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Senarathna J, Pathak AP. Visualizing the Microcirculation. Microcirculation 2022; 29:e12785. [PMID: 36125801 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janaka Senarathna
- The Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Arvind P Pathak
- The Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Russell PS, Velivolu R, Maldonado Zimbrón VE, Hong J, Kavianinia I, Hickey AJR, Windsor JA, Phillips ARJ. Fluorescent Tracers for In Vivo Imaging of Lymphatic Targets. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:952581. [PMID: 35935839 PMCID: PMC9355481 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.952581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system continues to gain importance in a range of conditions, and therefore, imaging of lymphatic vessels is becoming more widespread for research, diagnosis, and treatment. Fluorescent lymphatic imaging offers advantages over other methods in that it is affordable, has higher resolution, and does not require radiation exposure. However, because the lymphatic system is a one-way drainage system, the successful delivery of fluorescent tracers to lymphatic vessels represents a unique challenge. Each fluorescent tracer used for lymphatic imaging has distinct characteristics, including size, shape, charge, weight, conjugates, excitation/emission wavelength, stability, and quantum yield. These characteristics in combination with the properties of the target tissue affect the uptake of the dye into lymphatic vessels and the fluorescence quality. Here, we review the characteristics of visible wavelength and near-infrared fluorescent tracers used for in vivo lymphatic imaging and describe the various techniques used to specifically target them to lymphatic vessels for high-quality lymphatic imaging in both clinical and pre-clinical applications. We also discuss potential areas of future research to improve the lymphatic fluorescent tracer design.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. S. Russell
- Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - R. Velivolu
- Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - V. E. Maldonado Zimbrón
- Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - J. Hong
- Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - I. Kavianinia
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - A. J. R. Hickey
- Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - J. A. Windsor
- Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - A. R. J. Phillips
- Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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