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Sahoo R, Chauhan TKS, Lalhmangaihzuali L, Sinha E, Qureshi S, Mahawar M. Pan msr gene deleted strain of Salmonella Typhimurium suffers oxidative stress, depicts macromolecular damage and attenuated virulence. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21852. [PMID: 38071209 PMCID: PMC10710478 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48734-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella encounters but survives host inflammatory response. To defend host-generated oxidants, Salmonella encodes primary antioxidants and protein repair enzymes. Methionine (Met) residues are highly prone to oxidation and convert into methionine sulfoxide (Met-SO) which compromises protein functions and subsequently cellular survival. However, by reducing Met-SO to Met, methionine sulfoxide reductases (Msrs) enhance cellular survival under stress conditions. Salmonella encodes five Msrs which are specific for particular Met-SO (free/protein bound), and 'R'/'S' types. Earlier studies assessed the effect of deletions of one or two msrs on the stress physiology of S. Typhimurium. We generated a pan msr gene deletion (Δ5msr) strain in S. Typhimurium. The Δ5msr mutant strain shows an initial lag in in vitro growth. However, the Δ5msr mutant strain depicts very high sensitivity (p < 0.0001) to hypochlorous acid (HOCl), chloramine T (ChT) and superoxide-generating oxidant paraquat. Further, the Δ5msr mutant strain shows high levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyls, and protein aggregation. On the other side, the Δ5msr mutant strain exhibits lower levels of free amines. Further, the Δ5msr mutant strain is highly susceptible to neutrophils and shows defective fitness in the spleen and liver of mice. The results of the current study suggest that the deletions of all msrs render S. Typhimurium highly prone to oxidative stress and attenuate its virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Sahoo
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, 243122, India
| | | | | | - Esha Sinha
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, 243122, India
| | - Salauddin Qureshi
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, 243122, India
| | - Manish Mahawar
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, 243122, India.
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McCarthy WP, Srinivas M, Danaher M, Connor CO, Callaghan TFO, van Sinderen D, Kenny J, Tobin JT. Isolation and identification of chlorate-reducing Hafnia sp. from milk. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2023; 169:001347. [PMID: 37450378 PMCID: PMC10433419 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Chlorate has become a concern in the food and beverage sector, related to chlorine sanitizers in industrial food production and water treatment. It is of particular concern to regulatory bodies due to the negative health effects of chlorate exposure. This study investigated the fate of chlorate in raw milk and isolated bacterial strains of interest responsible for chlorate breakdown. Unpasteurized milk was demonstrated to have a chlorate-reducing capacity, breaking down enriched chlorate to undetectable levels in 11 days. Further enrichment and isolation using conditions specific to chlorate-reducing bacteria successfully isolated three distinct strains of Hafnia paralvei. Chlorate-reducing bacteria were observed to grow in a chlorate-enriched medium with lactate as an electron donor. All isolated strains were demonstrated to reduce chlorate in liquid medium; however, the exact mechanism of chlorate degradation was not definitively identified in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P. McCarthy
- Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - Meghana Srinivas
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Martin Danaher
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Christine O. Connor
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - Tom F. O. Callaghan
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Douwe van Sinderen
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John Kenny
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
- VistaMilk Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - John T. Tobin
- Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
- VistaMilk Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
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Vergnes A, Becam J, Loiseau L, Ezraty B. Engineering of a Bacterial Biosensor for the Detection of Chlorate in Food. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:629. [PMID: 37366994 DOI: 10.3390/bios13060629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Chlorate can contaminate food due to the use of chlorinated water for processing or equipment disinfection. Chronic exposure to chlorate in food and drinking water is a potential health concern. The current methods for detecting chlorate in liquids and foods are expensive and not easily accessible to all laboratories, highlighting an urgent need for a simple and cost-effective method. The discovery of the adaptation mechanism of Escherichia coli to chlorate stress, which involves the production of the periplasmic Methionine Sulfoxide Reductase (MsrP), prompted us to use an E. coli strain with an msrP-lacZ fusion as a biosensor for detecting chlorate. Our study aimed to optimize the bacterial biosensor's sensitivity and efficiency to detect chlorate in various food samples using synthetic biology and adapted growth conditions. Our results demonstrate successful biosensor enhancement and provide proof of concept for detecting chlorate in food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Vergnes
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Jérôme Becam
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Loiseau
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Benjamin Ezraty
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, 13009 Marseille, France
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Vincent MS, Vergnes A, Ezraty B. Chlorate Contamination in Commercial Growth Media as a Source of Phenotypic Heterogeneity within Bacterial Populations. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0499122. [PMID: 36752622 PMCID: PMC10100951 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04991-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Under anaerobic conditions, chlorate is reduced to chlorite, a cytotoxic compound that triggers oxidative stress within bacterial cultures. We previously found that BD Bacto Casamino Acids were contaminated with chlorate. In this study, we investigated whether chlorate contamination is detectable in other commercial culture media. We provide evidence that in addition to different batches of BD Bacto Casamino Acids, several commercial agar powders are contaminated with chlorate. A direct consequence of this contamination is that, during anaerobic growth, Escherichia coli cells activate the expression of msrP, a gene encoding periplasmic methionine sulfoxide reductase, which repairs oxidized protein-bound methionine. We further demonstrate that during aerobic growth, progressive oxygen depletion triggers msrP expression in a subpopulation of cells due to the presence of chlorate. Hence, we propose that chlorate contamination in commercial growth media is a source of phenotypic heterogeneity within bacterial populations. IMPORTANCE Agar is arguably the most utilized solidifying agent for microbiological media. In this study, we show that agar powders from different suppliers, as well as certain batches of BD Bacto Casamino Acids, contain significant levels of chlorate. We demonstrate that this contamination induces the expression of a methionine sulfoxide reductase, suggesting the presence of intracellular oxidative damage. Our results should alert the microbiology community to a pitfall in the cultivation of microorganisms under laboratory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxence S. Vincent
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | - Alexandra Vergnes
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | - Benjamin Ezraty
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
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Vincent MS, Ezraty B. Methionine oxidation in bacteria: A reversible post-translational modification. Mol Microbiol 2023; 119:143-150. [PMID: 36350090 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Methionine is a sulfur-containing residue found in most proteins which are particularly susceptible to oxidation. Although methionine oxidation causes protein damage, it can in some cases activate protein function. Enzymatic systems reducing oxidized methionine have evolved in most bacterial species and methionine oxidation proves to be a reversible post-translational modification regulating protein activity. In this review, we inspect recent examples of methionine oxidation provoking protein loss and gain of function. We further speculate on the role of methionine oxidation as a multilayer endogenous antioxidant system and consider its potential consequences for bacterial virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxence S Vincent
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Benjamin Ezraty
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Marseille, France
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