recent common ancestor of Osteichthyes had 62 intact ORs, which declined in most lineages except the freshwater Otophysa clade that has a substantial expansion in subfamily β and ε ORs. Across teleosts, we found a strong association between duplications of β and ε ORs and freshwater habitat. Nearly, all ORs were expressed in the olfactory epithelium (OE) in three tested fish species. Specifically, all the expanded β and ε ORs were highly expressed in OE of M. amblycephala. Together, we provide molecular and functional evidence for how OR repertoires in fish have undergone gain and loss with respect to ecological factors and highlight the role of β and ε OR in freshwater adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Liu
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Engineering Research Center of Green development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education/Engineering Technology Research Center for Fish Breeding and Culture in Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chunhai Chen
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Maolin Lv
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ning Liu
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yafei Hu
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Hailin Zhang
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Erik D Enbody
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE75237, Sweden
| | - Zexia Gao
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Engineering Research Center of Green development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education/Engineering Technology Research Center for Fish Breeding and Culture in Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Leif Andersson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE75237, Sweden.,Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA.,Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Weimin Wang
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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7
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Watanabe S. Spatial Learning in Japanese Eels Using Extra- and Intra-Maze Cues. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1350. [PMID: 32765334 PMCID: PMC7381124 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese eels (Anguilla japonica) were trained on a spatial-learning paradigm in a pool placed in an experimental room where several extra-maze cues were present. Four tubes were placed in the pool, of which one was open and could be entered by the eels. The open tube was placed at a fixed position in the pool and contained a triangular block that served as an intra-maze cue. The eels learned to identify the open tube, and their performance was maintained when the pool was rotated. However, they were unable to maintain their performance in a dark room, which suggests that spatial learning is based on visual cues. To determine the influence of the extra- and intra-maze cues, the tube with the triangle was moved to a new position and another open tube was kept in its place. The eels chose either the tube at the original position or the tube with the triangle at its new position, suggesting that spatial discrimination may be based on either extra- or intra-maze cues. We thus conclude that the eels employed an adjunctive strategy of multiple cues. In the next experiment, the eels were trained to visually discriminate the position of the stimulus (triangle), which changed in every trial. After the training, the eels were submitted to a test in which, in addition to the triangular pattern, a rectangular pattern was introduced. The eels discriminated between the tubes with the triangular and rectangular patterns, suggesting that they had the ability to discriminate visual patterns.
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8
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Schmucker AK, Johnson NS, Bussy U, Li K, Galbraith HS, Chung-Davidson YW, Li W. American eels produce and release bile acid profiles that vary across life stage. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2020; 96:1024-1033. [PMID: 32072638 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The American eel (Anguilla rostrata) is an imperilled fish hypothesized to use conspecific cues, in part, to coordinate long-distance migration during their multistage life history. Here, holding water and tissue from multiple American eel life stages was collected and analysed for the presence, profile and concentration of bile acids. Distinct bile acid profiles were identified in glass, elver, yellow eel and silver eel holding waters using ultraperformance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry and principal component analysis. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid, taurodeoxycholic acid, cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, taurolithocholic acid and taurocholic acid were detected in whole tissue of American glass eels and elvers, and in liver, intestine and gallbladder samples of late-stage yellow eels. Bile acids were not a major component of silver eel washings or tissue. This study is novel because little was previously known about bile acids produced and emitted into the environment by American eels. Future behavioural studies could evaluate whether any bile acids produced by American eels influence conspecific migratory behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K Schmucker
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Nicholas Scott Johnson
- Hammond Bay Biological Station, Great Lakes Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Millersburg, Michigan, USA
| | - Ugo Bussy
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Heather S Galbraith
- Northern Appalachian Research Laboratory, Leetown Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Wellsboro, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yu-Wen Chung-Davidson
