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Yang L, Li J, Yang L, Wang X, Xiao S, Xiong S, Xu X, Xu J, Ye G. Altered Gene Expression of the Parasitoid Pteromalus puparum after Entomopathogenic Fungus Beauveria bassiana Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17030. [PMID: 38069352 PMCID: PMC10707577 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Both parasitoids and entomopathogenic fungi are becoming increasingly crucial for managing pest populations. Therefore, it is essential to carefully consider the potential impact of entomopathogenic fungi on parasitoids due to their widespread pathogenicity and the possible overlap between these biological control tools during field applications. However, despite their importance, little research has been conducted on the pathogenicity of entomopathogenic fungi on parasitoids. In our study, we aimed to address this knowledge gap by investigating the interaction between the well-known entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana, and the pupal endoparasitoid Pteromalus puparum. Our results demonstrated that the presence of B. bassiana significantly affected the survival rates of P. puparum under laboratory conditions. The pathogenicity of B. bassiana on P. puparum was dose- and time-dependent, as determined via through surface spraying or oral ingestion. RNA-Seq analysis revealed that the immune system plays a primary and crucial role in defending against B. bassiana. Notably, several upregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in the Toll and IMD pathways, which are key components of the insect immune system, and antimicrobial peptides were rapidly induced during both the early and late stages of infection. In contrast, a majority of genes involved in the activation of prophenoloxidase and antioxidant mechanisms were downregulated. Additionally, we identified downregulated DEGs related to cuticle formation, olfactory mechanisms, and detoxification processes. In summary, our study provides valuable insights into the interactions between P. puparum and B. bassiana, shedding light on the changes in gene expression during fungal infection. These findings have significant implications for the development of more effective and sustainable strategies for pest management in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Traceability for Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jinting Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Traceability for Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaofu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Traceability for Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Shan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shijiao Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoli Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Traceability for Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Junfeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Traceability for Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Gongyin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Yu X, Li Y, Tian X, Zang X, Yang S, Qiao H, Zhu C, Moussian B, Wang Y. Pb exposure causes non-linear accumulation of Pb in D. melanogaster controlled by metallothionein B and exerts ecological effects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 900:165680. [PMID: 37499811 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Pb pollution can harm human health and the ecosystem. Therefore, it is worthwhile to study the metabolic processes of heavy metals in individual bodies and their influence on ecological systems. In this work, we analyzed the genetic responses and physiological changes of D. melanogaster which took diets exposed to different doses of Pb using transcriptomic analysis, ICP-MS, and various other physiological methods. We found that the Pb accumulated in D. melanogaster in a nonlinear pattern with the increase of Pb content in food. Metallothioneins (Mtns), especially the MtnB directly affects the accumulation and excretion of metal Pb in D. melanogaster, and causes the nonlinear accumulation. Metal regulatory transcription factor-1 (MTF-1) is involved in the regulation of Pb-induced high expressions of Mtns. Furthermore, an interaction between the metal metabolism pathway and xenobiotic response pathway leads to the cross-tolerances of Pb-exposed D. melanogaster to insecticides and other toxins. The oxidative stress induced by Pb toxicity may be the bridge between them. Our findings provide a physiological and molecular genetic basis for further study of the accumulation and metabolism of Pb in D. melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaohan Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, China
| | - Xiya Zang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, China
| | - Shuyu Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, China
| | - Huanhuan Qiao
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, China
| | - Chunfeng Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, China
| | - Bernard Moussian
- Animal Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Yiwen Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, China.
