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Vinci M, Vitello GA, Greco D, Treccarichi S, Ragalmuto A, Musumeci A, Fallea A, Federico C, Calì F, Saccone S, Elia M. Next Generation Sequencing and Electromyography Reveal the Involvement of the P2RX6 Gene in Myopathy. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:1150-1163. [PMID: 38392191 PMCID: PMC10887510 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46020073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Ion channelopathies result from impaired ion channel protein function, due to mutations affecting ion transport across cell membranes. Over 40 diseases, including neuropathy, pain, migraine, epilepsy, and ataxia, are associated with ion channelopathies, impacting electrically excitable tissues and significantly affecting skeletal muscle. Gene mutations affecting transmembrane ionic flow are strongly linked to skeletal muscle disorders, particularly myopathies, disrupting muscle excitability and contraction. Electromyography (EMG) analysis performed on a patient who complained of weakness and fatigue revealed the presence of primary muscular damage, suggesting an early-stage myopathy. Whole exome sequencing (WES) did not detect potentially causative variants in known myopathy-associated genes but revealed a novel homozygous deletion of the P2RX6 gene likely disrupting protein function. The P2RX6 gene, predominantly expressed in skeletal muscle, is an ATP-gated ion channel receptor belonging to the purinergic receptors (P2RX) family. In addition, STRING pathways suggested a correlation with more proteins having a plausible role in myopathy. No previous studies have reported the implication of this gene in myopathy. Further studies are needed on patients with a defective ion channel pathway, and the use of in vitro functional assays in suppressing P2RX6 gene expression will be required to validate its functional role.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Concetta Federico
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Via Androne 81, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | | | - Salvatore Saccone
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Via Androne 81, 95124 Catania, Italy
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Behringer EJ. Impact of aging on vascular ion channels: perspectives and knowledge gaps across major organ systems. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2023; 325:H1012-H1038. [PMID: 37624095 PMCID: PMC10908410 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00288.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Individuals aged ≥65 yr will comprise ∼20% of the global population by 2030. Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death in the world with age-related endothelial "dysfunction" as a key risk factor. As an organ in and of itself, vascular endothelium courses throughout the mammalian body to coordinate blood flow to all other organs and tissues (e.g., brain, heart, lung, skeletal muscle, gut, kidney, skin) in accord with metabolic demand. In turn, emerging evidence demonstrates that vascular aging and its comorbidities (e.g., neurodegeneration, diabetes, hypertension, kidney disease, heart failure, and cancer) are "channelopathies" in large part. With an emphasis on distinct functional traits and common arrangements across major organs systems, the present literature review encompasses regulation of vascular ion channels that underlie blood flow control throughout the body. The regulation of myoendothelial coupling and local versus conducted signaling are discussed with new perspectives for aging and the development of chronic diseases. Although equipped with an awareness of knowledge gaps in the vascular aging field, a section has been included to encompass general feasibility, role of biological sex, and additional conceptual and experimental considerations (e.g., cell regression and proliferation, gene profile analyses). The ultimate goal is for the reader to see and understand major points of deterioration in vascular function while gaining the ability to think of potential mechanistic and therapeutic strategies to sustain organ perfusion and whole body health with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J Behringer
- Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States
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Norton CE, Boerman EM, Segal SS. Differential hyperpolarization to substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in smooth muscle versus endothelium of mouse mesenteric artery. Microcirculation 2021; 28:e12733. [PMID: 34633728 PMCID: PMC9996665 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to define how sensory neurotransmitters substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) affect membrane potential of vascular smooth muscle and endothelium. METHODS Microelectrodes recorded membrane potential of smooth muscle from pressurized mouse mesenteric arteries (diameter, ~150 µm) and in endothelial tubes. RESULTS Resting potential was similar (~ -45 mV) for each cell layer. Substance P hyperpolarized smooth muscle and endothelium ~ -15 mV; smooth muscle hyperpolarization was abolished by endothelial disruption or NO synthase inhibition. Blocking KCa channels (apamin + charybdotoxin) attenuated hyperpolarization in both cell types. CGRP hyperpolarized endothelium and smooth muscle ~ -30 mV; smooth muscle hyperpolarization was independent of endothelium. Blocking KCa channels prevented hyperpolarization to CGRP in endothelium but not smooth muscle. Inhibiting KATP channels with glibenclamide or genetic deletion of KIR 6.1 attenuated hyperpolarization in smooth muscle but not endothelium. Pinacidil (KATP channel agonist) hyperpolarized smooth muscle more than endothelium (~ -35 vs. ~ -20 mV). CONCLUSIONS Calcitonin gene-related peptide elicits greater hyperpolarization than substance P. Substance P hyperpolarizes both cell layers through KCa channels and involves endothelium-derived NO in smooth muscle. Endothelial hyperpolarization to CGRP requires KCa channels, while KATP channels mediate hyperpolarization in smooth muscle. Differential K+ channel activation in smooth muscle and endothelium through sensory neurotransmission may selectively tune mesenteric blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Norton
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Erika M Boerman
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Steven S Segal