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Weiming Li
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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9
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Marquet N, Cardoso JCR, Louro B, Fernandes SA, Silva SC, Canário AVM. Holothurians have a reduced GPCR and odorant receptor-like repertoire compared to other echinoderms. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3348. [PMID: 32098989 PMCID: PMC7042368 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60167-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Sea cucumbers lack vision and rely on chemical sensing to reproduce and survive. However, how they recognize and respond to environmental cues remains unknown. Possible candidates are the odorant receptors (ORs), a diverse family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) involved in olfaction. The present study aimed at characterizing the chemosensory GPCRs in sea cucumbers. At least 246 distinct GPCRs, of which ca. 20% putative ORs, were found in a transcriptome assembly of putative chemosensory (tentacles, oral cavity, calcareous ring, and papillae/tegument) and reproductive (ovary and testis) tissues from Holothuria arguinensis (57 ORs) and in the Apostichopus japonicus genome (79 ORs). The sea cucumber ORs clustered with those of sea urchin and starfish into four main clades of gene expansions sharing a common ancestor and evolving under purifying selection. However, the sea cucumber ORs repertoire was the smallest among the echinoderms and the olfactory receptor signature motif LxxPxYxxxxxLxxxDxxxxxxxxP was better conserved in cluster OR-l1 which also had more members. ORs were expressed in tentacles, oral cavity, calcareous ring, and papillae/tegument, supporting their potential role in chemosensing. This study is the first comprehensive survey of chemosensory GPCRs in sea cucumbers, and provides the molecular basis to understand how they communicate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Marquet
- CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
| | - João C R Cardoso
- CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Bruno Louro
- CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Stefan A Fernandes
- CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Sandra C Silva
- CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Adelino V M Canário
- CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
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10
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Yang L, Jiang H, Chen J, Lei Y, Sun N, Lv W, Near TJ, He S. Comparative Genomics Reveals Accelerated Evolution of Fright Reaction Genes in Ostariophysan Fishes. Front Genet 2019; 10:1283. [PMID: 31921316 PMCID: PMC6936194 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ostariophysian fishes are the most species-rich clade in freshwaters. This diversification has been suggested to be associated with the fright reaction presented in most ostariophysians. However, the genetic forces that underlie fright reaction remains poorly understood. In the present study, through integrating behavioral, physiological, transcriptomic, and evolutionary genomic analyses, we found that the fright reaction has a broad impact on zebrafish at multiple levels, including changes in swimming behaviors, cortisol levels, and gene expression patterns. In total, 1,555 and 1,599 differentially expressed genes were identified in olfactory mucosae and brain of zebrafish, respectively, with a greater number upregulated after the fright reaction. Functional annotation showed that response to stress and signal transduction were strongly represented, which is directly associated with the fright reaction. These differentially expressed genes were shown to be evolved accelerated under the influence of positive selection, indicating that protein-coding evolution has played a major role in fright reaction. We found the basal vomeronasal type 2 receptors (v2r) gene, v2rl1, displayed significantly decrease expression after fright reaction, which suggests that v2rs may be important to detect the alarm substance and induce the fright reaction. Collectively, based on our transcriptome and evolutionary genomics analyses, we suggest that transcriptional plasticity of gene may play an important role in fright reaction in ostariophysian fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liandong Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Haifeng Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Lei
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenqi Lv
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Thomas J Near
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Shunping He
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Deep Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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Abstract
Trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) are a family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are evolutionarily conserved in vertebrates. The first discovered TAAR1 is mainly expressed in the brain, and is able to detect low abundant trace amines. TAAR1 is also activated by several synthetic compounds and psychostimulant drugs like amphetamine. Activation of TAAR1 by specific agonists can regulate the classical monoaminergic systems in the brain. Further studies have revealed that other TAAR family members are highly expressed in the olfactory system which are termed olfactory TAARs. In vertebrates, olfactory TAARs can specifically recognize volatile or water-soluble amines. Some of these TAAR agonists are produced by decarboxylation of amino acids. In addition, some TAAR agonists are ethological odors that mediate animal innate behaviors. In this study, we provide a comprehensive review of TAAR agonists, including their structures, biosynthesis pathways, and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengrong Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
