1
|
Ayaz A, Jalal A, Zhang X, Khan KA, Hu C, Li Y, Hou X. In-Depth Characterization of bZIP Genes in the Context of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress in Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1160. [PMID: 38674568 PMCID: PMC11053814 DOI: 10.3390/plants13081160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Numerous studies have been conducted to investigate the genomic characterization of bZIP genes and their involvement in the cellular response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. These studies have provided valuable insights into the coordinated cellular response to ER stress, which is mediated by bZIP transcription factors (TFs). However, a comprehensive and systematic investigations regarding the role of bZIP genes and their involvement in ER stress response in pak choi is currently lacking in the existing literature. To address this knowledge gap, the current study was initiated to elucidate the genomic characteristics of bZIP genes, gain insight into their expression patterns during ER stress in pak choi, and investigate the protein-to-protein interaction of bZIP genes with the ER chaperone BiP. In total, 112 members of the BcbZIP genes were identified through a comprehensive genome-wide analysis. Based on an analysis of sequence similarity, gene structure, conserved domains, and responsive motifs, the identified BcbZIP genes were categorized into 10 distinct subfamilies through phylogenetic analysis. Chromosomal location and duplication events provided insight into their genomic context and evolutionary history. Divergence analysis estimated their evolutionary history with a predicted divergence time ranging from 0.73 to 80.71 million years ago (MYA). Promoter regions of the BcbZIP genes were discovered to exhibit a wide variety of cis-elements, including light, hormone, and stress-responsive elements. GO enrichment analysis further confirmed their roles in the ER unfolded protein response (UPR), while co-expression network analysis showed a strong relationship of BcbZIP genes with ER-stress-responsive genes. Moreover, gene expression profiles and protein-protein interaction with ER chaperone BiP further confirmed their roles and capacity to respond to ER stress in pak choi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aliya Ayaz
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Science and Technology/National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (East China) of MOA, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Abdul Jalal
- Biofuels Institute, School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Science and Technology/National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (East China) of MOA, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Khalid Ali Khan
- Applied College, Center of Bee Research and Its Products (CBRP), Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production, and Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chunmei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Science and Technology/National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (East China) of MOA, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Science and Technology/National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (East China) of MOA, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xilin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Science and Technology/National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (East China) of MOA, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vining KJ, Pandelova I, Lange I, Parrish AN, Lefors A, Kronmiller B, Liachko I, Kronenberg Z, Srividya N, Lange BM. Chromosome-level genome assembly of Mentha longifolia L. reveals gene organization underlying disease resistance and essential oil traits. G3 GENES|GENOMES|GENETICS 2022; 12:6584825. [PMID: 35551385 PMCID: PMC9339296 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds., a wild, diploid mint species, has been developed as a model for mint genetic and genomic research to aid breeding efforts that target Verticillium wilt disease resistance and essential oil monoterpene composition. Here, we present a near-complete, chromosome-scale mint genome assembly for M. longifolia USDA accession CMEN 585. This new assembly is an update of a previously published genome draft, with dramatic improvements. A total of 42,107 protein-coding genes were annotated and placed on 12 chromosomal scaffolds. One hundred fifty-three genes contained conserved sequence domains consistent with nucleotide binding site-leucine-rich-repeat plant disease resistance genes. Homologs of genes implicated in Verticillium wilt resistance in other plant species were also identified. Multiple paralogs of genes putatively involved in p-menthane monoterpenoid biosynthesis were identified and several cases of gene clustering documented. Heterologous expression of candidate genes, purification of recombinant target proteins, and subsequent enzyme assays allowed us to identify the genes underlying the pathway that leads to the most abundant monoterpenoid volatiles. The bioinformatic and functional analyses presented here are laying the groundwork for using marker-assisted selection in improving disease resistance and essential oil traits in mints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J Vining
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University , Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Iovanna Pandelova
