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Huang WS, Lee YJ, Wang L, Chen HH, Chao YJ, Cheng V, Liaw SJ. Copper affects virulence and diverse phenotypes of uropathogenic Proteus mirabilis. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2024:S1684-1182(24)00044-6. [PMID: 38453541 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Copper plays a role in urinary tract infection (UTI) and urinary copper content is increased during Proteus mirabilis UTI. We therefore investigated the effect of copper on uropathogenic P. mirabilis and the underlying mechanisms, focusing on the virulence associated aspects. METHODS Mouse colonization, swarming/swimming assays, measurement of cell length, flagellin level and urease activity, adhesion/invasion assay, biofilm formation, killing by macrophages, oxidative stress susceptibility, OMPs analysis, determination of MICs and persister cell formation, RT-PCR and transcriptional reporter assay were performed. RESULTS We found that copper-supplemented mice were more resistant to be colonized in the urinary tract, together with decreased swarming/swimming, ureases activity, expression of type VI secretion system and adhesion/invasion to urothelial cells and increased killing by macrophages of P. mirabilis at a sublethal copper level. However, bacterial biofilm formation and resistance to oxidative stress were enhanced under the same copper level. Of note, the presence of copper led to increased ciprofloxacin MIC and more persister cell formation against ampicillin. In addition, the presence of copper altered the outer membrane protein profile and triggered expression of RcsB response regulator. For the first time, we unveiled the pleiotropic effects of copper on uropathogenic P. mirabilis, especially for induction of bacterial two-component signaling system regulating fitness and virulence. CONCLUSION The finding of copper-mediated virulence and fitness reinforced the importance of copper for prevention and therapeutic interventions against P. mirabilis infections. As such, this study could facilitate the copper-based strategies against UTI by P. mirabilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Syuan Huang
- Department and Graduate Institute of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yuan-Ju Lee
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital, and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Lu Wang
- Department and Graduate Institute of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Hsuan-Hsuan Chen
- Department and Graduate Institute of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yueh-Jung Chao
- Department and Graduate Institute of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Vivien Cheng
- Department and Graduate Institute of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Shwu-Jen Liaw
- Department and Graduate Institute of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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2
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Xia F, Xu P, Zhang B, Zhang Y, Liu X, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Shao S. Identification of a novel transcriptional regulator, CorR, for copper stress response in Edwardsiella piscicida. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0089923. [PMID: 37732742 PMCID: PMC10617541 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00899-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper plays a vital role in the host-pathogen interface, potentially making components of the bacterial copper response suitable targets for the development of innovative antimicrobial strategies. The anti-copper arsenal of intracellular pathogens has expanded as an adaptation to survive copper toxicity in order to escape intracellular killing by the host immune system. Herein, we employed transposon insertion sequencing to investigate the genetic mechanisms underlying the survival of Edwardsiella piscicida under copper stress. A novel transcriptional regulator, ETAE_2324 (named CorR), was identified to participate in the response to copper ions by controlling the expression of copA, the core component of cytoplasmic copper homeostasis. Furthermore, CorR regulated the expression of virulent determinant eseB, influencing the in vivo colonization of E. piscicida. Collectively, our results contribute to the comprehension of the underlying mechanism of the adaption of intracellular pathogens to copper stress during bacterial infections.IMPORTANCECopper ions play a pivotal role in the interaction between bacteria and the host during infection. The host's innate immune system employs copper ions for their bactericidal properties, thereby making bacterial copper tolerance a crucial determinant of virulence. Edwardsiella piscicida, a significant marine pathogen, has caused substantial losses in the global aquaculture industry. To comprehensively investigate how E. piscicida responds to copper stress, we utilized transposon insertion sequencing to explore genes associated with copper tolerance in culture media containing different concentrations of copper ions. A novel transcriptional regulator, CorR, was identified to respond to copper ions and regulates the expression of crucial components of copper homeostasis CopA, along with the essential virulence factor EseB. These findings offer valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms that govern bacterial copper tolerance and present novel perspectives for the development of vaccines and therapeutic strategies targeting E. piscicida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Boya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yibei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases of MOA, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases of MOA, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases of MOA, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanxing Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases of MOA, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases of MOA, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases of MOA, Shanghai, China
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3
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Rismondo J, Große C, Nies DH. The Sensory Histidine Kinase CusS of Escherichia coli Senses Periplasmic Copper Ions. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0029123. [PMID: 36916932 PMCID: PMC10100754 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00291-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-component regulatory systems composed of a membrane-bound sensor/sensory histidine kinase (HK) and a cytoplasmic, DNA-binding response regulator (RR) are often associated with transenvelope efflux systems, which export transition metal cations from the periplasm directly out of the cell. Although much work has been done in this field, more evidence is needed for the hypothesis that the respective two-component regulatory systems are indeed sensing periplasmic ions. If so, a regulatory circuit between the concentration of periplasmic metal cations, sensing of these metals, and control of expression of the genes for transenvelope efflux systems that remove periplasmic cations can be assumed. Escherichia coli possesses only one transenvelope efflux system for metal cations, the Cus system for export of Cu(I) and Ag(I). It is composed of the transenvelope efflux system CusCBA, the periplasmic copper chaperone CusF, and the two-component regulatory system CusS (HK) and CusR (RR). Using phoA- and lacZ-reporter gene fusions, it was verified that an assumed periplasmic part of CusS is located in the periplasm. CusS was more important for copper resistance in E. coli under anaerobic conditions than under aerobic conditions and in complex medium more than in mineral salts medium. Predicted copper-binding sites in the periplasmic part of CusS were identified that, individually, were not essential for copper resistance but were in combination. In summary, evidence was obtained that the two-component regulatory system CusSR that controls expression of cusF and cusCBA does indeed sense periplasmic copper ions. IMPORTANCE Homeostasis of essential-but-toxic transition metal cations such as Zn(II) and Cu(II)/Cu(I) is an important contributor to the fitness of environmental bacteria and pathogenic bacteria during their confrontation with an infected host. Highly efficient removal of threatening concentrations of these metals can be achieved by the combined actions of an inner membrane with a transenvelope efflux system, which removes periplasmic ions after their export from the cytoplasm to this compartment. To understand the resulting metal cation homeostasis in the periplasm, it is important to know if a regulatory circuit exists between periplasmic metal cations, their sensing, and the subsequent control of the expression of the transenvelope efflux system. This publication adds evidence to the hypothesis that two-component regulatory systems in control of the expression of genes for transenvelope efflux systems do indeed sense metal cations in the periplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanine Rismondo