- Research Institute of Otolaryngology, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Qian Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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Abstract
Trace amines are endogenous compounds classically regarded as comprising β-phenylethyalmine, p-tyramine, tryptamine, p-octopamine, and some of their metabolites. They are also abundant in common foodstuffs and can be produced and degraded by the constitutive microbiota. The ability to use trace amines has arisen at least twice during evolution, with distinct receptor families present in invertebrates and vertebrates. The term "trace amine" was coined to reflect the low tissue levels in mammals; however, invertebrates have relatively high levels where they function like mammalian adrenergic systems, involved in "fight-or-flight" responses. Vertebrates express a family of receptors termed trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs). Humans possess six functional isoforms (TAAR1, TAAR2, TAAR5, TAAR6, TAAR8, and TAAR9), whereas some fish species express over 100. With the exception of TAAR1, TAARs are expressed in olfactory epithelium neurons, where they detect diverse ethological signals including predators, spoiled food, migratory cues, and pheromones. Outside the olfactory system, TAAR1 is the most thoroughly studied and has both central and peripheral roles. In the brain, TAAR1 acts as a rheostat of dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and serotonergic neurotransmission and has been identified as a novel therapeutic target for schizophrenia, depression, and addiction. In the periphery, TAAR1 regulates nutrient-induced hormone secretion, suggesting its potential as a novel therapeutic target for diabetes and obesity. TAAR1 may also regulate immune responses by regulating leukocyte differentiation and activation. This article provides a comprehensive review of the current state of knowledge of the evolution, physiologic functions, pharmacology, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic potential of trace amines and their receptors in vertebrates and invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul R Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia (R.R.G.); Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Skoltech), Moscow, Russia (R.R.G.); Neuroscience, Ophthalmology, and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, pRED, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (M.C.H.); and Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada (M.D.B.)
| | - Marius C Hoener
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia (R.R.G.); Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Skoltech), Moscow, Russia (R.R.G.); Neuroscience, Ophthalmology, and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, pRED, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (M.C.H.); and Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada (M.D.B.)
| | - Mark D Berry
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia (R.R.G.); Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Skoltech), Moscow, Russia (R.R.G.); Neuroscience, Ophthalmology, and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, pRED, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (M.C.H.); and Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada (M.D.B.)
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14
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Christian SL, Berry MD. Trace Amine-Associated Receptors as Novel Therapeutic Targets for Immunomodulatory Disorders. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:680. [PMID: 30013475 PMCID: PMC6036138 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Trace amines and their receptors (trace amine-associated receptors; TAARs) are an emerging pharmacological target for the treatment of human disorders. While most studies have focused on their therapeutic potential for neurologic and psychiatric disorders, TAARs are also expressed throughout the periphery, including prominent expression in human leukocytes. Furthermore, recent independent, unbiased metabolomic studies have consistently identified one or more TAAR ligands as potential etiologic factors in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The putative role of TAARs in diseases such as IBD that are associated with hyperactive immune responses has not, however, previously been systematically addressed. Here, we review the current state of the knowledge of the effects of TAARs on leukocyte function, in particular in the context of mucosal epithelial cells that interface with the environment; developing a model whereby TAARs may be considered as a novel therapeutic target for disorders associated with dysregulated immune responses to environmental factors. In this model, we hypothesize that altered trace amine homeostasis results in hyperactivity of the immune system. Such loss of homeostasis can occur through many different mechanisms including TAAR polymorphisms and altered trace amine load due to changes in host synthesis and/or degradative enzymes, diet, or microbial dysbiosis. The resulting alterations in TAAR functioning can then lead to a loss of homeostasis of leukocyte chemotaxis, differentiation, and activation, as well as an altered ability of members of the microbiota to adhere to and penetrate the epithelial cell layers. Such changes would generate a pro-inflammatory state at mucosal epithelial barrier layers that can manifest as clinical symptomatology such as that seen in IBD. These alterations may also have the potential to induce systemic effects, which could possibly contribute to immunomodulatory disorders in other systems, including neurological diseases.