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University , Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Iris Lange
- M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University , Pullman, WA 99164-6340, USA
| | - Amber N Parrish
- M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University , Pullman, WA 99164-6340, USA
| | - Andrew Lefors
- M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University , Pullman, WA 99164-6340, USA
| | - Brent Kronmiller
- Center for Quantitative Life Sciences, Oregon State University , Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | | | | | - Narayanan Srividya
- M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University , Pullman, WA 99164-6340, USA
| | - B Markus Lange
- M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University , Pullman, WA 99164-6340, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Berka M, Kopecká R, Berková V, Brzobohatý B, Černý M. Regulation of heat shock proteins 70 and their role in plant immunity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1894-1909. [PMID: 35022724 PMCID: PMC8982422 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins 70 (HSP70s) are steadily gaining more attention in the field of plant biotic interactions. Though their regulation and activity in plants are much less well characterized than are those of their counterparts in mammals, accumulating evidence indicates that the role of HSP70-mediated defense mechanisms in plant cells is indispensable. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of HSP70 post-translational control in plants. We comment on the phytohormonal regulation of HSP70 expression and protein abundance, and identify a prominent role for cytokinin in HSP70 control. We outline HSP70s' subcellular localizations, chaperone activity, and chaperone-mediated protein degradation. We focus on the role of HSP70s in plant pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity, and discuss the contribution of different HSP70 subfamilies to plant defense against pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Berka
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Romana Kopecká
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Berková
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Břetislav Brzobohatý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Černý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pröbsting M, Schenke D, Hossain R, Häder C, Thurau T, Wighardt L, Schuster A, Zhou Z, Ye W, Rietz S, Leckband G, Cai D. Loss of function of CRT1a (calreticulin) reduces plant susceptibility to Verticillium longisporum in both Arabidopsis thaliana and oilseed rape (Brassica napus). PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:2328-2344. [PMID: 32358986 PMCID: PMC7589372 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Brassica napus is highly susceptible towards Verticillium longisporum (Vl43) with no effective genetic resistance. It is believed that the fungus reprogrammes plant physiological processes by up-regulation of so-called susceptibility factors to establish a compatible interaction. By transcriptome analysis, we identified genes, which were activated/up-regulated in rapeseed after Vl43 infection. To test whether one of these genes is functionally involved in the infection process and loss of function would lead to decreased susceptibility, we firstly challenged KO lines of corresponding Arabidopsis orthologs with Vl43 and compared them with wild-type plants. Here, we report that the KO of AtCRT1a results in drastically reduced susceptibility of plants to Vl43. To prove crt1a mutation also decreases susceptibility in B. napus, we identified 10 mutations in a TILLING population. Three T3 mutants displayed increased resistance as compared to the wild type. To validate the results, we generated CRISPR/Cas-induced BnCRT1a mutants, challenged T2 plants with Vl43 and observed an overall reduced susceptibility in 3 out of 4 independent lines. Genotyping by allele-specific sequencing suggests a major effect of mutations in the CRT1a A-genome copy, while the C-genome copy appears to have no significant impact on plant susceptibility when challenged with Vl43. As revealed by transcript analysis, the loss of function of CRT1a results in activation of the ethylene signalling pathway, which may contribute to reduced susceptibility. Furthermore, this study demonstrates a novel strategy with great potential to improve plant disease resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pröbsting
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology and BiotechnologyInstitute of PhytopathologyChristian‐Albrechts‐University of KielKielGermany
| | - Dirk Schenke
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology and BiotechnologyInstitute of PhytopathologyChristian‐Albrechts‐University of KielKielGermany
| | | | - Claudia Häder
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology and BiotechnologyInstitute of PhytopathologyChristian‐Albrechts‐University of KielKielGermany
| | - Tim Thurau
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology and BiotechnologyInstitute of PhytopathologyChristian‐Albrechts‐University of KielKielGermany
| | - Lisa Wighardt
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology and BiotechnologyInstitute of PhytopathologyChristian‐Albrechts‐University of KielKielGermany
| | - Andrea Schuster
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology and BiotechnologyInstitute of PhytopathologyChristian‐Albrechts‐University of KielKielGermany