- Institute for Biology/Microbiology, Molecular Microbiology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Cornelia Große
- Institute for Biology/Microbiology, Molecular Microbiology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Dietrich H. Nies
- Institute for Biology/Microbiology, Molecular Microbiology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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4
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Ríos-Silva M, Pérez M, Luraschi R, Vargas E, Silva-Andrade C, Valdés J, Sandoval JM, Vásquez C, Arenas F. Anaerobiosis favors biosynthesis of single and multi-element nanostructures. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273392. [PMID: 36206251 PMCID: PMC9543976 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we report the use of an environmental multimetal(loid)-resistant strain, MF05, to biosynthesize single- or multi-element nanostructures under anaerobic conditions. Inorganic nanostructure synthesis typically requires methodologies and conditions that are harsh and environmentally hazardous. Thus, green/eco-friendly procedures are desirable, where the use of microorganisms and their extracts as bionanofactories is a reliable strategy. First, MF05 was entirely sequenced and identified as an Escherichia coli-related strain with some genetic differences from the traditional BW25113. Secondly, we compared the CdS nanostructure biosynthesis by whole-cell in a design defined minimal culture medium containing sulfite as the only sulfur source to obtain sulfide reduction from a low-cost chalcogen reactant. Under anaerobic conditions, this process was greatly favored, and irregular CdS (ex. 370 nm; em. 520-530 nm) was obtained. When other chalcogenites were tested (selenite and tellurite), only spherical Se0 and elongated Te0 nanostructures were observed by TEM and analyzed by SEM-EDX. In addition, enzymatic-mediated chalcogenite (sulfite, selenite, and tellurite) reduction was assessed by using MF05 crude extracts in anaerobiosis; similar results for nanostructures were obtained; however Se0 and Te0 formation were more regular in shape and cleaner (with less background). Finally, the in vitro nanostructure biosynthesis was assessed with salts of Ag, Au, Cd, and Li alone or in combination with chalcogenites. Several single or binary nanostructures were detected. Our results showed that MF05 is a versatile anaerobic bionanofactory for different types of inorganic NS. synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirtha Ríos-Silva
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Research Center on the Intersection in Plasma Physics, Matter and Complexity, Pmc, Comisión Chilena de Energía Nuclear, Santiago, Chile
| | - Myriam Pérez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto Luraschi
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Esteban Vargas
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Jorge Valdés
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Claudio Vásquez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Arenas
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
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5
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Peralta DR, Farizano JV, Bulacio Gil N, Corbalán NS, Pomares MF, Vincent PA, Adler C. Less is more: Enterobactin concentration dependency in copper tolerance and toxicity. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:961917. [PMID: 36052165 PMCID: PMC9426971 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.961917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of siderophores to play roles beyond iron acquisition has been recently proven for many of them and evidence continues to grow. An earlier work showed that the siderophore enterobactin is able to increase copper toxicity by reducing Cu2+ to Cu+, a form of copper that is more toxic to cells. Copper toxicity is multifaceted. It involves the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mismetallation of enzymes and possibly other mechanisms. Given that we previously reported on the capacity of enterobactin to alleviate oxidative stress caused by various stressors other than copper, we considered the possibility that the siderophore could play a dual role regarding copper toxicity. In this work, we show a bimodal effect of enterobactin on copper toxicity (protective and harmful) which depends on the siderophore concentration. We found that the absence of enterobactin rendered Escherichia coli cells more sensitive to copper, due to the reduced ability of those cells to cope with the metal-generated ROS. Consistently, addition of low concentrations of the siderophore had a protective effect by reducing ROS levels. We observed that in order to achieve this protection, enterobactin had to enter cells and be hydrolyzed in the cytoplasm. Further supporting the role of enterobactin in oxidative stress protection, we found that both oxygen and copper, induced the expression of the siderophore and also found that copper strongly counteracted the well-known downregulation effect of iron on enterobactin synthesis. Interestingly, when enterobactin was present in high concentrations, cells became particularly sensitive to copper most likely due to the Cu2+ to Cu+ reduction, which increased the metal toxicity leading to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Conrado Adler
- *Correspondence: Paula Andrea Vincent, ; Conrado Adler,
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6
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Oliw EH. Iron and manganese lipoxygenases of plant pathogenic fungi and their role in biosynthesis of jasmonates. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 722:109169. [PMID: 35276213 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOX) contain catalytic iron (FeLOX), but fungi also produce LOX with catalytic manganese (MnLOX). In this review, the 3D structures and properties of fungal LOX are compared and contrasted along with their associations with pathogenicity. The 3D structures and properties of two MnLOX (Magnaporthe oryzae, Geaumannomyces graminis) and the catalysis of five additional MnLOX have provided information on the metal center, substrate binding, oxygenation, tentative O2 channels, and biosynthesis of exclusive hydroperoxides. In addition, the genomes of other plant pathogens also code for putative MnLOX. Crystals of the 13S-FeLOX of Fusarium graminearum revealed an unusual altered geometry of the Fe ligands between mono- and dimeric structures, influenced by a wrapping sequence extension near the C-terminal of the dimers. In plants, the enzymes involved in jasmonate synthesis are well documented whereas the fungal pathway is yet to be fully elucidated. Conversion of deuterium-labeled 18:3n-3, 18:2n-6, and their 13S-hydroperoxides to jasmonates established 13S-FeLOX of F. oxysporum in the biosynthesis, while subsequent enzymes lacked sequence homologues in plants. The Rice-blast (M. oryzae) and the Take-all (G. graminis) fungi secrete MnLOX to support infection, invasive hyphal growth, and cell membrane oxidation, contributing to their devastating impact on world production of rice and wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst H Oliw
- Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Box 591, SE 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.