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Hirschhäuser A, Molitor D, Salinas G, Großhans J, Rust K, Bogdan S. Single-cell transcriptomics identifies new blood cell populations in Drosophila released at the onset of metamorphosis. Development 2023; 150:dev201767. [PMID: 37681301 PMCID: PMC10560556 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila blood cells called hemocytes form an efficient barrier against infections and tissue damage. During metamorphosis, hemocytes undergo tremendous changes in their shape and behavior, preparing them for tissue clearance. Yet, the diversity and functional plasticity of pupal blood cells have not been explored. Here, we combine single-cell transcriptomics and high-resolution microscopy to dissect the heterogeneity and plasticity of pupal hemocytes. We identified undifferentiated and specified hemocytes with different molecular signatures associated with distinct functions such as antimicrobial, antifungal immune defense, cell adhesion or secretion. Strikingly, we identified a highly migratory and immune-responsive pupal cell population expressing typical markers of the posterior signaling center (PSC), which is known to be an important niche in the larval lymph gland. PSC-like cells become restricted to the abdominal segments and are morphologically very distinct from typical Hemolectin (Hml)-positive plasmatocytes. G-TRACE lineage experiments further suggest that PSC-like cells can transdifferentiate to lamellocytes triggered by parasitoid wasp infestation. In summary, we present the first molecular description of pupal Drosophila blood cells, providing insights into blood cell functional diversification and plasticity during pupal metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hirschhäuser
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Philipps University Marburg, Emil-Mannkopff-Strasse 2, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Darius Molitor
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Philipps University Marburg, Emil-Mannkopff-Strasse 2, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas
- NGS-Integrative Genomics Core Unit, Department of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Justus von Liebig Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Großhans
- Department of Biology, Philipps University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Katja Rust
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Philipps University Marburg, Emil-Mannkopff-Strasse 2, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sven Bogdan
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Philipps University Marburg, Emil-Mannkopff-Strasse 2, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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Wang X, Liu L, Guo S, Liu B, Zhai Y, Yan S, Shen J, Ullah F, Li Z. Tweedle gene family of Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) larva enhances the basal tolerance to cold and hypoxia. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:3012-3021. [PMID: 36966456 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) is considered a quarantine pest in the A2 list because it causes serious infection and huge economic losses. Cold and controlled atmosphere treatments have been used to control immature stage pests in fresh fruits. Herein, the basal tolerance response of D. suzukii egg, larva and pupa to cold and hypoxia stress were studied, and underlying transcriptome mechanisms in the larva were pinpointed. RESULTS The third instar was more tolerant than 12-h-old egg and 8-day-old pupa when treated at 3 °C + 1% O2 for 7 days, with 34.00% ± 5.22% larval survival. Hypoxia influenced the effect of cold treatment on D. suzukii. Larval survival decreased at 3 °C + 1% O2 , but increased at 0 °C + 1% O2 . Survival increased with temperature between 0 and 5 °C + 1% O2 , but decreased significantly at 25 °C + 1% O2 . RNA-sequencing results showed that the Tweedle (Twdl) family was upregulated and uniquely enriched in larvae treated at 3 °C + 1% O2 . In addition, RNA interference-mediated silencing of a key Twdl gene reduced the survival rate after cold and hypoxia treatment. CONCLUSION Hypoxia was able to influence the effect of cold treatment on the survival of D. suzukii positively or negatively. Structural constituents of the chitin-based cuticle, in particular Twdl genes, body morphogenesis, and ATP synthesis-coupled proton transport were involved in the tolerance to cold and hypoxia. In future, the Twdl gene could be used as a nanocarrier delivering RNA pesticides to control D. suzukii in the field and so prevent its worldwide spread. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Wang
- Department of Plant Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lijun Liu
- Department of Plant Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shaokun Guo
- Department of Plant Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Bo Liu
- Institute of Equipment Technology, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yifan Zhai
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Yan
- Department of Plant Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Plant Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Farman Ullah
- Department of Plant Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhihong Li
- Department of Plant Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, P. R. China