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology and BiotechnologyInstitute of PhytopathologyChristian‐Albrechts‐University of KielKielGermany
| | - Wanzhi Ye
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology and BiotechnologyInstitute of PhytopathologyChristian‐Albrechts‐University of KielKielGermany
| | | | | | - Daguang Cai
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology and BiotechnologyInstitute of PhytopathologyChristian‐Albrechts‐University of KielKielGermany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Herath V, Gayral M, Adhikari N, Miller R, Verchot J. Genome-wide identification and characterization of Solanum tuberosum BiP genes reveal the role of the promoter architecture in BiP gene diversity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11327. [PMID: 32647371 PMCID: PMC7347581 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68407-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) immunoglobulin binding proteins (BiPs) are molecular chaperones involved in normal protein maturation and refolding malformed proteins through the unfolded protein response (UPR). Plant BiPs belong to a multi-gene family contributing to development, immunity, and responses to environmental stresses. This study identified three BiP homologs in the Solanum tuberosum (potato) genome using phylogenetic, amino acid sequence, 3-D protein modeling, and gene structure analysis. These analyses revealed that StBiP1 and StBiP2 grouped with AtBiP2, whereas StBiP3 grouped with AtBiP3. While the protein sequences and folding structures are highly similar, these StBiPs are distinguishable by their expression patterns in different tissues and in response to environmental stressors such as treatment with heat, chemicals, or virus elicitors of UPR. Ab initio promoter analysis revealed that potato and Arabidopsis BiP1 and BiP2 promoters were highly enriched with cis-regulatory elements (CREs) linked to developmental processes, whereas BiP3 promoters were enriched with stress related CREs. The frequency and linear distribution of these CREs produced two phylogenetic branches that further resolve the groups identified through gene phylogeny and exon/intron phase analysis. These data reveal that the CRE architecture of BiP promoters potentially define their spatio-temporal expression patterns under developmental and stress related cues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venura Herath
- Texas A&M Agrilife Center in Dallas, Dallas, TX, 77953, USA.,Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77802, USA.,Department of Agriculture Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Mathieu Gayral
- Texas A&M Agrilife Center in Dallas, Dallas, TX, 77953, USA
| | - Nirakar Adhikari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 77845, USA
| | - Rita Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 77845, USA
| | - Jeanmarie Verchot
- Texas A&M Agrilife Center in Dallas, Dallas, TX, 77953, USA. .,Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77802, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Herath V, Gayral M, Adhikari N, Miller R, Verchot J. Genome-wide identification and characterization of Solanum tuberosum BiP genes reveal the role of the promoter architecture in BiP gene diversity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11327. [PMID: 32647371 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.16.098244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) immunoglobulin binding proteins (BiPs) are molecular chaperones involved in normal protein maturation and refolding malformed proteins through the unfolded protein response (UPR). Plant BiPs belong to a multi-gene family contributing to development, immunity, and responses to environmental stresses. This study identified three BiP homologs in the Solanum tuberosum (potato) genome using phylogenetic, amino acid sequence, 3-D protein modeling, and gene structure analysis. These analyses revealed that StBiP1 and StBiP2 grouped with AtBiP2, whereas StBiP3 grouped with AtBiP3. While the protein sequences and folding structures are highly similar, these StBiPs are distinguishable by their expression patterns in different tissues and in response to environmental stressors such as treatment with heat, chemicals, or virus elicitors of UPR. Ab initio promoter analysis revealed that potato and Arabidopsis BiP1 and BiP2 promoters were highly enriched with cis-regulatory elements (CREs) linked to developmental processes, whereas BiP3 promoters were enriched with stress related CREs. The frequency and linear distribution of these CREs produced two phylogenetic branches that further resolve the groups identified through gene phylogeny and exon/intron phase analysis. These data reveal that the CRE architecture of BiP promoters potentially define their spatio-temporal expression patterns under developmental and stress related cues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venura Herath
- Texas A&M Agrilife Center in Dallas, Dallas, TX, 77953, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77802, USA
- Department of Agriculture Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Mathieu Gayral
- Texas A&M Agrilife Center in Dallas, Dallas, TX, 77953, USA
| | - Nirakar Adhikari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 77845, USA
| | - Rita Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 77845, USA
| | - Jeanmarie Verchot
- Texas A&M Agrilife Center in Dallas, Dallas, TX, 77953, USA.