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7
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Hyre A, Casanova-Hampton K, Subashchandrabose S. Copper Homeostatic Mechanisms and Their Role in the Virulence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica. EcoSal Plus 2021; 9:eESP00142020. [PMID: 34125582 PMCID: PMC8669021 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0014-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Copper is an essential micronutrient that also exerts toxic effects at high concentrations. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on copper handling and homeostasis systems in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica. We describe the mechanisms by which transcriptional regulators, efflux pumps, detoxification enzymes, metallochaperones, and ancillary copper response systems orchestrate cellular response to copper stress. E. coli and S. enterica are important pathogens of humans and animals. We discuss the critical role of copper during killing of these pathogens by macrophages and in nutritional immunity at the bacterial-pathogen-host interface. In closing, we identify opportunities to advance our understanding of the biological roles of copper in these model enteric bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Hyre
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Kaitlin Casanova-Hampton
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Sargurunathan Subashchandrabose
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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8
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Yang X, Liu H, Zhang Y, Shen X. Roles of Type VI Secretion System in Transport of Metal Ions. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:756136. [PMID: 34803980 PMCID: PMC8602904 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.756136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a transmembrane protein nanomachine employed by many gram-negative bacteria to directly translocate effectors into adjacent cells or the extracellular milieu, showing multiple functions in both interbacterial competition and bacteria-host interactions. Metal ion transport is a newly discovered T6SS function. This review summarizes the identified T6SS functions and highlights the features of metal ion transport mediated by T6SS and discusses its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Yang
- College of Applied Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology (HAUST), Sanmenxia, China.,Medical College, Sanmenxia Vocational Technical School, Sanmenxia, China
| | - Hai Liu
- Qingyang Longfeng Sponge City Construction Management & Operation Co., Ltd, Qingyang, China
| | - Yanxiong Zhang
- Qingyang Longfeng Sponge City Construction Management & Operation Co., Ltd, Qingyang, China
| | - Xihui Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
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9
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Portelinha J, Angeles-Boza AM. The Antimicrobial Peptide Gad-1 Clears Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms under Cystic Fibrosis Conditions. Chembiochem 2021; 22:1646-1655. [PMID: 33428273 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infections in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients are an emerging health issue and lead to a premature death. CF is a hereditary disease that creates a thick mucus in the lungs that is prone to bacterial biofilm formation, specifically Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. These biofilms are very difficult to treat because many of them have antibiotic resistance that is worsened by the presence of extracellular DNA (eDNA). eDNA helps to stabilize biofilms and can bind antimicrobial compounds to lessen their effects. The metallo-antimicrobial peptide Gaduscidin-1 (Gad-1) eradicates established P. aeruginosa biofilms through a combination of modes of action that includes nuclease activity that can cleave eDNA in biofilms. In addition, Gad-1 exhibits synergistic activity when used with the antibiotics kanamycin and ciprofloxacin, thus making Gad-1 a new lead compound for the potential treatment of bacterial biofilms in CF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Portelinha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 N. Eagleville Road Storrs, Connecticut, CT 06269, USA
| | - Alfredo M Angeles-Boza
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 N. Eagleville Road Storrs, Connecticut, CT 06269, USA.,Institute of Material Science, University of Connecticut, 97 N. Eagleville Road Storrs, Connecticut, CT 06269, USA
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10
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A novel function of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
chaperonin paralog GroEL1 in copper homeostasis. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:3305-3323. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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11
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Giachino A, Waldron KJ. Copper tolerance in bacteria requires the activation of multiple accessory pathways. Mol Microbiol 2020; 114:377-390. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Giachino
- Biosciences Institute Faculty of Medical Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Kevin J. Waldron
- Biosciences Institute Faculty of Medical Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
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12
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León-Torres A, Arango E, Castillo E, Soto CY. CtpB is a plasma membrane copper (I) transporting P-type ATPase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biol Res 2020; 53:6. [PMID: 32054527 PMCID: PMC7017476 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-020-00274-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intracellular concentration of heavy-metal cations, such as copper, nickel, and zinc is pivotal for the mycobacterial response to the hostile environment inside macrophages. To date, copper transport mediated by P-type ATPases across the mycobacterial plasma membrane has not been sufficiently explored. RESULTS In this work, the ATPase activity of the putative Mycobacterium tuberculosis P1B-type ATPase CtpB was associated with copper (I) transport from mycobacterial cells. Although CtpB heterologously expressed in M. smegmatis induced tolerance to toxic concentrations of Cu2+ and a metal preference for Cu+, the disruption of ctpB in M. tuberculosis cells did not promote impaired cell growth or heavy-metal accumulation in whole mutant cells in cultures under high doses of copper. In addition, the Cu+ ATPase activity of CtpB embedded in the plasma membrane showed features of high affinity/slow turnover ATPases, with enzymatic parameters KM 0.19 ± 0.04 µM and Vmax 2.29 ± 0.10 nmol/mg min. In contrast, the ctpB gene transcription was activated in cells under culture conditions that mimicked the hostile intraphagosomal environment, such as hypoxia, nitrosative and oxidative stress, but not under high doses of copper. CONCLUSIONS The overall results suggest that M. tuberculosis CtpB is associated with Cu+ transport from mycobacterial cells possibly playing a role different from copper detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés León-Torres
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 30 N° 45-03, Ciudad Universitaria, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Epifania Arango
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 30 N° 45-03, Ciudad Universitaria, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Eliana Castillo
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 30 N° 45-03, Ciudad Universitaria, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carlos Y Soto
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 30 N° 45-03, Ciudad Universitaria, Bogotá, Colombia.
