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Fredriksson I, Larsson M, Strömberg T, Iredahl F. Vasomotion analysis of speed resolved perfusion, oxygen saturation, red blood cell tissue fraction, and vessel diameter: Novel microvascular perspectives. Skin Res Technol 2021; 28:142-152. [PMID: 34758168 PMCID: PMC9907591 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vasomotion is the spontaneous oscillation in vascular tone in the microcirculation and is believed to be a physiological mechanism facilitating the transport of blood gases and nutrients to and from tissues. So far, Laser Doppler flowmetry has constituted the gold standard for in vivo vasomotion analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS We applied vasomotion analysis to speed-resolved perfusion, oxygen saturation, red blood cell tissue (RBC) tissue fraction, and average vessel diameter from five healthy individuals at rest measured by the newly developed Periflux 6000 EPOS system over 10 minutes. Magnitude scalogram and the time-averaged wavelet spectra were divided into frequency intervals reflecting endothelial, neurogenic, myogenic, respiratory, and cardiac function. RESULTS Recurrent high-intensity periods of the myogenic, neurogenic, and endothelial frequency intervals were found. The neurogenic activity was considerably more pronounced for the oxygen saturation, RBC tissue fraction, and vessel diameter signals, than for the perfusion signals. In a correlation analysis we found that changes in perfusion in the myogenic, neurogenic, and endothelial frequency intervals precede changes in the other signals. Furthermore, changes in average vessel diameter were in general negatively correlated to the other signals in the same frequency intervals, indicating the importance of capillary recruitment. CONCLUSION We conclude that vasomotion can be observed in signals reflecting speed resolved perfusion, oxygen saturation, RBC tissue fraction, and vessel diameter. The new parameters enable new aspects of the microcirculation to be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingemar Fredriksson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Marcus Larsson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Tomas Strömberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Iredahl
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Division of Community Medicine, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Primary health care, Region Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
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2
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Glazkova PA, Kulikov DA, Glazkov AA, Terpigorev SA, Rogatkin DA, Shekhyan GG, Krasulina KA, Kulikov AV, Makmatov-Rys MB, Paleev FN. Reactivity of skin microcirculation as a biomarker of cardiovascular events. Pilot study. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2021; 78:247-257. [PMID: 33682698 DOI: 10.3233/ch-201016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of microcirculatory disorders is progressively being accepted in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. OBJECTIVE The purpose of current study is to assess whether we can consider skin microcirculation disorders as a biomarker of cardiovascular events. METHODS Group 1 consisted of healthy volunteers (n = 31); group 2 (n = 42) consisted of patients with diseases that increase the risk of cardiovascular events; group 3 (n = 39) included patients with the history of cardiovascular events. Skin microcirculation measurement was performed using laser Doppler flowmetry during the heating test. RESULTS LDF parameters reflecting the rapid response of microcirculation to heating ("Slope 120 s" and "Slope 180 s") significantly differed in three groups (p < 0.05). A decrease in the "Slope 180 s" parameter less than 0.5 PU/s is associated with cardiovascular events (sensitivity 69.2%, specificity 66.7%; the area under the ROC curve, 0.667; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.545-0.788, p = 0.01). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that "Slope 180 s≤0.5 PU/s" was significantly related to cardiovascular events (adjusted odds ratio = 3.9, p = 0.019, CI 95% 1.2-12). CONCLUSIONS Reduced reactivity of the skin microcirculation may be useful as a biomarker of severe damage to the cardiovascular system and is promising as a risk factor for cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Glazkova
- Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute ("MONIKI"), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - D A Kulikov
- Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute ("MONIKI"), Moscow, Russian Federation.,Moscow Region State University, Mytishchi, Russian Federation
| | - A A Glazkov
- Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute ("MONIKI"), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - S A Terpigorev
- Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute ("MONIKI"), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - D A Rogatkin
- Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute ("MONIKI"), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - G G Shekhyan
- Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute ("MONIKI"), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - K A Krasulina
- Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute ("MONIKI"), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - A V Kulikov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russian Federation
| | - M B Makmatov-Rys
- Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute ("MONIKI"), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - F N Paleev