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77802, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang Y, Chen T, Ling X, Ma Z. Gbvdr6, a Gene Encoding a Receptor-Like Protein of Cotton ( Gossypium barbadense), Confers Resistance to Verticillium Wilt in Arabidopsis and Upland Cotton. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 8:2272. [PMID: 29387078 PMCID: PMC5776133 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium wilt is a soil-borne disease that can cause devastating losses in cotton production. Because there is no effective chemical means to combat the disease, the only effective way to control Verticillium wilt is through genetic improvement. Therefore, the identification of additional disease-resistance genes will benefit efforts toward the genetic improvement of cotton resistance to Verticillium wilt. Based on screening of a BAC library with a partial Ve homologous fragment and expression analysis, a V. dahliae-induced gene, Gbvdr6, was isolated and cloned from the Verticillium wilt-resistant cotton G. barbadense cultivar Hai7124. The gene was located in the gene cluster containing Gbve1 and Gbvdr5 and adjacent to the Verticillium wilt-resistance QTL hotspot. Gbvdr6 was induced by Verticillium dahliae Kleb and by the plant hormones salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and ethephon (ETH) but not by abscisic acid (ABA). Gbvdr6 was localized to the plasma membrane. Overexpression of Gbvdr6 in Arabidopsis and cotton enhanced resistance to V. dahliae. Moreover, the JA/ET signaling pathway-related genes PR3, PDF 1.2, ERF1 and the SA-related genes PR1 and PR2 were constitutively expressed in transgenic plants. Gbvdr6-overexpressing Arabidopsis was less sensitive than the wild-type plant to MeJA. Furthermore, the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and callose was triggered at early time points after V. dahliae infection. These results suggest that Gbvdr6 confers resistance to V. dahliae through regulation of the JA/ET and SA signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Yang
- The Applied Plant Genomics Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Bioinformatics Center, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianzi Chen
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xitie Ling
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengqiang Ma
- The Applied Plant Genomics Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Bioinformatics Center, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Castroverde CDM, Xu X, Blaya Fernández J, Nazar RN, Robb J. Epistatic influence in tomato Ve1-mediated resistance. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2017; 19:843-847. [PMID: 28544492 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to Verticillium wilt disease is associated with the tomato Ve-locus; however, the individual functional roles of Ve1 and Ve2 in host plants remain controversial. As a first step towards Ve mutational analyses in planta, the Ve1 coding region from a resistant tomato near-isoline (cv. Craigella GCR218) was introduced into a susceptible near-isoline (cv. Craigella GCR26). 35S:Ve1 plants segregated into two distinct classes; roughly half were resistant and half were susceptible. Ve1 transcript levels were up-regulated in both classes compared to wild-type plants, showing stable transgenic expression. Expression analysis of Ve2 revealed that mRNA levels were similar between 35S:Ve1 and wild-type tomatoes, demonstrating that Ve1 transgene introduction does not alter endogenous Ve2 expression. Overall, the results of this study confirm the functional role of Ve1 protein in resistance to the vascular fungal pathogen V. dahliae race 1 (Vd1), but suggest that a yet undefined factor exerts an epistatic influence on the Ve1 gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C D M Castroverde
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - X Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Blaya Fernández
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - R N Nazar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Robb
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang H, Niu H, Zhai Y, Lu M. Characterization of BiP Genes from Pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) and the Role of CaBiP1 in Response to Endoplasmic Reticulum and Multiple Abiotic Stresses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1122. [PMID: 28702041 PMCID: PMC5487487 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Adverse environmental conditions have a detrimental impact on crop growth and development, and cause protein denaturation or misfolding. The binding protein (BiP) plays an important protective role by alleviating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induced by misfolded proteins. In this study, we characterized three BiP genes (CaBiP1, CaBiP2, and CaBiP3) in pepper, an economically important vegetable and spice species. The role of CaBiP1 in plant tolerance to ER stress and adverse environmental conditions (including heat, salinity, osmotic and drought stress) were investigated. All the expected functional and signaling domains were detected in three BiP proteins, but the motifs and exon-intron distribution differed slightly in CaBiP3. CaBiP1 and CaBiP2 were constitutively expressed in all the tested tissues under both normal and stressed conditions, whereas CaBiP3 was mainly expressed following stress. Silencing of CaBiP1 reduced pepper tolerance to ER stress and various environment stresses, and was accompanied by increased H2O2 accumulation, MDA content, relative electric leakage (REL), water loss rate, and a reduction in soluble protein content and relative water content (RWC) in the leaves. Conversely, overexpression of CaBiP1 in Arabidopsis enhanced tolerance to ER stress and multiple environment stresses, as demonstrated by an increase in germination rate, root length, survival rate, RWC, the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway, and a decrease in water loss rate. Our results suggest that CaBiP1 may contribute to plant tolerance to abiotic stresses by reducing ROS accumulation, increasing the water-retention ability, and stimulating UPR pathways and expression of stress-related genes.