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13
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iTRAQ-based proteomic analyses of the plant-pathogenic bacterium Acidovorax citrulli during entrance into and resuscitation from the viable but nonculturable state. J Proteomics 2020; 211:103547. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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14
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Canonica F, Klose D, Ledermann R, Sauer MM, Abicht HK, Quade N, Gossert AD, Chesnov S, Fischer HM, Jeschke G, Hennecke H, Glockshuber R. Structural basis and mechanism for metallochaperone-assisted assembly of the Cu A center in cytochrome oxidase. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw8478. [PMID: 31392273 PMCID: PMC6669012 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw8478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the biogenesis of the structurally unique, binuclear Cu1.5+•Cu1.5+ redox center (CuA) on subunit II (CoxB) of cytochrome oxidases have been a long-standing mystery. Here, we reconstituted the CoxB•CuA center in vitro from apo-CoxB and the holo-forms of the copper transfer chaperones ScoI and PcuC. A previously unknown, highly stable ScoI•Cu2+•CoxB complex was shown to be rapidly formed as the first intermediate in the pathway. Moreover, our structural data revealed that PcuC has two copper-binding sites, one each for Cu1+ and Cu2+, and that only PcuC•Cu1+•Cu2+ can release CoxB•Cu2+ from the ScoI•Cu2+•CoxB complex. The CoxB•CuA center was then formed quantitatively by transfer of Cu1+ from a second equivalent of PcuC•Cu1+•Cu2+ to CoxB•Cu2+. This metalation pathway is consistent with all available in vivo data and identifies the sources of the Cu ions required for CuA center formation and the order of their delivery to CoxB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabia Canonica
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Klose
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Maximilian M. Sauer
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Helge K. Abicht
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nick Quade
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alvar D. Gossert
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Serge Chesnov
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Gunnar Jeschke
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hauke Hennecke
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rudi Glockshuber
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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15
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Ngwane AH, Petersen RD, Baker B, Wiid I, Wong HN, Haynes RK. The evaluation of the anti-cancer drug elesclomol that forms a redox-active copper chelate as a potential anti-tubercular drug. IUBMB Life 2019; 71:532-538. [PMID: 30698324 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The observations that the innate immune system employs copper to eliminate bacterial infection and that resistance to copper enhances virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) prompted us to examine the effects the anti-cancer agent elesclomol on Mtb. As a bis-thionohydrazide, elesclomol chelates with copper to form a copper complex in situ that via redox cycling of the metal ion greatly enhances oxidative stress in tumour cells. Here, we demonstrate that elesclomol is relatively potent against Mtb H37Rv with minimum inhibitory concentration of 10 μM (4 mg/L) and against multidrug resistant clinical isolates of Mtb, displays additive interactions with known tuberculosis drugs such as isoniazid and ethambutol, and a synergistic interaction with rifampicin. Controlled supplementation of elesclomol with copper in culture medium increased Mtb sensitivity by >65 fold. Overall, the activities of elesclomol in principle indicate the possibility of repurposing elesclomol or designing new thionohydrazides as potential drugs for use against Mtb. © 2019 IUBMB Life, 71(5):532-538, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andile H Ngwane
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ray-Dean Petersen
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bienyameen Baker
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ian Wiid
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ho Ning Wong
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Richard K Haynes
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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16
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Abstract
Metals and metalloids have been used alongside antibiotics in livestock production for a long time. The potential and acute negative impact on the environment and human health of these livestock feed supplements has prompted lawmakers to ban or discourage the use of some or all of these supplements. This article provides an overview of current use in the European Union and the United States, detected metal resistance determinants, and the proteins and mechanisms responsible for conferring copper and zinc resistance in bacteria. A detailed description of the most common copper and zinc metal resistance determinants is given to illustrate not only the potential danger of coselecting antibiotic resistance genes but also the potential to generate bacterial strains with an increased potential to be pathogenic to humans. For example, the presence of a 20-gene copper pathogenicity island is highlighted since bacteria containing this gene cluster could be readily isolated from copper-fed pigs, and many pathogenic strains, including Escherichia coli O104:H4, contain this potential virulence factor, suggesting a potential link between copper supplements in livestock and the evolution of pathogens.
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17
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Abstract
Copper is essential for most organisms as a cofactor for key enzymes involved in fundamental processes such as respiration and photosynthesis. However, copper also has toxic effects in cells, which is why eukaryotes and prokaryotes have evolved mechanisms for safe copper handling. A new family of bacterial proteins uses a Cys-rich four-helix bundle to safely store large quantities of Cu(I). The work leading to the discovery of these proteins, their properties and physiological functions, and how their presence potentially impacts the current views of bacterial copper handling and use are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Dennison
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom.
| | - Sholto David
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Jaeick Lee
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
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18
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Águila‐Clares B, Castiblanco LF, Quesada JM, Penyalver R, Carbonell J, López MM, Marco‐Noales E, Sundin GW. Transcriptional response of Erwinia amylovora to copper shock: in vivo role of the copA gene. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:169-179. [PMID: 27862834 PMCID: PMC6638137 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Fire blight is a devastating plant disease caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora, and its control is frequently based on the use of copper-based compounds whose mechanisms of action are not well known. Consequently, in this article, we investigate the response of E. amylovora to copper shock by a whole-genome microarray approach. Transcriptional analyses showed that, in the presence of copper, 23 genes were increased in expression; these genes were classified mainly into the transport and stress functional categories. Among them, the copA gene was strongly induced and regulated in a finely tuned manner by copper. Mutation of copA, soxS, arcB, yjcE, ygcF, yhhQ, galF and EAM_3469 genes revealed that tolerance to copper in E. amylovora can be achieved by complex physiological mechanisms, including: (i) the control of copper homeostasis through, at least, the extrusion of Cu(I) by a P-type ATPase efflux pump CopA; and (ii) the overcoming of copper toxicity caused by oxidative stress by the expression of several reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related genes, including the two major transcriptional factors SoxS and ArcB. Furthermore, complementation analyses demonstrated the important role of copA for copper tolerance in E. amylovora, not only in vitro, but also in inoculated pear shoots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Águila‐Clares
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias MoncadaCentro de Protección Vegetal y BiotecnologíaValencia46113Spain
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial SciencesMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Luisa F. Castiblanco
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial SciencesMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - José Miguel Quesada
- Department of Environmental ProtectionEstación Experimental del Zaidín, CSICGranada18008Spain
| | - Ramón Penyalver
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias MoncadaCentro de Protección Vegetal y BiotecnologíaValencia46113Spain
| | - Juan Carbonell
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), University of ValenciaValenciaSpain
| | - María M. López
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias MoncadaCentro de Protección Vegetal y BiotecnologíaValencia46113Spain
| | - Ester Marco‐Noales
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias MoncadaCentro de Protección Vegetal y BiotecnologíaValencia46113Spain
| | - George W. Sundin
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial SciencesMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
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19
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Schlesinger O, Pasi M, Dandela R, Meijler MM, Alfonta L. Electron transfer rate analysis of a site-specifically wired copper oxidase. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:6159-6166. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp00041g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electron transfer kinetic parameters of site-specifically wired copper oxidase were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orr Schlesinger
- Department of Life Sciences and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
- Beer-Sheva
- Israel
| | - Mor Pasi
- Department of Life Sciences and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
- Beer-Sheva
- Israel
| | - Rambabu Dandela
- Department of Chemistry and National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
- Beer-Sheva
- Israel
| | - Michael M. Meijler
- Department of Chemistry and National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
