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Liu X, Gong Y. Determining the Subcellular Localization of Proteins in the Different Membranes of Diatom Secondary Plastid. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2776:185-196. [PMID: 38502505 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3726-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Diatoms such as Phaeodactylum tricornutum arose through a process termed secondary endosymbiosis, in which red alga-derived plastids are surrounded by a complicated membrane system. Subcellular marker proteins provide defined localizations on the compartmental and even sub-compartmental levels in the complex plastids of diatoms. Here we introduce how to use subcellular marker proteins and in vivo co-localization in the diatom P. tricornutum by presenting a step-by-step method allowing the determination of subcellular localization of proteins in different membranes of the secondary plastid. This chapter describes the materials required and the procedures of transformation and microscopic observation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yangmin Gong
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China.
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2
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Leyland B, Boussiba S, Khozin-Goldberg I. A Review of Diatom Lipid Droplets. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9020038. [PMID: 32098118 PMCID: PMC7168155 DOI: 10.3390/biology9020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic nutrient availability and photon flux density of diatom habitats necessitate buffering capabilities in order to maintain metabolic homeostasis. This is accomplished by the biosynthesis and turnover of storage lipids, which are sequestered in lipid droplets (LDs). LDs are an organelle conserved among eukaryotes, composed of a neutral lipid core surrounded by a polar lipid monolayer. LDs shield the intracellular environment from the accumulation of hydrophobic compounds and function as a carbon and electron sink. These functions are implemented by interconnections with other intracellular systems, including photosynthesis and autophagy. Since diatom lipid production may be a promising objective for biotechnological exploitation, a deeper understanding of LDs may offer targets for metabolic engineering. In this review, we provide an overview of diatom LD biology and biotechnological potential.
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3
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Marter P, Schmidt S, Kiontke S, Moog D. Optimized mRuby3 is a Suitable Fluorescent Protein for in vivo Co-localization Studies with GFP in the Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Protist 2020; 171:125715. [PMID: 32062589 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2020.125715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Phaeodactylum tricornutum is an ecologically and evolutionarily relevant microalga that has developed into an important model for molecular biological studies on organisms with complex plastids. The diatom is particularly suitable for in vivo protein localization analyses via fluorescence microscopy in which the green fluorescent protein (GFP) and its derivatives are dominantly used. Whereas GFP fluorescence emission is usually measured between 500 and 520nm in confocal microscopy, the autofluorescence of the P. tricornutum plastid is detected above 625nm. Here we established the fluorescent protein mRuby3 as tag for efficient in vivo protein localization studies by expressing a codon-optimized gene in P. tricornutum. mRuby3 was directed to seven different subcellular localizations by means of full-length marker protein or N-/C-terminal targeting signal fusions; its emission was detected efficiently between 580 and 605nm, being unequivocally distinguishable from the plastid autofluorescence in vivo. Moreover, mRuby3 proved to be highly suitable for co-localization experiments using confocal laser scanning microscopy in which mRuby3 fusion proteins were expressed in parallel with GFP-tagged proteins. Our results show the potential of mRuby3 for its application in studying protein targeting and localization in P. tricornutum, particularly underlining its compatibility with GFP and the plastid autofluorescence in signal detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Marter
- Laboratory for Cell Biology, Philipps University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schmidt
- Laboratory for Cell Biology, Philipps University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Kiontke
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Philipps University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Moog
- Laboratory for Cell Biology, Philipps University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany; SYNMIKRO Research Center, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
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4
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Mallo N, Fellows J, Johnson C, Sheiner L. Protein Import into the Endosymbiotic Organelles of Apicomplexan Parasites. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E412. [PMID: 30110980 PMCID: PMC6115763 DOI: 10.3390/genes9080412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
: The organelles of endosymbiotic origin, plastids, and mitochondria, evolved through the serial acquisition of endosymbionts by a host cell. These events were accompanied by gene transfer from the symbionts to the host, resulting in most of the organellar proteins being encoded in the cell nuclear genome and trafficked into the organelle via a series of translocation complexes. Much of what is known about organelle protein translocation mechanisms is based on studies performed in common model organisms; e.g., yeast and humans or Arabidopsis. However, studies performed in divergent organisms are gradually accumulating. These studies provide insights into universally conserved traits, while discovering traits that are specific to organisms or clades. Apicomplexan parasites feature two organelles of endosymbiotic origin: a secondary plastid named the apicoplast and a mitochondrion. In the context of the diseases caused by apicomplexan parasites, the essential roles and divergent features of both organelles make them prime targets for drug discovery. This potential and the amenability of the apicomplexan Toxoplasma gondii to genetic manipulation motivated research about the mechanisms controlling both organelles' biogenesis. Here we provide an overview of what is known about apicomplexan organelle protein import. We focus on work done mainly in T. gondii and provide a comparison to model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Mallo