- National medical research center of cardiology of the Ministry of healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Lai YH, Wang AY, Yang CC, Guo LY. The Recovery Benefit on Skin Blood Flow Using Vibrating Foam Rollers for Postexercise Muscle Fatigue in Runners. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17239118. [PMID: 33291311 PMCID: PMC7730244 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17239118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effect of vibrating rollers on skin blood flow after running for recovery from muscle fatigue. METHOD 23 healthy runners, aged between 20 to 45 years, participated in a crossover trial. Muscle fatigue was induced by running, and recovery using a vibrating roller was determined before and after the intervention. Each subject was measured at three time points (prerun, postrun, and postroller) to compare skin blood flow perfusion and blood flow oscillation at the midpoint of the dominant gastrocnemius muscle. The results show that blood perfusion is greater when a vibrating roller is used than a foam roller, but there is no statistical difference. The analysis of blood flow oscillation shows that vibrating rollers induce 30% greater endothelial activation than a foam roller. Vibrating rollers significantly stimulate the characteristic frequency for myogenic activation (p < 0.05); however, the effect size is conservative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Horng Lai
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University Tan Kah Kee College, Zhangzhou 363105, China;
| | - Ai-Yi Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Chia-Chi Yang
- The Master Program of Long-Term Care in Aging, College of Nursing, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Lan-Yuen Guo
- Department of Sports Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- The Master Program of Long-Term Care in Aging, College of Nursing, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-3121101 (ext. 2737/614)
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Sera T, Kohno T, Nakashima Y, Uesugi M, Kudo S. Low-frequency oscillations of finger skin blood flow during the initial stage of cold-induced vasodilation at different air temperatures. J Physiol Anthropol 2020; 39:37. [PMID: 33228778 PMCID: PMC7684717 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-020-00248-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD) is known to be influenced by the ambient temperature. Frequency analysis of blood flow provides information on physiological regulation of the cardiovascular system, such as myogenic, neurogenic, endothelial nitric oxide (NO) dependent, and NO-independent activities. In this study, we hypothesized that the major origin of CIVD occurs prior to the CIVD event and investigated finger skin blood flow during the initial stage of CIVD at different ambient temperatures using frequency analysis. METHODS Eighteen healthy volunteers immersed their fingers in 5 °C water at air temperatures of 20 °C and 25 °C. Finger skin blood flow was measured using laser Doppler flowmetry and analyzed using Morlet mother wavelet. We defined the time when the rate of blood flow increased dramatically as the onset of CIVD, and defined three phases as the periods from the onset of cooling to minimum blood flow (vasoconstriction), from minimum blood flow to the onset of CIVD (prior to CIVD), and from the onset of CIVD to maximum blood flow (CIVD). RESULTS The increment ratio of blood flow at CIVD was significantly higher at 20 °C air temperature. In particular, at 20 °C air temperature, arteriovenous anastomoses (AVAs) might be closed at baseline, as finger skin temperature was much lower than at 25 °C air temperature, and endothelial NO-independent activity was significantly higher and neurogenic activity significantly lower during vasoconstriction than at baseline. Additionally, the differences in both activities between vasoconstriction and prior to CIVD were significant. On the other hand, there were no significant differences in endothelial NO-dependent activity between baseline and all phases at both air temperatures. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that the increase of endothelial NO-independent activity and the decrease of neurogenic activity may contribute to the high increment ratio of blood flow at CIVD at 20 °C air temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Sera
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Taiki Kohno
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakashima
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Musashi Uesugi
- Graduate School of Systems Life Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Susumu Kudo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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Hodges GJ, Cheung SS. Noninvasive assessment of increases in microvascular endothelial function following repeated bouts of hyperaemia. Microvasc Res 2019; 128:103929. [PMID: 31676308 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2019.103929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Spectral analyses of laser-Doppler signal can delineate underlying mechanisms in response to pharmacological agents and in cross-sectional studies of healthy and clinical populations. We tested whether spectral analyses can detect acute changes in endothelial function in response to a 6-week intervention of repeated bouts of hyperaemia. METHODS Eleven males performed forearm occlusion (5 s with 10 s rest) for 30 min, 5 times/week for 6 weeks on one arm; the other was an untreated control. Skin blood flow was measured using laser-Doppler fluxmetry (LDF), and endothelial function was assessed with and without nitric oxide (NO) synthase-inhibition with L-NAME in response to local heating (42 °C and 44 °C) and acetylcholine. A wavelet transform was used for spectral analysis of frequency intervals associated with physiological functions. RESULTS Basal measures were all unaffected by the hyperaemia intervention (all P > 0.05). In response to local skin heating to 42 °C, the 6 weeks hyperaemia intervention increased LDF, endothelial NO-independent and NO-dependent activity (all P ≤ 0.038). In response to peak local heating (44 °C) endothelial NO-independent and NO-dependent activity increased (both P ≤ 0.01); however, LDF did not (P > 0.2). In response to acetylcholine, LDF, endothelial NO-independent and NO-dependent activity all increased (all P ≤ 0.003) post-intervention. CONCLUSIONS Spectral analysis appears sufficiently sensitive to measure changes over time in cutaneous endothelial activity that are consistent with standard physiological (local heating) and pharmacological (acetylcholine) interventions of assessing cutaneous endothelial function, and may be useful not only in research but also clinical diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary J Hodges
- Environmental Ergonomics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Stephen S Cheung
- Environmental Ergonomics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.