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15
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Bett NN, Hinch SG, Kaukinen KH, Li S, Miller KM. Olfactory gene expression in migrating adult sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2018; 92:2029-2038. [PMID: 29660137 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Expression of 12 olfactory genes was analysed in adult sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka nearing spawning grounds and O. nerka that had strayed from their natal migration route. Variation was found in six of these genes, all of which were olfc olfactory receptors and had lower expression levels in salmon nearing spawning grounds. The results may reflect decreased sensitivity to natal water olfactory cues as these fish are no longer seeking the correct migratory route. The expression of olfactory genes during the olfactory-mediated spawning migration of Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. is largely unexplored and these findings demonstrate a link between migratory behaviours and olfactory plasticity that provides a basis for future molecular research on salmon homing.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Bett
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - S G Hinch
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - K H Kaukinen
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, B.C., V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - S Li
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, B.C., V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - K M Miller
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, B.C., V9T 6N7, Canada
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16
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Berry MD, Gainetdinov RR, Hoener MC, Shahid M. Pharmacology of human trace amine-associated receptors: Therapeutic opportunities and challenges. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 180:161-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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Jansen HJ, Liem M, Jong-Raadsen SA, Dufour S, Weltzien FA, Swinkels W, Koelewijn A, Palstra AP, Pelster B, Spaink HP, Thillart GEVD, Dirks RP, Henkel CV. Rapid de novo assembly of the European eel genome from nanopore sequencing reads. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7213. [PMID: 28775309 PMCID: PMC5543108 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07650-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have sequenced the genome of the endangered European eel using the MinION by Oxford Nanopore, and assembled these data using a novel algorithm specifically designed for large eukaryotic genomes. For this 860 Mbp genome, the entire computational process takes two days on a single CPU. The resulting genome assembly significantly improves on a previous draft based on short reads only, both in terms of contiguity (N50 1.2 Mbp) and structural quality. This combination of affordable nanopore sequencing and light weight assembly promises to make high-quality genomic resources accessible for many non-model plants and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Liem
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sylvie Dufour
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Research Unit BOREA, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, CNRS, IRD, UCN, UA, Paris, France
| | - Finn-Arne Weltzien
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Science and Aquatic Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Arjan P Palstra
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bernd Pelster
- Institute of Zoology and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Herman P Spaink
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Christiaan V Henkel
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Generade Centre of Expertise in Genomics, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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18
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Mohorianu I, Bretman A, Smith DT, Fowler EK, Dalmay T, Chapman T. Genomic responses to the socio-sexual environment in male Drosophila melanogaster exposed to conspecific rivals. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 23:1048-1059. [PMID: 28428330 PMCID: PMC5473139 DOI: 10.1261/rna.059246.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Socio-sexual environments have profound effects on fitness. Local sex ratios can alter the threat of sexual competition, to which males respond via plasticity in reproductive behaviors and ejaculate composition. In Drosophila melanogaster, males detect the presence of conspecific, same-sex mating rivals prior to mating using multiple, redundant sensory cues. Males that respond to rivals gain significant fitness benefits by altering mating duration and ejaculate composition. Here we investigated the underlying genome-wide changes involved. We used RNA-seq to analyze male transcriptomic responses 2, 26, and 50 h after exposure to rivals, a time period that was previously identified as encompassing the major facets of male responses to rivals. The results showed a strong early activation of multiple sensory genes in the head-thorax (HT), prior to the expression of any phenotypic differences. This gene expression response was reduced by 26 h, at the time of maximum phenotypic change, and shut off by 50 h. In the abdomen (A), fewer genes changed in expression and gene expression responses appeared to increase over time. The results also suggested that different sets of functionally equivalent genes might be activated in different replicates. This could represent a mechanism by which robustness is conferred upon highly plastic traits. Overall, our study reveals that mRNA-seq can identify subtle genomic signatures characteristic of flexible behavioral phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Mohorianu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Bretman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