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Justin Fellows
- Genetics and Biochemistry Branch, National Institute for Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Carla Johnson
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Lilach Sheiner
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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5
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Gentil J, Hempel F, Moog D, Zauner S, Maier UG. Review: origin of complex algae by secondary endosymbiosis: a journey through time. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:1835-1843. [PMID: 28290059 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1098-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Secondary endosymbiosis-the merging of two eukaryotic cells into one photosynthetic cellular unit-led to the evolution of ecologically and medically very important organisms. We review the biology of these organisms, starting from the first proposal of secondary endosymbiosis up to recent phylogenetic models on the origin of secondarily evolved protists. In addition, we discuss the organelle character of the symbionts based on morphological features, gene transfers from the symbiont into the host and re-import of nucleus-encoded plastid proteins. Finally, we hypothesize that secondary endosymbiosis is more than enslaving a eukaryotic, phototrophic cell, but reflects a complex interplay between host and symbiont, leading to the inseparability of the two symbiotic partners generating a cellular entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gentil
- Laboratory for Cell Biology, Philipps University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - F Hempel
- LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (Synmikro), Hans-Meerwein-Str. 6, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - D Moog
- Laboratory for Cell Biology, Philipps University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - S Zauner
- Laboratory for Cell Biology, Philipps University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - U G Maier
- Laboratory for Cell Biology, Philipps University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35032, Marburg, Germany.
- LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (Synmikro), Hans-Meerwein-Str. 6, 35032, Marburg, Germany.
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6
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A Plastid Protein That Evolved from Ubiquitin and Is Required for Apicoplast Protein Import in Toxoplasma gondii. mBio 2017; 8:mBio.00950-17. [PMID: 28655825 PMCID: PMC5487736 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00950-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Apicomplexan parasites cause a variety of important infectious diseases, including malaria, toxoplasma encephalitis, and severe diarrhea due to Cryptosporidium. Most apicomplexans depend on an organelle called the apicoplast which is derived from a red algal endosymbiont. The apicoplast is essential for the parasite as the compartment of fatty acid, heme, and isoprenoid biosynthesis. The majority of the approximate 500 apicoplast proteins are nucleus encoded and have to be imported across the four membranes that surround the apicoplast. Import across the second outermost membrane of the apicoplast, the periplastid membrane, depends on an apicoplast-specific endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation (ERAD) complex and on enzymes of the associated ubiquitination cascade. However, identification of an apicoplast ubiquitin associated with this machinery has long been elusive. Here we identify a plastid ubiquitin-like protein (PUBL), an apicoplast protein that is derived from a ubiquitin ancestor but that has significantly changed in its primary sequence. PUBL is distinct from known ubiquitin-like proteins, and phylogenomic analyses suggest a clade specific to apicomplexans. We demonstrate that PUBL and the AAA ATPase CDC48AP both act to translocate apicoplast proteins across the periplastid membrane during protein import. Conditional null mutants and genetic complementation show that both proteins are critical for this process and for parasite survival. PUBL residues homologous to those that are required for ubiquitin conjugation onto target proteins are essential for this function, while those required for polyubiquitination and preprotein processing are dispensable. Our experiments provide a mechanistic understanding of the molecular machinery that drives protein import across the membranes of the apicoplast. Apicomplexan parasites are responsible for important human diseases. There are no effective vaccines for use in humans, and drug treatment faces multiple challenges, including emerging resistance, lack of efficacy across the lifecycle, and adverse drug effects. The apicoplast is a promising target for novel treatments: this chloroplast-like organelle is derived from an algal symbiont, is absent from the host, and is essential for parasite growth and pathogenesis. We use Toxoplasma gondii as a model to study the apicoplast due to its strong genetic tools and established functional assays. We identify a plastid ubiquitin-like protein (PUBL) which is a novel ubiquitin-like protein and demonstrate its importance and that of the motor protein CDC48AP for apicoplast protein import. These findings broaden our understanding of the evolution and mechanistic workings of a unique parasite organelle and may lead to new opportunities for treatments against important human pathogens.