Collapse
|
10
|
Moon JY, Lee JH, Oh C, Kang H, Park JM. Endoplasmic reticulum stress responses function in the HRT-mediated hypersensitive response in Nicotiana benthamiana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:1382-1397. [PMID: 26780303 PMCID: PMC6638521 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
HRT is a plant coiled-coil, nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat (CC-NB-LRR) disease resistance protein that triggers the hypersensitive response (HR) on recognition of Turnip crinkle virus (TCV) coat protein (CP). The molecular mechanism and significance of HR-mediated cell death for TCV resistance have not been fully elucidated. To identify the genes involved in HRT/TCV CP-mediated HR in Nicotiana benthamiana, we performed virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of 459 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of pathogen-responsive Capsicum annuum genes. VIGS of CaBLP5, which encodes an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated immunoglobulin-binding protein (BiP), silenced NbBiP4 and NbBiP5 and significantly reduced HRT-mediated HR. The induction of ER stress-responsive genes and the accumulation of ER-targeted BiPs in response to HRT-mediated HR suggest that ER is involved in HR in N. benthamiana. BiP4/5 silencing significantly down-regulated HRT at the mRNA and protein levels, and affected SGT1 and HSP90 expression. Co-expression of TCV CP in BiP4/5-silenced plants completely abolished HRT induction. Transient expression of TCV CP alone induced selected ER stress-responsive gene transcripts only in Tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-infected plants, and most of these genes were induced by HRT/TCV CP, except for bZIP60, which was induced specifically in response to HRT/TCV CP. TCV CP-mediated induction of ER stress-responsive genes still occurred in BiP4/5-silenced plants, but HRT/TCV CP-mediated induction of these genes was defective. Tunicamycin, a chemical that inhibits protein N-glycosylation, inhibited HRT-mediated HR, suggesting that ER has a role in HR regulation. These results indicate that BiP and ER, which modulate pattern recognition receptors in innate immunity, also regulate R protein-mediated resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ju Yeon Moon
- Molecular Biofarming Research CenterKRIBBDaejeon305‐600South Korea
- Department of Biosystems and BioengineeringUSTDaejeon305‐350South Korea
| | - Jeong Hee Lee
- Molecular Biofarming Research CenterKRIBBDaejeon305‐600South Korea
| | - Chang‐Sik Oh
- Department of HorticultureKyung Hee UniversityYongin446‐701South Korea
| | - Hong‐Gu Kang
- Department of BiologyTexas State UniversitySan MarcosTX78666USA
| | - Jeong Mee Park
- Molecular Biofarming Research CenterKRIBBDaejeon305‐600South Korea
- Department of Biosystems and BioengineeringUSTDaejeon305‐350South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Plants are sessile organisms exposed constantly to potential virulent microbes seeking for full pathogenesis in hosts. Different from animals employing both adaptive and innate immune systems, plants only rely on innate immunity to detect and fight against pathogen invasions. Plant innate immunity is proposed to be a two-tiered immune system including pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity. In PTI, PAMPs, the elicitors derived from microbial pathogens, are perceived by cell surface-localized proteins, known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and receptor-like proteins (RLPs). As single-pass transmembrane proteins, RLKs and RLPs contain an extracellular domain (ECD) responsible for ligand binding. Recognitions of signal molecules by PRR-ECDs induce homo- or heterooligomerization of RLKs and RLPs to trigger corresponding intracellular immune responses. RLKs possess a cytoplasmic Ser/Thr kinase domain that is absent in RLPs, implying that protein phosphorylations underlie key mechanism in transducing immunity signalings and that RLPs unlikely mediate signal transduction independently, and recruitment of other patterns, such as RLKs, is required for the function of RLPs in plant immunity. Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases, resembling RLK structures but lacking the ECD, act as immediate substrates of PRRs, modulating PRR activities and linking PRRs with downstream signaling mediators. In this chapter, we summarize recent discoveries illustrating the molecular machines of major components of PRR complexes in mediating pathogen perception and immunity activation in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Y Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bi G, Liebrand TWH, Bye RR, Postma J, van der Burgh AM, Robatzek S, Xu X, Joosten MHAJ. SOBIR1 requires the GxxxG dimerization motif in its transmembrane domain to form constitutive complexes with receptor-like proteins. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:96-107. [PMID: 25891985 PMCID: PMC6638328 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-like proteins (RLPs), forming an important group of transmembrane receptors in plants, play roles in development and immunity. RLPs contain extracellular leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) and, in contrast with receptor-like kinases (RLKs), lack a cytoplasmic kinase required for the initiation of downstream signalling. Recent studies have revealed that the RLK SOBIR1/EVR (SUPPRESSOR OF BIR1-1/EVERSHED) specifically interacts with RLPs. SOBIR1 stabilizes RLPs and is required for their function. However, the mechanism by which SOBIR1 associates with RLPs and regulates RLP function remains unknown. The Cf immune receptors of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), mediating resistance to the fungus Cladosporium fulvum, are RLPs that also interact with SOBIR1. Here, we show that both the LRR and kinase domain of SOBIR1 are dispensable for association with the RLP Cf-4, whereas the highly conserved GxxxGxxxG motif present in the transmembrane domain of SOBIR1 is essential for its interaction with Cf-4 and additional RLPs. Complementation assays in Nicotiana benthamiana, in which endogenous SOBIR1 levels were knocked down by virus-induced gene silencing, showed that the LRR domain as well as the kinase activity of SOBIR1 are required for the Cf-4/Avr4-triggered hypersensitive response (HR). In contrast, the LRRs and kinase activity of SOBIR1 are not required for facilitation of Cf-4 accumulation. Together, these results suggest that, in addition to being a stabilizing scaffold for RLPs, SOBIR1 is also required for the initiation of downstream signalling through its kinase domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guozhi Bi
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas W H Liebrand
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ruby R Bye
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jelle Postma
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Aranka M van der Burgh
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Xiangyang Xu
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Matthieu H A J Joosten
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang Q, Sun T, Zhang Y. ER quality control components UGGT and STT3a are required for activation of defense responses in bir1-1. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120245. [PMID: 25775181 PMCID: PMC4361565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The receptor-like kinase SUPPRESSOR OF BIR1, 1 (SOBIR1) functions as a critical regulator in plant immunity. It is required for activation of cell death and defense responses in Arabidopsis bak1-interacting receptor-like kinase 1,1 (bir1-1) mutant plants. Here we report that the ER quality control component UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase (UGGT) is required for the biogenesis of SOBIR1 and mutations in UGGT suppress the spontaneous cell death and constitutive defense responses in bir1-1. Loss of function of STT3a, which encodes a subunit of the oligosaccharyltransferase complex, also suppresses the autoimmune phenotype in bir1-1. However, it has no effect on the accumulation of SOBIR1, suggesting that additional signaling components other than SOBIR1 may be regulated by ER quality control. Our study provides clear evidence that ER quality control play critical roles in regulating defense activation in bir1-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Tongjun Sun
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cregeen S, Radisek S, Mandelc S, Turk B, Stajner N, Jakse J, Javornik B. Different Gene Expressions of Resistant and Susceptible Hop Cultivars in Response to Infection with a Highly Aggressive Strain of Verticillium albo-atrum. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTER 2015; 33:689-704. [PMID: 25999664 PMCID: PMC4432018 DOI: 10.1007/s11105-014-0767-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium wilt has become a serious threat to hop production in Europe due to outbreaks of lethal wilt caused by a highly virulent strain of Verticillium albo-atrum. In order to enhance our understanding of resistance mechanisms, the fungal colonization patterns and interactions of resistant and susceptible hop cultivars infected with V. albo-atrum were analysed in time course experiments. Quantification of fungal DNA showed marked differences in spatial and temporal fungal colonization patterns in the two cultivars. Two differential display methods obtained 217 transcripts with altered expression, of which 84 showed similarity to plant proteins and 8 to fungal proteins. Gene ontology categorised them into cellular and metabolic processes, response to stimuli, biological regulation, biogenesis and localization. The expression patterns of 17 transcripts with possible implication in plant immunity were examined by real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). Our results showed strong expression of genes encoding pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins in susceptible plants and strong upregulation of genes implicated in ubiquitination and vesicle trafficking in the incompatible interaction and their downregulation in susceptible plants, suggesting the involvement of these processes in the hop resistance reaction. In the resistant cultivar, the RT-qPCR expression patterns of most genes showed their peak at 20 dpi and declined towards 30 dpi, comparable to the gene expression pattern of in planta detected fungal protein and coinciding with the highest fungal biomass in plants at 15 dpi. These expression patterns suggest that the defence response in the resistant cultivar is strong enough at 20 dpi to restrict further fungus colonization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cregeen