- School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Damian T Smith
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Emily K Fowler
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Tamas Dalmay
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Tracey Chapman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
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Fatsini E, Carazo I, Chauvigné F, Manchado M, Cerdà J, Hubbard PC, Duncan NJ. Olfactory sensitivity of the marine flatfish Solea senegalensis to conspecific body fluids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:2057-2065. [PMID: 28348043 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.150318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Chemical communication is better understood in freshwater fish than marine fish. The Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) is a marine flatfish wherein one of the problems in aquaculture is the poor reproductive performance of hatchery-bred males. Is chemical communication involved in the reproduction of this species? Urine, intestinal fluid and mucus samples were taken from adult fish (wild-caught and hatchery-bred) over the spawning season (March-May), and assessed for olfactory potency using the electro-olfactogram (EOG). The effect of stimulation of the olfactory system with adult female urine on circulating luteinizing hormone (LH) levels was also tested in males. Intestinal fluid and urine were potent olfactory stimuli for both juvenile and adult conspecifics, evoking large-amplitude, concentration-dependent EOG responses, with thresholds of detection at approximately 1:106 However, the amplitude of the response to urine depended on the sex and state of maturity of both the donor and the receiver. Most olfactory activity could be extracted by C18 solid-phase cartridges. Urine from mature females evoked a slight, but significant, increase in circulating LH levels in mature males 30 min after exposure. Furthermore, the olfactory potency of urine differed between wild-caught and hatchery-bred fish; however, contrary to expectations, urine from wild-caught females was less potent than that from hatchery-bred females. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that faeces- and urine-released odorants are involved in reproduction in the Senegalese sole, and establish a basis for further investigation into pheromonal communication in marine teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Fatsini
- IRTA Sant Carles de la Ràpita Crta, De Poble Nou km. 5.5 (43540) Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Carazo
- IRTA Sant Carles de la Ràpita Crta, De Poble Nou km. 5.5 (43540) Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
| | - François Chauvigné
- IRTA-Institut de Ciències del Mar, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Manuel Manchado
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Junta de Andalucía, Camino Tiro Pichón s/n, 11500 El Puerto Santa María, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Joan Cerdà
- IRTA-Institut de Ciències del Mar, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Peter C Hubbard
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
| | - Neil J Duncan
- IRTA Sant Carles de la Ràpita Crta, De Poble Nou km. 5.5 (43540) Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
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20
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Galbraith HS, Blakeslee CJ, Schmucker AK, Johnson NS, Hansen MJ, Li W. Donor life stage influences juvenile American eel Anguilla rostrata attraction to conspecific chemical cues. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2017; 90:384-395. [PMID: 27790718 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the potential role of conspecific chemical cues in inland juvenile American eel Anguilla rostrata migrations by assessing glass eel and 1 year old elver affinities to elver washings, and elver affinity to adult yellow eel washings. In two-choice maze assays, glass eels were attracted to elver washings, but elvers were neither attracted to nor repulsed by multiple concentrations of elver washings or to yellow eel washings. These results suggest that A. rostrata responses to chemical cues may be life-stage dependent and that glass eels moving inland may use the odour of the previous year class as information to guide migration. The role of chemical cues and olfaction in eel migrations warrants further investigation as a potential restoration tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Galbraith
- U.S. Geological Survey Leetown Science Center, Northern Appalachian Research Laboratory, Wellsboro, PA 16901, U.S.A
| | - C J Blakeslee
- U.S. Geological Survey Leetown Science Center, Northern Appalachian Research Laboratory, Wellsboro, PA 16901, U.S.A