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Jiang Z, Qu L, Cui G, Zhong G. Smoothened antagonist sonidegib affects the development of D. melanogaster larvae via suppression of epidermis formation. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:105462. [PMID: 37532307 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is essential for the regulation of embryonic growth and development, the maintenance of stem cell autostasis, and tissue formation, whether in vertebrates or invertebrates. However, exploration into the Hh pathway antagonists in Drosophila or other pests of agricultural importance has been scant. In order to gain a better understanding of the potential utility of the antagonists in insect investigations, a conventional Hh antagonist, sonidegib, was used to evaluate the effects on the development of Drosophila larvae. The results showed that early instar larvae exposed to sonidegib exhibited new epidermal abnormalities and decreased motility after molting. Transcriptome analysis revealed that Sonidegib had a profound effect on chitin-based cuticle development throughout all stages of larvae. Physiological experiments revealed that sonidegib suppressed the epidermis formation and decreased the chitin content. The results of this study shed new light on the potential use of Hh antagonists in agricultural pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyan Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Crop in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
| | - Liwen Qu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Crop in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
| | - Gaofeng Cui
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Crop in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
| | - Guohua Zhong
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Crop in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
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6
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Bailly TPM, Kohlmeier P, Etienne RS, Wertheim B, Billeter JC. Social modulation of oogenesis and egg laying in Drosophila melanogaster. Curr Biol 2023:S0960-9822(23)00750-9. [PMID: 37369209 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.05.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Being part of a group facilitates cooperation between group members but also creates competition for resources. This is a conundrum for gravid females, whose future offspring benefit from being in a group only if there are enough resources relative to group size. Females may therefore be expected to modulate reproductive output depending on social context. In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, females actively attract conspecifics to lay eggs on the same resources, generating groups in which individuals may cooperate or compete. The genetic tractability of this species allows dissecting the mechanisms underlying physiological adaptation to social context. Here, we show that females produce eggs increasingly faster as group size increases. By laying eggs faster when grouped than when isolated, females reduce competition between offspring and increase offspring survival. In addition, grouped females lay eggs during the day, while isolated females lay them at night. We show that responses to the presence of others requires visual input and that flies from any sex, mating status, or species can trigger these responses. The mechanisms of this modulation of egg laying by group is connected to a lifting of the inhibition of light on oogenesis and egg laying, possibly mediated in part by an increase in juvenile hormone activity. Because modulation of reproduction by social context is a hallmark of animals with higher levels of sociality, our findings in a species considered solitary question the validity of this nomenclature and suggest a widespread and profound influence of social context on reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiphaine P M Bailly
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, 9474AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Philip Kohlmeier
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, 9474AG Groningen, the Netherlands; University of Memphis, Department of Biological Sciences, Memphis, TN 38152-3530, USA
| | - Rampal S Etienne
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, 9474AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bregje Wertheim
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, 9474AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jean-Christophe Billeter
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, 9474AG Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Verschut TA, Ng R, Doubovetzky NP, Le Calvez G, Sneep JL, Minnaard AJ, Su CY, Carlsson MA, Wertheim B, Billeter JC. Aggregation pheromones have a non-linear effect on oviposition behavior in Drosophila melanogaster. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1544. [PMID: 36941252 PMCID: PMC10027874 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37046-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Female fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) oviposit at communal sites where the larvae may cooperate or compete for resources depending on group size. This offers a model system to determine how females assess quantitative social information. We show that the concentration of pheromones found on a substrate increases linearly with the number of adult flies that have visited that site. Females prefer oviposition sites with pheromone concentrations corresponding to an intermediate number of previous visitors, whereas sites with low or high concentrations are unattractive. This dose-dependent decision is based on a blend of 11-cis-Vaccenyl Acetate (cVA) indicating the number of previous visitors and heptanal (a novel pheromone deriving from the oxidation of 7-Tricosene), which acts as a dose-independent co-factor. This response is mediated by detection of cVA by odorant receptor neurons Or67d and Or65a, and at least five different odorant receptor neurons for heptanal. Our results identify a mechanism allowing individuals to transform a linear increase of pheromones into a non-linear behavioral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Verschut