- Agronomy Department, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sebastjan Radisek
- Slovenian Institute for Hop Research and Brewing, Cesta ŽalskegaTabora 2, SI-3320 Žalec, Slovenia
| | - Stanislav Mandelc
- Agronomy Department, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boris Turk
- Agronomy Department, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Natasa Stajner
- Agronomy Department, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Jakse
- Agronomy Department, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Branka Javornik
- Agronomy Department, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ben Khaled S, Postma J, Robatzek S. A moving view: subcellular trafficking processes in pattern recognition receptor-triggered plant immunity. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 53:379-402. [PMID: 26243727 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080614-120347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A significant challenge for plants is to induce localized defense responses at sites of pathogen attack. Therefore, host subcellular trafficking processes enable accumulation and exchange of defense compounds, which contributes to the plant on-site defenses in response to pathogen perception. This review summarizes our current understanding of the transport processes that facilitate immunity, the significance of which is highlighted by pathogens reprogramming membrane trafficking through host cell translocated effectors. Prominent immune-related cargos of plant trafficking pathways are the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which must be present at the plasma membrane to sense microbes in the apoplast. We focus on the dynamic localization of the FLS2 receptor and discuss the pathways that regulate receptor transport within the cell and their link to FLS2-mediated immunity. One emerging theme is that ligand-induced late endocytic trafficking is conserved across different PRR protein families as well as across different plant species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ben Khaled
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom;
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Williams B, Verchot J, Dickman MB. When supply does not meet demand-ER stress and plant programmed cell death. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:211. [PMID: 24926295 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00211/abstract] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the central organelle in the eukaryotic secretory pathway. The ER functions in protein synthesis and maturation and is crucial for proper maintenance of cellular homeostasis and adaptation to adverse environments. Acting as a cellular sentinel, the ER is exquisitely sensitive to changing environments principally via the ER quality control machinery. When perturbed, ER-stress triggers a tightly regulated and highly conserved, signal transduction pathway known as the unfolded protein response (UPR) that prevents the dangerous accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins. In situations where excessive UPR activity surpasses threshold levels, cells deteriorate and eventually trigger programmed cell death (PCD) as a way for the organism to cope with dysfunctional or toxic signals. The programmed cell death that results from excessive ER stress in mammalian systems contributes to several important diseases including hypoxia, neurodegeneration, and diabetes. Importantly, hallmark features and markers of cell death that are associated with ER stress in mammals are also found in plants. In particular, there is a common, conserved set of chaperones that modulate ER cell death signaling. Here we review the elements of plant cell death responses to ER stress and note that an increasing number of plant-pathogen interactions are being identified in which the host ER is targeted by plant pathogens to establish compatibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brett Williams
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jeanmarie Verchot