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Hodges GJ, Mallette MM, Cheung SS. The reliability of cutaneous low-frequency oscillations in young healthy males. Microcirculation 2019; 26:e12546. [PMID: 30932285 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Spectral analyses of laser-Doppler flowmetry measures enable a simple and non-invasive method to investigate mechanisms regulating skin blood flow. We assessed within-day and day-to-day variability of cutaneous spectral analyses. METHODS Eleven young, healthy males were tested twice in three identical sessions, with 19 to 24 days between visits, for a total of six tests. Wavelet data were analyzed at rest, in response to local skin heating to 42 and 44°C, and during 5-minutes PORH. We did this for six frequency bands commonly associated with physiological functions. To assess reliability, we calculated CV and ICC scores. RESULTS At rest, mean CV for the wavelet data ranged from 21% to 24% and ICC scores ranged from 0.67 to 0.91. During local heating, mean CV scores ranged from 17% to 22% and mean ICC scores ranged from 0.71 to 0.95. For peak PORH, CV ranged from 14% to 23% and the ICC range was 0.88 to 0.97. For the area under the curve of the PORH, CV range was 12% to 21% and ICC range was 0.81 to 0.92. CONCLUSIONS These analyses indicate good-to-excellent reliability of the wavelet data in healthy young males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary J Hodges
- Environmental Ergonomics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew M Mallette
- Environmental Ergonomics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen S Cheung
- Environmental Ergonomics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
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Glabrous and non-glabrous vascular responses to mild hypothermia. Microvasc Res 2018; 121:82-86. [PMID: 30343001 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study examined cutaneous vasoconstriction to whole-body hypothermia, specifically contributions of neural and endothelial vasomotor responses in glabrous and non-glabrous skin. Eleven participants were semi-recumbent at an ambient temperature of 22 °C for 30 min, after which ambient temperature was decreased to 0 °C until rectal temperature (Tre) had decreased by 0.5 °C. Laser-Doppler fluxmetry was measured at the forehead and thigh for measures of glabrous and non-glabrous skin, respectively; wavelet analysis was performed on the laser-Doppler signal to determine endothelial and neural activities. Hypothermia took on average 97 ± 7 min and caused marked decreases at glabrous (42 ± 5%baseline, p < 0.001) and non-glabrous (69 ± 4%baseline, p < 0.001) skin. In glabrous skin, neural activity increased from 11 ± 1% at thermoneutral to 18 ± 1% (p < 0.001). In non-glabrous skin there was an initial decrease (p = 0.001) in neural activity from 13 ± 2% to 9 ± 1% (-0.2 °C decrease in Tre) and then increased (p = 0.002) to 21 ± 2% baseline at -0.5 °C Tre. Endothelial activity decreased in both glabrous (16 ± 3% to 6 ± 1%, p < 0.001) and non-glabrous (15 ± 1% to 7 ± 1%, p = 0.003) skin. Hypothermia elicits large decreases in skin blood flow in both glabrous and non-glabrous skin that are related to increases in neural activity and a reduction of endothelial activity.
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Martini R, Bagno A. The wavelet analysis for the assessment of microvascular function with the laser Doppler fluxmetry over the last 20 years. Looking for hidden informations. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2018; 70:213-229. [DOI: 10.3233/ch-189903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romeo Martini
- Department of Cardio-Thorax and Vascular Sciences, Unit of Angiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Bagno
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Università di Padova, Italy
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Hodges GJ, Mueller MC, Cheung SS, Falk B. Cutaneous vasomotor responses in boys and men. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:1019-1026. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have investigated skin blood flow in children and age-related differences in the underlying mechanisms. We examined mechanisms of skin blood flow responses to local heating, postocclusive reactive hyperaemia (PORH), and isometric handgrip exercise in adult and prepubescent males, hypothesizing that skin blood flow responses would be greater in children compared with adults. We measured skin blood flow in 12 boys (age, 9 ± 1 years) and 12 men (age, 21 ± 1 years) using laser-Doppler flowmetry at rest, in response to 3-min PORH, 2-min isometric handgrip exercise, and local skin heating to 39 °C (submaximal) and 44 °C (maximal). Using wavelet analysis we assessed endothelial, neural, and myogenic activities. At rest and in response to local heating to 39 °C, children had higher skin blood flow and endothelial activity compared with men (d ≥ 1.1, p < 0.001) and similar neurogenic and myogenic activities (d < 0.2, p > 0.05). Maximal responses to 44 °C local skin heating, PORH, and isometric handgrip exercise did not differ between boys and men (all d ≤ 0.2, p > 0.05). During PORH children demonstrated greater endothelial activity compared with men (d ≥ 0.6, p < 0.05); in contrast, men had higher neurogenic activity (d = 1.0, p < 0.01). During isometric handgrip exercise there were no differences in endothelial, neurogenic, and myogenic activities (d < 0.2, p > 0.3), with boys and men demonstrating similar increases in endothelial activity and decreases in myogenic activity (d ≥ 0.8, p < 0.05). These data suggest that boys experience greater levels of skin blood flow at rest and in response to submaximal local heating compared with men, while maximal responses appear to be similar. Additionally, endothelial mediators seem to contribute more to vasodilatation in boys than in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary J. Hodges
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Matthew C. Mueller
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Stephen S. Cheung
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Bareket Falk
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
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Hodges GJ, Mallette MM, Cheung SS. Cutaneous neural activity and endothelial involvement in cold-induced vasodilatation. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:971-978. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3832-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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