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Renny Ng
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Nicolas P Doubovetzky
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guillaume Le Calvez
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan L Sneep
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan J Minnaard
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Chih-Ying Su
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Mikael A Carlsson
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bregje Wertheim
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Christophe Billeter
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Zhang L, Tang X, Wang Z, Tang F. The transcriptomic response of Hyphantria cunea (Drury) to the infection of Serratia marcescens Bizio based on full-length SMRT transcriptome sequencing. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1093432. [PMID: 36896191 PMCID: PMC9989771 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1093432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyphantria cunea (Drury) is a globally important forest pest. We found that the Serratia marcescens Bizio strain SM1 had insecticidal activity against H. cunea, but the transcriptomic response of H. cunea to SM1 were not clear. Therefore, we performed full-length sequencing of the transcriptomes of H. cunea larvae infected with SM1 and the control group. A total of 1,183 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by comparing the group infected with SM1 and the control group, including 554 downregulated genes and 629 upregulated genes. We found many downregulated genes in metabolic pathways. Furthermore, some of these downregulated genes were involved in cellular immunity, melanization, and detoxification enzymes, which showed that SM1 weakened H. cunea immunity. In addition, genes in the juvenile hormone synthesis pathway were upregulated, which was detrimental to the survival of H. cunea. This research analyzed the transcriptomic response of H. cunea to SM1 by high-throughput full-length transcriptome sequencing. The results provide useful information to explore the relationship between S. marcescens and H. cunea, and theoretical support for the application of S. marcescens and the control of H. cunea in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyi Tang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Tang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Fang Tang,
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9
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Modified Mycotoxins, a Still Unresolved Issue. CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry4040099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by filamentous microfungi on almost every agricultural commodity worldwide. After the infection of crop plants, mycotoxins are modified by plant enzymes or other fungi and often conjugated to more polar substances, like sugars. The formed—often less toxic—metabolites are stored in the vacuole in soluble form or bound to macromolecules. As these substances are usually not detected during routine analysis and no maximum limits are in force, they are called modified mycotoxins. While, in most cases, modified mycotoxins have lower intrinsic toxicity, they might be reactivated during mammalian metabolism. In particular, the polar group might be cleaved off (e.g., by intestinal bacteria), releasing the native mycotoxin. This review aims to provide an overview of the critical issues related to modified mycotoxins. The main conclusion is that analytical aspects, toxicological evaluation, and exposure assessment merit more investigation.
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10
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Winkler IS, Kirk-Spriggs AH, Bayless KM, Soghigian J, Meier R, Pape T, Yeates DK, Carvalho AB, Copeland RS, Wiegmann BM. Phylogenetic resolution of the fly superfamily Ephydroidea-Molecular systematics of the enigmatic and diverse relatives of Drosophilidae. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274292. [PMID: 36197946 PMCID: PMC9534441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The schizophoran superfamily Ephydroidea (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha) includes eight families, ranging from the well-known vinegar flies (Drosophilidae) and shore flies (Ephydridae), to several small, relatively unusual groups, the phylogenetic placement of which has been particularly challenging for systematists. An extraordinary diversity in life histories, feeding habits and morphology are a hallmark of fly biology, and the Ephydroidea are no exception. Extreme specialization can lead to "orphaned" taxa with no clear evidence for their phylogenetic position. To resolve relationships among a diverse sample of Ephydroidea, including the highly modified flies in the families Braulidae and Mormotomyiidae, we conducted phylogenomic sampling. Using exon capture from Anchored Hybrid Enrichment and transcriptomics to obtain 320 orthologous nuclear genes sampled for 32 species of Ephydroidea and 11 outgroups, we evaluate a new phylogenetic hypothesis for representatives of the superfamily. These data strongly support monophyly of Ephydroidea with Ephydridae as an early branching radiation and the placement of Mormotomyiidae as a family-level lineage sister to all remaining families. We confirm placement of Cryptochetidae as sister taxon to a large clade containing both Drosophilidae and Braulidae-the latter a family of honeybee ectoparasites. Our results reaffirm that sampling of both taxa and characters is critical in hyperdiverse clades and that these factors have a major influence on phylogenomic reconstruction of the history of the schizophoran fly radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac S. Winkler