| | - A K Schmucker
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, U.S.A
| | - N S Johnson
- U.S. Geological Survey Great Lakes Science Center, Hammond Bay Biological Station, Millersburg, MI 49759, U.S.A
| | - M J Hansen
- U.S. Geological Survey Great Lakes Science Center, Hammond Bay Biological Station, Millersburg, MI 49759, U.S.A
| | - W Li
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, U.S.A
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21
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Ghosal R, Sorensen PW. Male-typical courtship, spawning behavior, and olfactory sensitivity are induced to different extents by androgens in the goldfish suggesting they are controlled by different neuroendocrine mechanisms. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 232:160-73. [PMID: 27131392 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Male-typical reproductive behaviors vary greatly between different species of fishes with androgens playing a variety of roles that appear especially important in the gonochorist cypriniform fishes. The goldfish is an important model for the cypriniformes and while it is clear that male goldfish are fully feminized by prostaglandin F2α(PGF2α), it is not clear whether females will exhibit normal levels of male-typical reproductive behaviors as well as olfactory function when treated with androgens. To answer this question, we exposed sexually-regressed adult female goldfish to several types of androgen and monitored their tendencies to court (inspect females) and mate (spawn, or attempt to release gametes) while monitoring their olfactory sensitivity until changes in these attributes were maximized. Untreated adult males (intact) were included to determine the extent of masculinization. Treatments included the natural androgens, 11-ketotestosterone and testosterone (KT and T), administered via capsules (KT+T-implanted fish); the artificial androgen, methyltestosterone (MT), administered via capsules (MT-C); and MT administered in the fishes' water (MT-B). Male-typical olfactory sensitivity to a pheromone (15keto-PGF2α) increased in all androgen-treated groups and by week 6 was fully equivalent to that of males. Male-typical courtship behavior increased in all androgen-treated groups although slowly, and only MT-B females came to exhibit levels equivalent to those of males after 18weeks. In contrast, male-typical mating activity increased only slightly, with MT-B females reaching levels one-third that of males after 30weeks. We conclude that while androgens fully masculinize olfactory sensitivity and courtship behavior in goldfish, mating behavior is controlled by a different neuroendocrine mechanism(s) that has yet to be fully elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratna Ghosal
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Peter W Sorensen
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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22
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Hsu HY, Chen SH, Cha YR, Tsukamoto K, Lin CY, Han YS. De Novo Assembly of the Whole Transcriptome of the Wild Embryo, Preleptocephalus, Leptocephalus, and Glass Eel of Anguilla japonica and Deciphering the Digestive and Absorptive Capacities during Early Development. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139105. [PMID: 26406914 PMCID: PMC4583181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural stocks of Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) have decreased drastically because of overfishing, habitat destruction, and changes in the ocean environment over the past few decades. However, to date, artificial mass production of glass eels is far from reality because of the lack of appropriate feed for the eel larvae. In this study, wild glass eel, leptocephali, preleptocephali, and embryos were collected to conduct RNA-seq. Approximately 279 million reads were generated and assembled into 224,043 transcripts. The transcript levels of genes coding for digestive enzymes and nutrient transporters were investigated to estimate the capacities for nutrient digestion and absorption during early development. The results showed that the transcript levels of protein digestion enzymes were higher than those of carbohydrate and lipid digestion enzymes in the preleptocephali and leptocephali, and the transcript levels of amino acid transporters were also higher than those of glucose and fructose transporters and the cholesterol transporter. In addition, the transcript levels of glucose and fructose transporters were significantly raising in the leptocephali. Moreover, the transcript levels of protein, carbohydrate, and lipid digestion enzymes were balanced in the glass eel, but the transcript levels of amino acid transporters were higher than those of glucose and cholesterol transporters. These findings implied that preleptocephali and leptocephali prefer high-protein food, and the nutritional requirements of monosaccharides and lipids for the eel larvae vary with growth. An online database (http://molas.iis.sinica.edu.tw/jpeel/) that will provide the sequences and the annotated results of assembled transcripts was established for the eel research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Yi Hsu
- Institute of Fisheries Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hwa Chen
- Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Ru Cha