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7
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Schreiber V, Dersch J, Puzik K, Bäcker O, Liu X, Stork S, Schulz J, Heimerl T, Klingl A, Zauner S, Maier UG. The Central Vacuole of the Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum: Identification of New Vacuolar Membrane Proteins and of a Functional Di-leucine-based Targeting Motif. Protist 2017; 168:271-282. [PMID: 28495413 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms are unicellular organisms evolved by secondary endosymbiosis. Although studied in many aspects, the functions of vacuolar-like structures of these organisms are rarely investigated. One of these structures is a dominant central vacuole-like compartment with a marbled phenotype, which is supposed to represent a chrysolaminarin-storing and carbohydrate mobilization compartment. However, other functions as well as targeting of proteins to this compartment are not shown experimentally. In order to study trafficking of membrane proteins to the vacuolar membrane, we scanned the genome for intrinsic vacuolar membrane proteins and used one representative for targeting studies. Our work led to the identification of several proteins located in the vacuolar membrane as well as the sub-compartmentalized localization of one protein. In addition, we show that a di-leucine-based motif is an important signal for correct targeting to the central vacuole of diatoms, like it is in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Josefine Dersch
- Laboratory for Cell Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Puzik
- Laboratory for Cell Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Bäcker
- Laboratory for Cell Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- Laboratory for Cell Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany
| | - Simone Stork
- Laboratory for Cell Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany
| | - Julian Schulz
- Laboratory for Cell Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Heimerl
- LOEWE Centre for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Klingl
- LOEWE Centre for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Zauner
- Laboratory for Cell Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany
| | - Uwe G Maier
- Laboratory for Cell Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany; LOEWE Centre for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany.
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8
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Liu X, Hempel F, Stork S, Bolte K, Moog D, Heimerl T, Maier UG, Zauner S. Addressing various compartments of the diatom model organism Phaeodactylum tricornutum via sub-cellular marker proteins. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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9
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McClure ML, Barnes S, Brodsky JL, Sorscher EJ. Trafficking and function of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator: a complex network of posttranslational modifications. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L719-L733. [PMID: 27474090 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00431.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications add diversity to protein function. Throughout its life cycle, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) undergoes numerous covalent posttranslational modifications (PTMs), including glycosylation, ubiquitination, sumoylation, phosphorylation, and palmitoylation. These modifications regulate key steps during protein biogenesis, such as protein folding, trafficking, stability, function, and association with protein partners and therefore may serve as targets for therapeutic manipulation. More generally, an improved understanding of molecular mechanisms that underlie CFTR PTMs may suggest novel treatment strategies for CF and perhaps other protein conformational diseases. This review provides a comprehensive summary of co- and posttranslational CFTR modifications and their significance with regard to protein biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L McClure
- Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Stephen Barnes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jeffrey L Brodsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Eric J Sorscher
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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10
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Lemberg MK, Adrain C. Inactive rhomboid proteins: New mechanisms with implications in health and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 60:29-37. [PMID: 27378062 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Rhomboids, proteases containing an unusual membrane-integral serine protease active site, were first identified in Drosophila, where they fulfill an essential role in epidermal growth factor receptor signaling, by cleaving membrane-tethered growth factor precursors. It has recently become apparent that eukaryotic genomes harbor conserved catalytically inactive rhomboid protease homologs, including derlins and iRhoms. Here we highlight how loss of proteolytic activity was followed in evolution by impressive functional diversification, enabling these pseudoproteases to fulfill crucial roles within the secretory pathway, including protein degradation, trafficking regulation, and inflammatory signaling. We distil the current understanding of the roles of rhomboid pseudoproteases in development and disease. Finally, we address mechanistically how versatile features of proteolytically active rhomboids have been elaborated to serve the sophisticated functions of their pseudoprotease cousins. By comparing functional and structural clues, we highlight common principles shared by the rhomboid superfamily, and make mechanistic predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius K Lemberg
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Allianz, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Colin Adrain
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal.