- Department of Biology, Cornell College, Mount Vernon, Iowa, United States of America
| | | | - Keith M. Bayless
- Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO National Research Collection, Australia (NRCA), Acton, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - John Soghigian
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rudolf Meier
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thomas Pape
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David K. Yeates
- Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO National Research Collection, Australia (NRCA), Acton, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - A. Bernardo Carvalho
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Robert S. Copeland
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Brian M. Wiegmann
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
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Scanlan JL, Battlay P, Robin C. Ecdysteroid kinase-like (EcKL) paralogs confer developmental tolerance to caffeine in Drosophila melanogaster. CURRENT RESEARCH IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 2:100030. [PMID: 36003262 PMCID: PMC9387500 DOI: 10.1016/j.cris.2022.100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
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Feng K, Luo J, Ding X, Tang F. Transcriptome analysis and response of three important detoxifying enzymes to Serratia marcescens Bizio (SM1) in Hyphantria cunea (Drury) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 178:104922. [PMID: 34446198 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hyphantria cunea (Drury) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a main pest of forest trees. In this study, the effects of Serratia marcescens Bizio (SM1) infection on the transcriptome of H. cunea were studied. The expression of 1068 unigenes in the transcriptome of H. cunea infected by S. marcescens was markedly different from that in the control of H. cunea; 474 genes were upregulated, and 594 genes were downregulated in the former. Among them, 8 cytochrome P450s (CYPs), 5 uridine diphosphate-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) and 3 glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) were significantly differentially expressed. Pathway enrichment analysis indicated that these differentially expressed detoxification enzyme genes were mainly involved in the drug metabolism pathway, glutathione metabolism pathway and ABC transporter pathway. Interestingly, we found that five UGTs were related to oestradiol metabolism in the steroid hormone biosynthesis pathway. Furthermore, the real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR results showed that SM1 could induce the expression of CYPs and UGTs, but inhibit the expression of GSTs. This research will identify the response of important detoxification enzymes to S. marcescens, which will provide a theoretical foundation for the development of new immunosuppressants for H. cunea control. Furthermore, H. cunea was performed transcriptome sequencing to explore the key metabolic pathways, signalling pathways and genes affected by S. marcescens, which will clarify the mechanisms of S. marcescens infection of H. cunea. In addition, this study also explored the relationship between H. cunea and S. marcescens, which will provide a theoretical basis for the biological control of H. cunea by using S. marcescens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Feng
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China; College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Luo
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China; College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian Ding
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China; College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Tang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China; College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China.
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Berenbaum MR, Bush DS, Liao LH. Cytochrome P450-mediated mycotoxin metabolism by plant-feeding insects. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 43:85-91. [PMID: 33264684 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced primarily by filamentous fungi that when consumed cause pathological responses in animal hosts or consumers. Defined functionally rather than structurally, mycotoxins derive from numerous primary metabolic pathways. Through opportunistic or mutualistic associations, insect herbivores inflict damage that can predispose plants to infection by mycotoxin-producing phytopathogens, resulting in economically significant contamination. The few cytochrome P450 subfamilies implicated in mycotoxin detoxification by insects, including CYP6 and CYP9, are also known to detoxify phytochemicals. Some insect P450s bioactivate, rather than detoxify, mycotoxins, suggestive of an 'escalation' in arms-race interactions between these herbivores and fungi. Characterizing insect P450s that detoxify mycotoxins can be useful for developing biological remediation technologies and for ensuring the safety of insects reared for human or livestock consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- May R Berenbaum
- Dept. Entomology, 320 Morrill Hall, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801-3795, USA.