- Beer-Sheva
- Israel
| | - Lital Alfonta
- Department of Life Sciences and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
- Beer-Sheva
- Israel
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20
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Hahn C, Hans M, Hein C, Mancinelli RL, Mücklich F, Wirth R, Rettberg P, Hellweg CE, Moeller R. Pure and Oxidized Copper Materials as Potential Antimicrobial Surfaces for Spaceflight Activities. ASTROBIOLOGY 2017; 17:1183-1191. [PMID: 29116818 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2016.1620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Microbial biofilms can lead to persistent infections and degrade a variety of materials, and they are notorious for their persistence and resistance to eradication. During long-duration space missions, microbial biofilms present a danger to crew health and spacecraft integrity. The use of antimicrobial surfaces provides an alternative strategy for inhibiting microbial growth and biofilm formation to conventional cleaning procedures and the use of disinfectants. Antimicrobial surfaces contain organic or inorganic compounds, such as antimicrobial peptides or copper and silver, that inhibit microbial growth. The efficacy of wetted oxidized copper layers and pure copper surfaces as antimicrobial agents was tested by applying cultures of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus cohnii to these metallic surfaces. Stainless steel surfaces were used as non-inhibitory control surfaces. The production of reactive oxygen species and membrane damage increased rapidly within 1 h of exposure on pure copper surfaces, but the effect on cell survival was negligible even after 2 h of exposure. However, longer exposure times of up to 4 h led to a rapid decrease in cell survival, whereby the survival of cells was additionally dependent on the exposed cell density. Finally, the release of metal ions was determined to identify a possible correlation between copper ions in suspension and cell survival. These measurements indicated a steady increase of free copper ions, which were released indirectly by cells presumably through excreted complexing agents. These data indicate that the application of antimicrobial surfaces in spaceflight facilities could improve crew health and mitigate material damage caused by microbial contamination and biofilm formation. Furthermore, the results of this study indicate that cuprous oxide layers were superior to pure copper surfaces related to the antimicrobial effect and that cell density is a significant factor that influences the time dependence of antimicrobial activity. Key Words: Contact killing-E. coli-S. cohnii-Antimicrobial copper surfaces-Copper oxide layers-Human health-Planetary protection. Astrobiology 17, 1183-1191.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hahn
- 1 German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine , Radiation Biology Department, Cologne (Köln), Germany
| | - M Hans
- 2 Functional Materials, Saarland University , Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - C Hein
- 3 Inorganic Solid State Chemistry, Saarland University , Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - R L Mancinelli
- 4 Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, NASA Ames Research Center , Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - F Mücklich
- 2 Functional Materials, Saarland University , Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - R Wirth
- 5 Microbiology, University of Regensburg , Regensburg, Germany
| | - P Rettberg
- 1 German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine , Radiation Biology Department, Cologne (Köln), Germany
| | - C E Hellweg
- 1 German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine , Radiation Biology Department, Cologne (Köln), Germany
| | - R Moeller
- 1 German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine , Radiation Biology Department, Cologne (Köln), Germany
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21
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Nies DH. The biological chemistry of the transition metal "transportome" of Cupriavidus metallidurans. Metallomics 2017; 8:481-507. [PMID: 27065183 DOI: 10.1039/c5mt00320b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review tries to illuminate how the bacterium Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34 is able to allocate essential transition metal cations to their target proteins although these metals have similar charge-to-surface ratios and chemical features, exert toxic effects, compete with each other, and occur in the bacterial environment over a huge range of concentrations and speciations. Central to this ability is the "transportome", the totality of all interacting metal import and export systems, which, as an emergent feature, transforms the environmental metal content and speciation into the cellular metal mélange. In a kinetic flow equilibrium resulting from controlled uptake and efflux reactions, the periplasmic and cytoplasmic metal content is adjusted in a way that minimizes toxic effects. A central core function of the transportome is to shape the metal ion composition using high-rate and low-specificity reactions to avoid time and/or energy-requiring metal discrimination reactions. This core is augmented by metal-specific channels that may even deliver metals all the way from outside of the cell to the cytoplasm. This review begins with a description of the basic chemical features of transition metal cations and the biochemical consequences of these attributes, and which transition metals are available to C. metallidurans. It then illustrates how the environment influences the metal content and speciation, and how the transportome adjusts this metal content. It concludes with an outlook on the fate of metals in the cytoplasm. By generalization, insights coming from C. metallidurans shed light on multiple transition metal homoeostatic mechanisms in all kinds of bacteria including pathogenic species, where the "battle" for metals is an important part of the host-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietrich H Nies
- Molecular Microbiology, Institute for Biology/Microbiology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.
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22
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Urano H, Yoshida M, Ogawa A, Yamamoto K, Ishihama A, Ogasawara H. Cross-regulation between two common ancestral response regulators, HprR and CusR, in Escherichia coli. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2017; 163:243-252. [PMID: 27983483 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The uncharacterized two-component system YedVW of Escherichia coli is involved in stress response to hydrogen peroxide. To identify the H2O2-sensing role of YedV, a set of single Cys-to-Ala substitution mutants were constructed. One particular mutant with C165A substitution in the membrane domain rendered YedV inactive in H2O2-dependent transcription of its regulatory target hiuH. We then proposed to rename YedVW to HprSR (hydrogen peroxide response sensor/regulator). One unique characteristic of HprR is the overlapping of its recognition sequence with that of the Cu(II)-response two-component system regulator CusR. Towards understanding this unique regulation system, in this study we analysed the interplay between HprR and CusR with respect to transcription of hiuH, a regulatory target of HprR, and cusC, a target of CusR. Under low protein concentrations in vitro and in vivo, two regulators recognize and transcribe both hiuH and cusC promoters, albeit at different efficiency, apparently in a collaborative fashion. This is a new type of transcription regulation of the common target genes in response to different external signals. Upon increase in protein concentrations, however, HprR and CusR compete with each other in transcription of the common targets, thereby exhibiting a competitive interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Urano
- Research Center for Supports to Advanced Science, Division of Gene Research, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Myu Yoshida
- Department of Frontier Bioscience, Hosei University, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8584, Japan
| | - Ayano Ogawa
- Department of Frontier Bioscience, Hosei University, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8584, Japan
| | - Kaneyoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Frontier Bioscience, Hosei University, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8584, Japan
| | - Akira Ishihama
- Research Center for Micro-Nano Technology, Hosei University, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8584, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ogasawara
- Research Center for Supports to Advanced Science, Division of Gene Research, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan.,Research Center for Fungal and Microbial Dynamism, Shinshu University, 8304 Minamiminowa, Kamiina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
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23
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Compartment and signal-specific codependence in the transcriptional control of Salmonella periplasmic copper homeostasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:11573-11578. [PMID: 27679850 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1603192113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper homeostasis is essential for bacterial pathogen fitness and infection, and has been the focus of a number of recent studies. In Salmonella, envelope protection against copper overload and macrophage survival depends on CueP, a major copper-binding protein in the periplasm. This protein is also required to deliver the metal ion to the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase SodCII. The Salmonella-specific CueP-coding gene was originally identified as part of the Cue regulon under the transcriptional control of the cytoplasmic copper sensor CueR, but its expression differs from the rest of CueR-regulated genes. Here we show that cueP expression is controlled by the concerted action of CueR, which detects the presence of copper in the cytoplasm, and by CpxR/CpxA, which monitors envelope stress. Copper-activated CueR is necessary for the appropriate spatial arrangement of the -10 and -35 elements of the cueP promoter, and CpxR is essential to recruit the RNA polymerase. The integration of two ancestral sensory systems-CueR, which provides signal specificity, and CpxR/CpxA, which detects stress in the bacterial envelope-restricts the expression of this periplasmic copper resistance protein solely to cells encountering surplus copper that disturbs envelope homeostasis, emulating the role of the CusR/CusS regulatory system present in other enteric bacteria.