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11
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Flori S, Jouneau PH, Finazzi G, Maréchal E, Falconet D. Ultrastructure of the Periplastidial Compartment of the Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Protist 2016; 167:254-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Broad W, Ling Q, Jarvis P. New Insights Into Roles of Ubiquitin Modification in Regulating Plastids and Other Endosymbiotic Organelles. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 325:1-33. [PMID: 27241217 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings have revealed important and diverse roles for the ubiquitin modification of proteins in the regulation of endosymbiotic organelles, which include the primary plastids of plants as well as complex plastids: the secondary endosymbiotic organelles of cryptophytes, alveolates, stramenopiles, and haptophytes. Ubiquitin modifications have a variety of potential consequences, both to the modified protein itself and to cellular regulation. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) can target individual proteins for selective degradation by the cytosolic 26S proteasome. Ubiquitin modifications can also signal the removal of whole endosymbiotic organelles, for example, via autophagy as has been well characterized in mitochondria. As plastids must import over 90% of their proteins from the cytosol, the observation that the UPS selectively targets the plastid protein import machinery is particularly significant. In this way, the UPS may influence the development and interconversions of different plastid types, as well as plastid responses to stress, by reconfiguring the organellar proteome. In complex plastids, the Symbiont-derived ERAD-Like Machinery (SELMA) has coopted the protein transport capabilities of the ER-Associated Degradation (ERAD) system, whereby misfolded proteins are retrotranslocated from ER for proteasomal degradation, uncoupling them from proteolysis: SELMA components have been retargeted to the second outermost plastid membrane to mediate protein import. In spite of this wealth of new information, there still remain a large number of unanswered questions and a need to define the roles of ubiquitin modification further in the regulation of plastids.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Broad
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Q Ling
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - P Jarvis
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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13
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Lau JB, Stork S, Moog D, Schulz J, Maier UG. Protein-protein interactions indicate composition of a 480 kDa SELMA complex in the second outermost membrane of diatom complex plastids. Mol Microbiol 2016; 100:76-89. [PMID: 26712034 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Most secondary plastids of red algal origin are surrounded by four membranes and nucleus-encoded plastid proteins have to traverse these barriers. Translocation across the second outermost plastid membrane, the periplastidal membrane (PPM), is facilitated by a ERAD-(ER-associated degradation) derived machinery termed SELMA (symbiont-specific ERAD-like machinery). In the last years, important subunits of this translocator have been identified, which clearly imply compositional similarities between SELMA and ERAD. Here we investigated, via protein-protein interaction studies, if the composition of SELMA is comparable to the known ERAD complex. As a result, our data suggest that the membrane proteins of SELMA, the derlin proteins, are linked to the soluble sCdc48 complex via the UBX protein sUBX. This is similar to the ERAD machinery whereas the additional SELMA components, sPUB und a second Cdc48 copy might indicate the influence of functional constraints in developing a translocation machinery from ERAD-related factors. In addition, we show for the first time that a rhomboid protease is a central interaction partner of the membrane proteins of the SELMA system in complex plastids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia B Lau
- Laboratory for Cell Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Simone Stork
- Laboratory for Cell Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Moog
- LOEWE Centre for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany
| | - Julian Schulz
- Laboratory for Cell Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Uwe G Maier
- Laboratory for Cell Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,LOEWE Centre for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany
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14
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Moog D, Rensing SA, Archibald JM, Maier UG, Ullrich KK. Localization and Evolution of Putative Triose Phosphate Translocators in the Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Genome Biol Evol 2015; 7:2955-69. [PMID: 26454011 PMCID: PMC5635587 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evv190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of a metabolic connection between host and symbiont is a crucial step in the evolution of an obligate endosymbiotic relationship. Such was the case in the evolution of mitochondria and plastids. Whereas the mechanisms of metabolite shuttling between the plastid and host cytosol are relatively well studied in Archaeplastida—organisms that acquired photosynthesis through primary endosymbiosis—little is known about this process in organisms with complex plastids. Here, we focus on the presence, localization, and phylogeny of putative triose phosphate translocators (TPTs) in the complex plastid of diatoms. These proteins are thought to play an essential role in connecting endosymbiont and host metabolism via transport of carbohydrates generated by the photosynthesis machinery of the endosymbiont. We show that the complex plastid localized TPTs are monophyletic and present a model for how the initial metabolic link between host and endosymbiont might have been established in diatoms and other algae with complex red plastids and discuss its implications on the evolution of those lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Moog
- LOEWE Centre for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps University Marburg, Germany Present address: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - John M Archibald
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada Program in Integrated Microbial Biodiversity, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Uwe G Maier
- LOEWE Centre for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps University Marburg, Germany Laboratory for Cell Biology, Philipps University Marburg, Germany
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15
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Abstract
Many protists with high ecological and medical relevance harbor plastids surrounded by four membranes. Thus, nucleus-encoded proteins of these complex plastids have to traverse these barriers. Here we report on the identification of the protein translocators located in two of the plastid surrounding membranes and present recent findings on the mechanisms of protein import into the plastids of diatoms.
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