| | - Daniel S Bush
- Dept. Entomology, 320 Morrill Hall, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801-3795, USA
| | - Ling-Hsiu Liao
- Dept. Entomology, 320 Morrill Hall, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801-3795, USA
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Scanlan JL, Gledhill-Smith RS, Battlay P, Robin C. Genomic and transcriptomic analyses in Drosophila suggest that the ecdysteroid kinase-like (EcKL) gene family encodes the 'detoxification-by-phosphorylation' enzymes of insects. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 123:103429. [PMID: 32540344 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylation is a phase II detoxification reaction that, among animals, occurs near exclusively in insects, but the enzymes responsible have never been cloned or otherwise identified. We propose the hypothesis that members of the arthropod-specific ecdysteroid kinase-like (EcKL) gene family encode detoxicative kinases. To test this hypothesis, we annotated the EcKL gene family in 12 species of Drosophila and explored their evolution within the genus. Many ancestral EcKL clades are evolutionarily unstable and have experienced repeated gene gain and loss events, while others are conserved as single-copy orthologs. Leveraging multiple published gene expression datasets from D. melanogaster, and using the cytochrome P450s-a classical detoxification family-as a test case, we demonstrate relationships between xenobiotic induction, detoxification tissue-enriched expression and evolutionary instability in the EcKLs and the P450s. We devised a systematic method for identifying candidate detoxification genes in large gene families that is concordant with experimentally determined functions of P450 genes in D. melanogaster. Applying this method to the EcKLs suggested a significant proportion of these genes play roles in detoxification, and that the EcKLs may constitute a detoxification gene family in insects. Additionally, we estimate that between 11 and 16 uncharacterised D. melanogaster P450s are strong detoxification candidates. Lastly, we also found previously unreported genomic and transcriptomic variation in a number of EcKLs and P450s associated with toxic stress phenotypes using a targeted phenome-wide association study (PheWAS) approach in D. melanogaster, presenting multiple future avenues of research for detoxification genetics in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack L Scanlan
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville Campus, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| | - Rebecca S Gledhill-Smith
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville Campus, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| | - Paul Battlay
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville Campus, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| | - Charles Robin
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville Campus, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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15
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Pfliegler WP, Pócsi I, Győri Z, Pusztahelyi T. The Aspergilli and Their Mycotoxins: Metabolic Interactions With Plants and the Soil Biota. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:2921. [PMID: 32117074 PMCID: PMC7029702 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Species of the highly diverse fungal genus Aspergillus are well-known agricultural pests, and, most importantly, producers of various mycotoxins threatening food safety worldwide. Mycotoxins are studied predominantly from the perspectives of human and livestock health. Meanwhile, their roles are far less known in nature. However, to understand the factors behind mycotoxin production, the roles of the toxins of Aspergilli must be understood from a complex ecological perspective, taking mold-plant, mold-microbe, and mold-animal interactions into account. The Aspergilli may switch between saprophytic and pathogenic lifestyles, and the production of secondary metabolites, such as mycotoxins, may vary according to these fungal ways of life. Recent studies highlighted the complex ecological network of soil microbiotas determining the niches that Aspergilli can fill in. Interactions with the soil microbiota and soil macro-organisms determine the role of secondary metabolite production to a great extent. While, upon infection of plants, metabolic communication including fungal secondary metabolites like aflatoxins, gliotoxin, patulin, cyclopiazonic acid, and ochratoxin, influences the fate of both the invader and the host. In this review, the role of mycotoxin producing Aspergillus species and their interactions in the ecosystem are discussed. We intend to highlight the complexity of the roles of the main toxic secondary metabolites as well as their fate in natural environments and agriculture, a field that still has important knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter P. Pfliegler
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Győri
- Institute of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tünde Pusztahelyi