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24
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Belviso BD, Galliani A, Lasorsa A, Mirabelli V, Caliandro R, Arnesano F, Natile G. Oxaliplatin Binding to Human Copper Chaperone Atox1 and Protein Dimerization. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:6563-73. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benny D. Belviso
- Institute of Crystallography, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Amendola 122/o, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Galliani
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bari “A. Moro”, via E.
Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Alessia Lasorsa
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bari “A. Moro”, via E.
Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Valentina Mirabelli
- Institute of Crystallography, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Amendola 122/o, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Department of Economics, University of Foggia, Via A. Gramsci 89/91, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Rocco Caliandro
- Institute of Crystallography, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Amendola 122/o, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Fabio Arnesano
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bari “A. Moro”, via E.
Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Natile
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bari “A. Moro”, via E.
Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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25
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Besold AN, Culbertson EM, Culotta VC. The Yin and Yang of copper during infection. J Biol Inorg Chem 2016; 21:137-44. [PMID: 26790881 PMCID: PMC5535265 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-016-1335-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Copper is an essential micronutrient for both pathogens and the animal hosts they infect. However, copper can also be toxic in cells due to its redox properties and ability to disrupt active sites of metalloproteins, such as Fe-S enzymes. Through these toxic properties, copper is an effective antimicrobial agent and an emerging concept in innate immunity is that the animal host intentionally exploits copper toxicity in antimicrobial weaponry. In particular, macrophages can attack invading microbes with high copper and this metal is also elevated at sites of lung infection. In addition, copper levels in serum rise during infection with a wide array of pathogens. To defend against this toxic copper, the microbial intruder is equipped with a battery of copper detoxification defenses that promote survival in the host, including copper exporting ATPases and copper binding metallothioneins. However, it is important to remember that copper is also an essential nutrient for microbial pathogens and serves as important cofactor for enzymes such as cytochrome c oxidase for respiration, superoxide dismutase for anti-oxidant defense and multi-copper oxidases that act on metals and organic substrates. We therefore posit that the animal host can also thwart pathogen growth by limiting their copper nutrients, similar to the well-documented nutritional immunity effects for starving microbes of essential zinc, manganese and iron micronutrients. This review provides both sides of the copper story and evaluates how the host can exploit either copper-the-toxin or copper-the-nutrient in antimicrobial tactics at the host-pathogen battleground.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique N Besold
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Edward M Culbertson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Valeria C Culotta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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26
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Subashchandrabose S, Mobley HLT. Back to the metal age: battle for metals at the host-pathogen interface during urinary tract infection. Metallomics 2016; 7:935-42. [PMID: 25677827 DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00329b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Urinary tract infection (UTI) represents one of the most common bacterial infections in humans and uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) is the major causative agent of UTI in people. Research on UPEC and other bacterial pathogens causing UTI has now identified the critical role of metal transport systems in the pathogenesis of UTI. Here we review the major effectors of metal transport in bacteria and host proteins that impair metal acquisition by bacterial pathogens. In particular, we describe the studies that identified iron, zinc and nickel import and copper export as key virulence and fitness determinants during UTI. Various metal transport systems and mechanisms that govern the expression of metal transport systems are also presented here. Specific examples from UPEC and other uropathogens, when available, are presented to depict the battle for metals at the host-pathogen interface during UTI.
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27
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Mechanisms of Salmonella Typhi Host Restriction. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 915:283-94. [PMID: 27193549 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-32189-9_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is the cause of typhoid fever, a life-threatening bacterial infection that is very common in the developing world. Recent spread of antimicrobial resistant isolates of S. Typhi makes typhoid fever, a global public health risk. Despite being a common disease, still very little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying typhoid fever and S. Typhi pathogenesis. In contrast to other Salmonellae, S. Typhi can only infect humans. The molecular bases of this human restriction are mostly unknown. Recent studies identified a novel pathway that contributes to S. Typhi human restriction and is required for killing S. Typhi in macrophages of nonsusceptible species. The small Rab GTPase Rab32 and its guanine nucleotide exchange factor BLOC-3 are the critical components of this pathway. These proteins were already well known as important regulators of intracellular membrane transport. In particular, they are central for the transport of enzymes that synthetize melanin in pigment cells. The recent findings that Rab32 and BLOC-3 are required for S. Typhi host restriction point out to a novel mechanism restricting the growth of bacterial pathogen, dependent on the transport of still unknown molecule(s) to the S. Typhi vacuole. The identification of this novel antimicrobial pathway constitutes a critical starting point to study molecular mechanisms killing bacterial pathogens and possibly identify novel antimicrobial molecules.