- Institute of Fisheries Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Katsumi Tsukamoto
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Chung-Yen Lin
- Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YSH); (CYL)
| | - Yu-San Han
- Institute of Fisheries Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YSH); (CYL)
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Palstra AP, Fukaya K, Chiba H, Dirks RP, Planas JV, Ueda H. The Olfactory Transcriptome and Progression of Sexual Maturation in Homing Chum Salmon Oncorhynchus keta. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137404. [PMID: 26397372 PMCID: PMC4580453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive homing migration of salmonids requires accurate interaction between the reception of external olfactory cues for navigation to the spawning grounds and the regulation of sexual maturation processes. This study aimed at providing insights into the hypothesized functional link between olfactory sensing of the spawning ground and final sexual maturation. We have therefore assessed the presence and expression levels of olfactory genes by RNA sequencing (RNAseq) of the olfactory rosettes in homing chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta Walbaum from the coastal sea to 75 km upstream the rivers at the pre-spawning ground. The progression of sexual maturation along the brain-pituitary-gonadal axis was assessed through determination of plasma steroid levels by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassays (TR-FIA), pituitary gonadotropin subunit expression and salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone (sgnrh) expression in the brain by quantitative real-time PCR. RNAseq revealed the expression of 75 known and 27 unknown salmonid olfactory genes of which 13 genes were differentially expressed between fish from the pre-spawning area and from the coastal area, suggesting an important role of these genes in homing. A clear progression towards final maturation was characterised by higher plasma 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) levels, increased pituitary luteinizing hormone β subunit (lhβ) expression and sgnrh expression in the post brain, and lower plasma testosterone (T) and 17β-estradiol (E2) levels. Olfactomedins and ependymin are candidates among the differentially expressed genes that may connect olfactory reception to the expression of sgnrh to regulate final maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan P. Palstra
- Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies (IMARES), Wageningen University and Research Centre, Korringaweg 5, 4401 NT Yerseke, The Netherlands
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen UR Livestock Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Kosuke Fukaya
- Laboratory of Aquatic Bioresources and Ecosystem, Section of Ecosystem Conservation, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0809 Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Chiba
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Kitasato 1-15-1, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Ron P. Dirks
- ZF-screens BV, J.H. Oortweg 19, 2333 CH Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Josep V. Planas
- Departament de Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona and Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hiroshi Ueda
- Laboratory of Aquatic Bioresources and Ecosystem, Section of Ecosystem Conservation, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0809 Hokkaido, Japan
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Transcriptomic profiling of male European eel (Anguilla anguilla) livers at sexual maturity. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2015; 16:28-35. [PMID: 26253995 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The European eel Anguilla anguilla has a complex life cycle that includes freshwater, seawater and morphologically distinct stages as well as two extreme long distance migrations. Eels do not feed as they migrate across the Atlantic to the Sargasso Sea but nevertheless reach sexual maturity before spawning. It is not yet clear how existing energy stores are used to reach the appropriate developmental state for reproduction. Since the liver is involved in energy metabolism, protein biosynthesis and endocrine regulation it is expected to play a key role in the regulation of reproductive development. We therefore used microarrays to identify genes that may be involved in this process. Using this approach, we identified 231 genes that were expressed at higher and 111 genes that were expressed at lower levels in sexually mature compared with immature males. The up-regulated set includes genes involved in lipid metabolism, fatty acid synthesis and transport, mitochondrial function, steroid transport and bile acid metabolism. Several genes with putative enzyme functions were also expressed at higher levels at sexual maturity while genes involved in immune system processes and protein biosynthesis tended to be down-regulated at this stage. By using a high-throughput approach, we have identified a subset of genes that may be linked with the mobilization of energy stores for sexual maturation and migration. These results contribute to an improved understanding of eel reproductive biology and provide insight into the role of the liver in other teleosts with a long distance spawning migrations.
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