Von Willebrand factor contribution to pathophysiology outside of von Willebrand disease

Aging Is Associated With Organ-Specific Alterations in the Level and Expression Pattern of von Willebrand Factor

BACKGROUND

VWF (von Willebrand factor) is an endothelial-specific procoagulant protein with a major role in thrombosis. Aging is associated with increased circulating levels of VWF, which presents a risk factor for thrombus formation.

METHODS

Circulating plasma, cellular protein, and mRNA levels of VWF were determined and compared in young and aged mice. Major organs were subjected to immunofluorescence analyses to determine the vascular pattern of VWF expression and the presence of platelet aggregates. An in vitro model of aging, using extended culture time of endothelial cells, was used to explore the mechanism of age-associated increased VWF levels.

RESULTS

Increased circulating plasma levels of VWF with elevated levels of larger multimers, indicative of VWF functional activity, were observed in aged mice. VWF mRNA and cellular protein levels were significantly increased in the brains, lungs, and livers but not in the kidneys and hearts of aged mice. Higher proportion of small vessels in brains, lungs, and livers of aged mice exhibited VWF expression compared with young, and this was concomitant with increased platelet aggregate formation. Prolonged culture of endothelial cells resulted in increased cell senescence that correlated with increased VWF expression; VWF expression was specifically detected in senescent cultured endothelial cells and abolished in response to p53 knockdown. A significantly higher proportion of VWF expressing endothelial cells in vivo exhibited senescence markers SA-β-Gal (senescence-associated β-galactosidase) and p53 in aged mouse brains compared with that of the young.

CONCLUSIONS

Aging elicits a heterogenic response in endothelial cells with regard to VWF expression, leading to organ-specific increase in VWF levels and alterations in vascular tree pattern of expression. This is concomitant with increased platelet aggregate formation. The age-associated increase in VWF expression may be modulated through the process of cell senescence, and p53 transcription factor contributes to its regulation.

Neutrophil-Associated Inflammatory Changes in the Pre-Diabetic Pancreas of Early-Age NOD Mice

A growing body of evidence indicates that neutrophils are the first major leukocyte population accumulating inside the pancreas even before the onset of a lymphocytic-driven impairment of functional beta cells in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D). In humans, pancreata from T1D deceased donors exhibit significant neutrophil accumulation. We present a time course of previously unknown inflammatory changes that accompany neutrophil and neutrophil elastase accumulation in the pancreas of the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse strain as early as 2 weeks of age. We confirm earlier findings in NOD mice that neutrophils accumulate as early as 2 weeks of age. We also observe a concurrent increase in the expression of neutrophil elastase in this time period. We also detect components of neutrophil extracellular traps (NET) mainly in the exocrine tissue of the pancreas during this time as well as markers of vascular pathology as early as 2 weeks of age. Age- and sex-matched C57BL/6 mice do not exhibit these features inside the pancreas. When we treated NOD mice with inhibitors of myeloperoxidase and neutrophil elastase, two key effectors of activated neutrophil activity, alone or in combination, we were unable to prevent the progression to hyperglycemia in any manner different from untreated control mice. Our data confirm and add to the body of evidence demonstrating neutrophil accumulation inside the pancreas of mice genetically susceptible to T1D and also offer novel insights into additional pathologic mechanisms involving the pancreatic vasculature that have, until now, not been discovered inside the pancreata of these mice. However, inhibition of key neutrophil enzymes expressed in activated neutrophils could not prevent diabetes. These findings add to the body of data supporting a role for neutrophils in the establishment of early pathology inside the pancreas, independently of, and earlier from the time at onset of lymphocytic infiltration. However, they also suggest that inhibition of neutrophils alone, acting via myeloperoxidase and neutrophil elastase only, in the absence of other other effector cells, is insufficient to alter the natural course of autoimmune diabetes, at least in the NOD model of the disease.

Links between thrombosis and inflammation in traumatic brain injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) continues to be a major healthcare problem and there is much to be explored regarding the secondary pathobiology to identify early predictive markers and new therapeutic targets. While documented changes in thrombosis and inflammation in major trauma have been well described, growing evidence suggests that isolated TBI also results in systemic alterations in these mechanisms. Here, we review recent experimental and clinical findings that demonstrate how blood-brain barrier dysfunction, systemic immune response, inflammation, platelet activation, and thrombosis contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of TBI. Despite advances in the links between thrombosis and inflammation, there is a lack of treatment options aimed at both processes and this could be crucial to treating vascular injury, local and systemic inflammation, and secondary ischemic events following TBI. With emerging evidence of newly-identified roles for platelets, leukocytes, the coagulation system and extracellular vesicles in processes of inflammation and thrombosis, there is a growing need to characterize these mechanisms within the context of TBI and whether these changes persist into the chronic phase of injury. Importantly, this review defines areas in need of further research to advance the field and presents a roadmap to identify new diagnostic and treatment options for TBI.

Scoping Review of Targeted Ultrasound Contrast Agents in the Detection of Myocardial Ischemia

Objective:

A systematic search was conducted to categorize targeted ultrasound contrast agents used in the detection of myocardial ischemia.

Methods:

The search identified 14 primary research articles published from 2000 to August 2019 that fulfilled the selection criteria. All studies were conducted in animal models ranging from mice to rhesus monkeys, with the most common targets being P-selectin and E-selectin.

Results:

These studies show that targeted ultrasound contrast agents produced greater signal enhancement in regions with prolonged ischemia and maintained enhancement hours after reperfusion.

Conclusion:

This review identified gaps in the literature, such as a need for comparative studies among different molecular markers and between current standard of care with the use of targeted contrast agents in cardiac ultrasound.

Predictive proteomic signatures for response of pancreatic cancer patients receiving chemotherapy

BACKGROUND

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal cancer that is characterized by its poor prognosis, rapid progression and development of drug resistance. Chemotherapy is a vital treatment option for most of PDAC patients. Stratification of PDAC patients, who would have a higher likelihood of responding to chemotherapy, could facilitate treatment selection and patient management.

METHODS

A quantitative proteomic study was performed to characterize the protein profiles in the plasma of PDAC patients undergoing chemotherapy to determine if specific biomarkers could be used to predict likelihood of therapeutic response.

RESULTS

By comparing the plasma proteome of the PDAC patients with positive therapeutic response and longer overall survival (Good-responders) to those who did not respond as well with shorter survival time (Limited-responders), we identified differential proteins and protein variants that could effectively segregate Good-responders from Limited-responders. Functional clustering and pathway analysis further suggested that many of these differential proteins were involved in pancreatic tumorigenesis. Four proteins, including vitamin-K dependent protein Z (PZ), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), von Willebrand factor (VWF) and zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein (AZGP1), were further evaluated as single or composite predictive biomarker with/without inclusion of CA 19-9. A composite biomarker panel that consists of PZ, SHBG, VWF and CA 19-9 demonstrated the best performance in distinguishing Good-responders from Limited-responders.

CONCLUSION

Based on the cohort investigated, our data suggested that systemic proteome alterations involved in pathways associated with inflammation, immunoresponse, coagulation and complement cascades may be reporters of chemo-treatment outcome in PDAC patients. For the majority of the patients involved, the panel consisting of PZ, SHBG, VWF and CA 19-9 was able to segregate Good-responders from Limited-responders effectively. Our data also showed that dramatic fluctuations of biomarker concentration in the circulating system of a PDAC patient, which might result from biological heterogeneity or confounding complications, could diminish the performance of a biomarker. Categorization of PDAC patients in terms of their tumor stages and histological types could potentially facilitate patient stratification for treatment.