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Martin B Dickman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University College Station, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sun T, Zhang Q, Gao M, Zhang Y. Regulation of SOBIR1 accumulation and activation of defense responses in bir1-1 by specific components of ER quality control. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 77:748-56. [PMID: 24498907 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-like kinases play diverse roles in plant biology. Arabidopsis BAK1-INTERACTING RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 1 (BIR1) functions as a negative regulator of plant immunity. bir1-1 mutant plants display spontaneous cell death and constitutive defense responses that are dependent on SUPPRESSOR OF BIR1,1 (SOBIR1) and PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT4 (PAD4). Here we report that mutations in three components of ER quality control, CALRETICULIN3 (CRT3), ER-LOCALIZED DnaJ-LIKE PROTEIN 3b (ERdj3b) and STROMAL-DERIVED FACTOR-2 (SDF2), also suppress the spontaneous cell death and constitutive defense responses in bir1-1. Further analysis revealed that accumulation of the SOBIR1 protein is reduced in crt3-1 and erdj3b-1 mutant plants. These data suggest that ER quality control plays important roles in the biogenesis of SOBIR1, and is required for cell death and defense responses in bir1-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tongjun Sun
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tintor N, Saijo Y. ER-mediated control for abundance, quality, and signaling of transmembrane immune receptors in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:65. [PMID: 24616730 PMCID: PMC3933923 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants recognize a wide range of microbes with cell-surface and intracellular immune receptors. Transmembrane pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) initiate immune responses upon recognition of cognate ligands characteristic of microbes or aberrant cellular states, designated microbe-associated molecular patterns or danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), respectively.Pattern-triggered immunity provides a first line of defense that restricts the invasion and propagation of both adapted and non-adapted pathogens. Receptor kinases (RKs) and receptor-like proteins (RLPs) with an extracellular leucine-rich repeat or lysine-motif (LysM) domain are extensively used as PRRs. The correct folding of the extracellular domain of these receptors is under quality control (QC) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which thus provides a critical step in plant immunity. Genetic and structural insight suggests that ERQC regulates not only the abundance and quality of transmembrane receptors but also affects signal sorting between multi-branched pathways downstream of the receptor. However, ERQC dysfunction can also positively stimulate plant immunity, possibly through cell death and DAMP signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nico Tintor
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologne, Germany
| | - Yusuke Saijo
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologne, Germany
- Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and TechnologyIkoma, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and TechnologyKawaguchi, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yusuke Saijo, Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 630-0192 Ikoma, Japan e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Williams B, Verchot J, Dickman MB. When supply does not meet demand-ER stress and plant programmed cell death. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:211. [PMID: 24926295 PMCID: PMC4045240 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the central organelle in the eukaryotic secretory pathway. The ER functions in protein synthesis and maturation and is crucial for proper maintenance of cellular homeostasis and adaptation to adverse environments. Acting as a cellular sentinel, the ER is exquisitely sensitive to changing environments principally via the ER quality control machinery. When perturbed, ER-stress triggers a tightly regulated and highly conserved, signal transduction pathway known as the unfolded protein response (UPR) that prevents the dangerous accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins. In situations where excessive UPR activity surpasses threshold levels, cells deteriorate and eventually trigger programmed cell death (PCD) as a way for the organism to cope with dysfunctional or toxic signals. The programmed cell death that results from excessive ER stress in mammalian systems contributes to several important diseases including hypoxia, neurodegeneration, and diabetes. Importantly, hallmark features and markers of cell death that are associated with ER stress in mammals are also found in plants. In particular, there is a common, conserved set of chaperones that modulate ER cell death signaling. Here we review the elements of plant cell death responses to ER stress and note that an increasing number of plant-pathogen interactions are being identified in which the host ER is targeted by plant pathogens to establish compatibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brett Williams
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of TechnologyBrisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jeanmarie Verchot
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State UniversityStillwater, OK, USA
| | - Martin B. Dickman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station, TX, USA
- *Correspondence: Martin B. Dickman, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|