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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Marichal-Cancino BA, González-Hernández A, Muñoz-Islas E, Villalón CM. Monoaminergic Receptors as Modulators of the Perivascular Sympathetic and Sensory CGRPergic Outflows. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 18:790-808. [PMID: 32364079 PMCID: PMC7569320 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200503223240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood pressure is a highly controlled cardiovascular parameter that normally guarantees an adequate blood supply to all body tissues. This parameter is mainly regulated by peripheral vascular resistance and is maintained by local mediators (i.e., autacoids), and by the nervous and endocrine systems. Regarding the nervous system, blood pressure can be modulated at the central level by regulating the autonomic output. However, at peripheral level, there exists a modulation by activation of prejunctional monoaminergic receptors in autonomic- or sensory-perivascular fibers. These modulatory mechanisms on resistance blood vessels exert an effect on the release of neuroactive substances from the autonomic or sensory fibers that modify blood pressure. Certainly, resistance blood vessels are innervated by perivascular: (i) autonomic sympathetic fibers (producing vasoconstriction mainly by noradrenaline release); and (ii) peptidergic sensory fibers [producing vasodilatation mainly by calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release]. In the last years, by using pithed rats, several monoaminergic mechanisms for controlling both the sympathetic and sensory perivascular outflows have been elucidated. Additionally, several studies have shown the functions of many monoaminergic auto-receptors and hetero-receptors expressed on perivascular fibers that modulate neurotransmitter release. On this basis, the present review: (i) summarizes the modulation of the peripheral vascular tone by adrenergic, serotoninergic, dopaminergic, and histaminergic receptors on perivascular autonomic (sympathetic) and sensory fibers, and (ii) highlights that these monoaminergic receptors are potential therapeutic targets for the development of novel medications to treat cardiovascular diseases (with some of them explored in clinical trials or already in clinical use).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno A Marichal-Cancino
- Departamento de Fisiologia y Farmacologia, Centro de Ciencias Basicas, Universidad Autonoma de Aguascalientes, Ciudad Universitaria, 20131 Aguascalientes, Ags., Mexico
| | | | - Enriqueta Muñoz-Islas
- Unidad Academica Multidisciplinaria Reynosa-Aztlan, Universidad Autonoma de Tamaulipas, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico
| | - Carlos M Villalón
- Departamento de Farmacobiologia, Cinvestav-Coapa, Czda. Tenorios 235, Col. Granjas-Coapa, Deleg. Tlalpan, 14330 Mexico City, Mexico
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Wilson C, Zhang X, Lee MD, MacDonald M, Heathcote HR, Alorfi NMN, Buckley C, Dolan S, McCarron JG. Disrupted endothelial cell heterogeneity and network organization impair vascular function in prediabetic obesity. Metabolism 2020; 111:154340. [PMID: 32791171 PMCID: PMC7538703 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a major risk factor for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, heart failure, and stroke. Impaired endothelial function occurs in the earliest stages of obesity and underlies vascular alterations that give rise to cardiovascular disease. However, the mechanisms that link weight gain to endothelial dysfunction are ill-defined. Increasing evidence suggests that endothelial cells are not a population of uniform cells but are highly heterogeneous and are organized as a communicating multicellular network that controls vascular function. PURPOSE To investigate the hypothesis that disrupted endothelial heterogeneity and network-level organization contribute to impaired vascular reactivity in obesity. METHODS AND RESULTS To study obesity-related vascular function without complications associated with diabetes, a state of prediabetic obesity was induced in rats. Small artery diameter recordings confirmed nitric-oxide mediated vasodilator responses were dependent on increases in endothelial calcium levels and were impaired in obese animals. Single-photon imaging revealed a linear relationship between blood vessel relaxation and population-wide calcium responses. Obesity did not alter the slope of this relationship, but impaired calcium responses in the endothelial cell network. The network comprised structural and functional components. The structural architecture, a hexagonal lattice network of connected cells, was unchanged in obesity. The functional network contained sub-populations of clustered specialized agonist-sensing cells from which signals were communicated through the network. In obesity there were fewer but larger clusters of sensory cells and communication path lengths between clusters increased. Communication between neighboring cells was unaltered in obesity. Altered network organization resulted in impaired, population-level calcium signaling and deficient endothelial control of vascular tone. CONCLUSIONS The distribution of cells in the endothelial network is critical in determining overall vascular response. Altered cell heterogeneity and arrangement in obesity decreases endothelial function and provides a novel framework for understanding compromised endothelial function in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum Wilson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
| | - Xun Zhang
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Matthew D Lee
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Margaret MacDonald
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Helen R Heathcote
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Nasser M N Alorfi
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK
| | - Charlotte Buckley
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Sharron Dolan
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK
| | - John G McCarron
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
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Boerman EM, Segal SS. Aging alters spontaneous and neurotransmitter-mediated Ca 2+ signaling in smooth muscle cells of mouse mesenteric arteries. Microcirculation 2020; 27:e12607. [PMID: 31994289 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aging impairs MA dilation by reducing the ability of sensory nerves to counteract sympathetic vasoconstriction. This study tested whether altered SMC Ca2+ signals to sympathetic (NE) and sensory (CGRP) neurotransmitters underlie aging-related deficits in vasodilation. METHODS MAs from young and old mice were pressurized and loaded with Fluo-4 dye for confocal measurement of SMC Ca2+ sparks and waves. Endothelial denudation resolved the influence of ECs. SMCs were immunolabeled for RyR isoforms and compared with transcript levels for RyRs and CGRP receptor components. RESULTS SMCs from young vs old mice exhibited more spontaneous Ca2+ spark sites with no difference in Ca2+ waves. NE reduced spark sites and increased waves for both groups; addition of CGRP restored sparks and reduced waves only for young mice. Endothelial denudation attenuated Ca2+ responses to CGRP for young but not old mice, which were already attenuated, suggesting a diminished role for ECs with aging. CGRP receptor expression was similar between ages with increased serum CGRP in old mice, where RyR1 expression was replaced by RyR3. CONCLUSION With aging, we suggest that altered RyR expression in SMCs contributes to impaired ability of sensory neurotransmission to restore Ca2+ signaling underlying vasomotor control during sympathetic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika M Boerman
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Steven S Segal
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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