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28
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Guo Z, Han J, Yang XY, Cao K, He K, Du G, Zeng G, Zhang L, Yu G, Sun Z, He QY, Sun X. Proteomic analysis of the copper resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Metallomics 2015; 7:448-54. [PMID: 25608595 DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00276h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a Gram-positive bacterial pathogen causing a variety of diseases, including otitis media, bacteraemia and meningitis. Although copper is an essential trace metal for bacterial growth, high intracellular levels of free-copper are toxic. Copper resistance has emerged as an important virulence determinant of microbial pathogens. In this study, we determined the minimum inhibition concentration of copper for the growth inhibition of S. pneumoniae. Two-dimensional-electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry was applied to identify proteins involved in copper resistance of S. pneumoniae. In total, forty-four proteins with more than 1.5-fold alteration in expression (p < 0.05) were identified. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR was used to confirm the proteomic results. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the differentially expressed proteins were mainly involved in the cell wall biosynthesis, protein biosynthesis, purine biosynthesis, pyrimidine biosynthesis, primary metabolic process, and the nitrogen compound metabolic process. Many up-regulated proteins in response to the copper treatment directly or indirectly participated in the cell wall biosynthesis, indicating that the cell wall is a critical determinant in copper resistance of S. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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29
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Neyrolles O, Wolschendorf F, Mitra A, Niederweis M. Mycobacteria, metals, and the macrophage. Immunol Rev 2015; 264:249-63. [PMID: 25703564 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a facultative intracellular pathogen that thrives inside host macrophages. A key trait of M. tuberculosis is to exploit and manipulate metal cation trafficking inside infected macrophages to ensure survival and replication inside the phagosome. Here, we describe the recent fascinating discoveries that the mammalian immune system responds to infections with M. tuberculosis by overloading the phagosome with copper and zinc, two metals which are essential nutrients in small quantities but are toxic in excess. M. tuberculosis has developed multi-faceted resistance mechanisms to protect itself from metal toxicity including control of uptake, sequestration inside the cell, oxidation, and efflux. The host response to infections combines this metal poisoning strategy with nutritional immunity mechanisms that deprive M. tuberculosis from metals such as iron and manganese to prevent bacterial replication. Both immune mechanisms rely on the translocation of metal transporter proteins to the phagosomal membrane during the maturation process of the phagosome. This review summarizes these recent findings and discusses how metal-targeted approaches might complement existing TB chemotherapeutic regimens with novel anti-infective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Neyrolles
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France; Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Univer-sité Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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30
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Abstract
In the absence of a tight control of copper entrance into cells, bacteria have evolved different systems to control copper concentration within the cytoplasm and the periplasm. Central to these systems, the Cu+ ATPase CopA plays a major role in copper tolerance and translocates copper from the cytoplasm to the periplasm. The fate of copper in the periplasm varies among species. Copper can be sequestered, oxidized, or released outside the cells. Here we describe the identification of CopI, a periplasmic protein present in many proteobacteria, and show its requirement for copper tolerance in Rubrivivax gelatinosus. The ΔcopI mutant is more susceptible to copper than the Cu+ ATPase copA mutant. CopI is induced by copper, localized in the periplasm and could bind copper. Interestingly, copper affects cytochrome c membrane complexes (cbb3 oxidase and photosystem) in both ΔcopI and copA-null mutants, but the causes are different. In the copA mutant, heme and chlorophyll synthesis are affected, whereas in ΔcopI mutant, the decrease is a consequence of impaired cytochrome c assembly. This impact on c-type cytochromes would contribute also to the copper toxicity in the periplasm of the wild-type cells when they are exposed to high copper concentrations. Copper is an essential cation required as a cofactor in enzymes involved in vital processes such as respiration, photosynthesis, free radical scavenging, and pathogenesis. However, copper is highly toxic and has been implicated in disorders in all organisms, including humans, because it can catalyze the production of toxic reactive oxygen species and targets various biosynthesis pathways. Identifying copper targets, provides insights into copper toxicity and homeostatic mechanisms for copper tolerance. In this work, we describe for the first time a direct effect of excess copper on cytochrome c assembly. We show that excess copper specifically affects periplasmic and membrane cytochromes c, thus suggesting that the copper toxicity targets c-type cytochrome biogenesis.
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Liotenberg S, Steunou AS, Durand A, Bourbon ML, Bollivar D, Hansson M, Astier C, Ouchane S. Oxygen-dependent copper toxicity: targets in the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway identified in the copper efflux ATPase CopA deficient mutant. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:1963-76. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylviane Liotenberg
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC); CEA; CNRS UMR9198; Université Paris Sud; 1 avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Anne-Soisig Steunou
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC); CEA; CNRS UMR9198; Université Paris Sud; 1 avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Anne Durand
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC); CEA; CNRS UMR9198; Université Paris Sud; 1 avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Marie-Line Bourbon
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC); CEA; CNRS UMR9198; Université Paris Sud; 1 avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - David Bollivar
- Department of Biology; Illinois Wesleyan University; Bloomington IL 61702 USA
| | - Mats Hansson
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center; Copenhagen University; Thorvaldsensvej 40 Frederiksberg C DK-1871 Denmark
| | - Chantal Astier
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC); CEA; CNRS UMR9198; Université Paris Sud; 1 avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Soufian Ouchane
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC); CEA; CNRS UMR9198; Université Paris Sud; 1 avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette France
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32
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Losasso C, Belluco S, Cibin V, Zavagnin P, Mičetić I, Gallocchio F, Zanella M, Bregoli L, Biancotto G, Ricci A. Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles: sensitivity of different Salmonella serovars. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:227. [PMID: 24904542 PMCID: PMC4033309 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. is one of the main causes of foodborne illnesses in humans worldwide. Consequently, great interest exists in reducing its impact on human health by lowering its prevalence in the food chain. Antimicrobial formulations in the form of nanoparticles exert bactericidal action due to their enhanced reactivity resultant from their high surface/volume ratio. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are known to be highly toxic to Gram-negative and Gram-positive microorganisms, including multidrug resistant bacteria. However, few data concerning their success against different Salmonella serovars are available. Aims of the present study were to test the antimicrobial effectiveness of AgNPs, against Salmonella Enteritidis, Hadar, and Senftenberg, and to investigate the causes of their different survival abilities from a molecular point of view. Results showed an immediate, time-limited and serovar-dependent reduction of bacterial viability. In the case of S. Senftenberg, the reduction in numbers was observed for up to 4 h of incubation in the presence of 200 mg/l of AgNPs; on the contrary, S. Enteritidis and S. Hadar resulted to be inhibited for up to 48 h. Reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction experiments demonstrated the constitutive expression of the plasmidic silver resistance determinant (SilB) by S. Senftenberg, thus suggesting the importance of a cautious use of AgNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Losasso
- Department of Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle VenezieLegnaro, Italy
| | - Simone Belluco
- Department of Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle VenezieLegnaro, Italy
| | - Veronica Cibin
- Department of Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle VenezieLegnaro, Italy
| | - Paola Zavagnin
- Department of Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle VenezieLegnaro, Italy
| | - Ivan Mičetić