- Central Laboratory of Agricultural and Food Products, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Trichoderma atroviride from Predator to Prey: Role of the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Tmk3 in Fungal Chemical Defense against Fungivory by Drosophila melanogaster Larvae. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.01825-18. [PMID: 30389761 PMCID: PMC6328759 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01825-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi, like other organisms, have natural predators, including fungivorous nematodes and arthropods that use them as an important food source. Thus, they require mechanisms to detect and respond to injury. Trichoderma atroviride responds to mycelial injury by rapidly regenerating its hyphae and developing asexual reproduction structures. Whether this injury response is associated with attack by fungivorous insects is unknown. Therefore, determining the possible conservation of a defense mechanism to predation in T. atroviride and plants and elucidating the mechanisms involved in the establishment of this response is of major interest. Here, we describe the chemical response of T. atroviride to mechanical injury and fungivory and the role of a MAPK pathway in the regulation of this response. The response to injury represents an important strategy for animals and plants to survive mechanical damage and predation. Plants respond to injury by activating a defense response that includes the production of an important variety of compounds that help them withstand predator attack and recover from mechanical injury (MI). Similarly, the filamentous fungus Trichoderma atroviride responds to MI by strongly modifying its transcriptional profile and producing asexual reproduction structures (conidia). Here, we analyzed whether the response to MI in T. atroviride is related to a possible predator defense mechanism from a metabolic perspective. We found that the production of specific groups of secondary metabolites increases in response to MI but is reduced after fungivory by Drosophila melanogaster larvae. We further show that fungivory results in repression of the expression of genes putatively involved in the regulation of secondary metabolite production in T. atroviride. Activation of secondary metabolite production appears to depend on the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) Tmk3. Interestingly, D. melanogaster larvae preferred to feed on a tmk3 gene replacement mutant rather than on the wild-type strain. Consumption of the mutant strain, however, resulted in increased larval mortality. IMPORTANCE Fungi, like other organisms, have natural predators, including fungivorous nematodes and arthropods that use them as an important food source. Thus, they require mechanisms to detect and respond to injury. Trichoderma atroviride responds to mycelial injury by rapidly regenerating its hyphae and developing asexual reproduction structures. Whether this injury response is associated with attack by fungivorous insects is unknown. Therefore, determining the possible conservation of a defense mechanism to predation in T. atroviride and plants and elucidating the mechanisms involved in the establishment of this response is of major interest. Here, we describe the chemical response of T. atroviride to mechanical injury and fungivory and the role of a MAPK pathway in the regulation of this response.
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Pei J, Kinch LN, Grishin NV. FlyXCDB—A Resource for Drosophila Cell Surface and Secreted Proteins and Their Extracellular Domains. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3353-3411. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Billeter JC, Wolfner MF. Chemical Cues that Guide Female Reproduction in Drosophila melanogaster. J Chem Ecol 2018; 44:750-769. [PMID: 29557077 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-018-0947-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Chemicals released into the environment by food, predators and conspecifics play critical roles in Drosophila reproduction. Females and males live in an environment full of smells, whose molecules communicate to them the availability of food, potential mates, competitors or predators. Volatile chemicals derived from fruit, yeast growing on the fruit, and flies already present on the fruit attract Drosophila, concentrating flies at food sites, where they will also mate. Species-specific cuticular hydrocarbons displayed on female Drosophila as they mature are sensed by males and act as pheromones to stimulate mating by conspecific males and inhibit heterospecific mating. The pheromonal profile of a female is also responsive to her nutritional environment, providing an honest signal of her fertility potential. After mating, cuticular and semen hydrocarbons transferred by the male change the female's chemical profile. These molecules make the female less attractive to other males, thus protecting her mate's sperm investment. Females have evolved the capacity to counteract this inhibition by ejecting the semen hydrocarbon (along with the rest of the remaining ejaculate) a few hours after mating. Although this ejection can temporarily restore the female's attractiveness, shortly thereafter another male pheromone, a seminal peptide, decreases the female's propensity to re-mate, thus continuing to protect the male's investment. Females use olfaction and taste sensing to select optimal egg-laying sites, integrating cues for the availability of food for her offspring, and the presence of other flies and of harmful species. We argue that taking into account evolutionary considerations such as sexual conflict, and the ecological conditions in which flies live, is helpful in understanding the role of highly species-specific pheromones and blends thereof, as well as an individual's response to the chemical cues in its environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariana F Wolfner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
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