- European Center for the Sustainable Impact of Nanotechnology, Veneto Nanotech S.C.p.A.Rovigo, Italy
| | - Federica Gallocchio
- Department of Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle VenezieLegnaro, Italy
| | - Michela Zanella
- European Center for the Sustainable Impact of Nanotechnology, Veneto Nanotech S.C.p.A.Rovigo, Italy
| | - Lisa Bregoli
- European Center for the Sustainable Impact of Nanotechnology, Veneto Nanotech S.C.p.A.Rovigo, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Biancotto
- Department of Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle VenezieLegnaro, Italy
| | - Antonia Ricci
- Department of Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle VenezieLegnaro, Italy
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33
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Porcheron G, Garénaux A, Proulx J, Sabri M, Dozois CM. Iron, copper, zinc, and manganese transport and regulation in pathogenic Enterobacteria: correlations between strains, site of infection and the relative importance of the different metal transport systems for virulence. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:90. [PMID: 24367764 PMCID: PMC3852070 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
For all microorganisms, acquisition of metal ions is essential for survival in the environment or in their infected host. Metal ions are required in many biological processes as components of metalloproteins and serve as cofactors or structural elements for enzymes. However, it is critical for bacteria to ensure that metal uptake and availability is in accordance with physiological needs, as an imbalance in bacterial metal homeostasis is deleterious. Indeed, host defense strategies against infection either consist of metal starvation by sequestration or toxicity by the highly concentrated release of metals. To overcome these host strategies, bacteria employ a variety of metal uptake and export systems and finely regulate metal homeostasis by numerous transcriptional regulators, allowing them to adapt to changing environmental conditions. As a consequence, iron, zinc, manganese, and copper uptake systems significantly contribute to the virulence of many pathogenic bacteria. However, during the course of our experiments on the role of iron and manganese transporters in extraintestinal Escherichia coli (ExPEC) virulence, we observed that depending on the strain tested, the importance of tested systems in virulence may be different. This could be due to the different set of systems present in these strains, but literature also suggests that as each pathogen must adapt to the particular microenvironment of its site of infection, the role of each acquisition system in virulence can differ from a particular strain to another. In this review, we present the systems involved in metal transport by Enterobacteria and the main regulators responsible for their controlled expression. We also discuss the relative role of these systems depending on the pathogen and the tissues they infect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Porcheron
- INRS-Institut Armand Frappier Laval, QC, Canada ; Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Aviaire, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Amélie Garénaux
- INRS-Institut Armand Frappier Laval, QC, Canada ; Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Aviaire, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Julie Proulx
- INRS-Institut Armand Frappier Laval, QC, Canada ; Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Aviaire, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Mourad Sabri
- INRS-Institut Armand Frappier Laval, QC, Canada ; Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Aviaire, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Charles M Dozois
- INRS-Institut Armand Frappier Laval, QC, Canada ; Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Aviaire, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada ; Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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34
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Abstract
Copper resistance mechanisms are crucial for many pathogenic bacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, during infection because the innate immune system utilizes copper ions to kill bacterial intruders. Despite several studies detailing responses of mycobacteria to copper, the pathways by which copper ions cross the mycobacterial cell envelope are unknown. Deletion of porin genes in Mycobacterium smegmatis leads to a severe growth defect on trace copper medium but simultaneously increases tolerance for copper at elevated concentrations, indicating that porins mediate copper uptake across the outer membrane. Heterologous expression of the mycobacterial porin gene mspA reduced growth of M. tuberculosis in the presence of 2.5 μM copper by 40% and completely suppressed growth at 15 μM copper, while wild-type M. tuberculosis reached its normal cell density at that copper concentration. Moreover, the polyamine spermine, a known inhibitor of porin activity in Gram-negative bacteria, enhanced tolerance of M. tuberculosis for copper, suggesting that copper ions utilize endogenous outer membrane channel proteins of M. tuberculosis to gain access to interior cellular compartments. In summary, these findings highlight the outer membrane as the first barrier against copper ions and the role of porins in mediating copper uptake in M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis.
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Copper efflux is induced during anaerobic amino acid limitation in Escherichia coli to protect iron-sulfur cluster enzymes and biogenesis. J Bacteriol 2013; 195:4556-68. [PMID: 23893112 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00543-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to changing environments is essential to bacterial physiology. Here we report a unique role of the copper homeostasis system in adapting Escherichia coli to its host-relevant environment of anaerobiosis coupled with amino acid limitation. We found that expression of the copper/silver efflux pump CusCFBA was significantly upregulated during anaerobic amino acid limitation in E. coli without the supplement of exogenous copper. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis of the total intracellular copper content combined with transcriptional assay of the P(cusC)-lacZ reporter in the presence of specific Cu(I) chelators indicated that anaerobic amino acid limitation led to the accumulation of free Cu(I) in the periplasmic space of E. coli, resulting in Cu(I) toxicity. Cells lacking cusCFBA and another copper transporter, copA, under this condition displayed growth defects and reduced ATP production during fumarate respiration. Ectopic expression of the Fe-S cluster enzyme fumarate reductase (Frd), or supplementation with amino acids whose biosynthesis involves Fe-S cluster enzymes, rescued the poor growth of ΔcusC cells. Yet, Cu(I) treatment did not impair the Frd activity in vitro. Further studies revealed that the alternative Fe-S cluster biogenesis system Suf was induced during the anaerobic amino acid limitation, and ΔcusC enhanced this upregulation, indicating the impairment of the Fe-S cluster assembly machinery and the increased Fe-S cluster demands under this condition. Taken together, we conclude that the copper efflux system CusCFBA is induced during anaerobic amino acid limitation to protect Fe-S cluster enzymes and biogenesis from the endogenously originated Cu(I) toxicity, thus facilitating the physiological adaptation of E. coli.
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Influence of copper resistance determinants on gold transformation by Cupriavidus metallidurans strain CH34. J Bacteriol 2013; 195:2298-308. [PMID: 23475973 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01951-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cupriavidus metallidurans is associated with gold grains and may be involved in their formation. Gold(III) complexes influence the transcriptome of C. metallidurans (F. Reith et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 106:17757-17762, 2009), leading to the upregulation of genes involved in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species and metal ions. In a systematic study, the involvement of these systems in gold transformation was investigated. Treatment of C. metallidurans cells with Au(I) complexes, which occur in this organism's natural environment, led to the upregulation of genes similar to those observed for treatment with Au(III) complexes. The two indigenous plasmids of C. metallidurans, which harbor several transition metal resistance determinants, were not involved in resistance to Au(I/III) complexes nor in their transformation to metallic nanoparticles. Upregulation of a cupA-lacZ fusion by the MerR-type regulator CupR with increasing Au(III) concentrations indicated the presence of gold ions in the cytoplasm. A hypothesis stating that the Gig system detoxifies gold complexes by the uptake and reduction of Au(III) to Au(I) or Au(0) reminiscent to detoxification of Hg(II) was disproven. ZupT and other secondary uptake systems for transition metal cations influenced Au(III) resistance but not the upregulation of the cupA-lacZ fusion. The two copper-exporting P-type ATPases CupA and CopF were also not essential for gold resistance. The copABCD determinant on chromosome 2, which encodes periplasmic proteins involved in copper resistance, was required for full gold resistance in C. metallidurans. In conclusion, biomineralization of gold particles via the reduction of mobile Au(I/III) complexes in C. metallidurans appears to primarily occur in the periplasmic space via copper-handling systems.
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