1
|
Parperides E, El Mounadi K, Garcia‐Ruiz H. Induction and suppression of gene silencing in plants by nonviral microbes. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:1347-1356. [PMID: 37438989 PMCID: PMC10502822 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Gene silencing is a conserved mechanism in eukaryotes that dynamically regulates gene expression. In plants, gene silencing is critical for development and for maintenance of genome integrity. Additionally, it is a critical component of antiviral defence in plants, nematodes, insects, and fungi. To overcome gene silencing, viruses encode effectors that suppress gene silencing. A growing body of evidence shows that gene silencing and suppression of silencing are also used by plants during their interaction with nonviral pathogens such as fungi, oomycetes, and bacteria. Plant-pathogen interactions involve trans-kingdom movement of small RNAs into the pathogens to alter the function of genes required for their development and virulence. In turn, plant-associated pathogenic and nonpathogenic microbes also produce small RNAs that move trans-kingdom into host plants to disrupt pathogen defence through silencing of plant genes. The mechanisms by which these small RNAs move from the microbe to the plant remain poorly understood. In this review, we examine the roles of trans-kingdom small RNAs and silencing suppressors produced by nonviral microbes in inducing and suppressing gene silencing in plants. The emerging model is that gene silencing and suppression of silencing play critical roles in the interactions between plants and their associated nonviral microbes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Parperides
- Department of Plant Pathology and Nebraska Center for VirologyUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNebraskaUSA
| | - Kaoutar El Mounadi
- Department of BiologyKutztown University of PennsylvaniaKutztownPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Hernan Garcia‐Ruiz
- Department of Plant Pathology and Nebraska Center for VirologyUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNebraskaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Duan H, Moresco P, Champouret N. Characterization of host-effector transcription dynamics during pathogen infection in engineered late blight resistant potato. Transgenic Res 2023; 32:95-107. [PMID: 36870023 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-023-00340-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora infestans, the etiologic agent of late blight, is a threat to potato production in areas with high humidity during the growing season. The oomycete pathogen is hemi-biotrophic, it establishes infection on living plant cells and then spreads, kills, and feeds off the necrotized plant tissue material. The interaction between host and pathogen is complex with dynamic pathogen RXLR effectors and potato NB-LRR resistance proteins actively competing for dominance and survival. Late blight protection was brought to several cultivars of potato through insertion of the wild potato (Solanum venturii) NB-LRR resistance gene Rpi-vnt1.1. We have established that the late blight protection trait, mediated by Rpi-vnt1.1, is effective despite low expression of RNA. The RNA expression dynamics of Rpi-vnt1.1 and the cognate pathogen RXLR effector, Avr-vnt1, were evaluated following spray inoculation with up to five different contemporary late blight isolates from North America and South America. Following inoculations, RXLR effector transcript profiles provided insight into interaction compatibility in relation to markers of the late blight hemi-biotrophic lifecycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Duan
- Simplot Plant Sciences, J. R. Simplot Company, Boise, ID, 83706, USA.
- Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center (BARC)-West, USDA-ARS, U.S. National Arboretum, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - Paul Moresco
- Simplot Plant Sciences, J. R. Simplot Company, Boise, ID, 83706, USA
- , Chicago, IL, 60610, USA
| | - Nicolas Champouret
- Simplot Plant Sciences, J. R. Simplot Company, Boise, ID, 83706, USA
- , Naperville, IL, 60540, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Guan Y, Wei Z, Song P, Zhou L, Hu H, Hu P, Li C. MicroRNA Expression Profiles in Response to Phytophthora infestans and Oidium neolycopersici and Functional Identification of sly-miR397 in Tomato. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:497-507. [PMID: 36346372 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-22-0117-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Late blight and powdery mildew are two widespread tomato diseases caused by Phytophthora infestans and Oidium neolycopersici, respectively, which reduce the quantity and quality of tomato. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play critical roles in tomato resistance to various pathogens. Investigating the function of miRNAs is of great significance in controlling tomato diseases. To identify potential miRNAs involved in the interaction of tomato with P. infestans or O. neolycopersici, we analyzed the expression profiles of small RNAs in tomato leaves infected with these two pathogens using RNA-seq technology. A total of 330 and 288 miRNAs exhibited differences in expression levels after exposure to P. infestans and O. neolycopersici, respectively. One hundred and forty-six commonly differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs responsive to P. infestans and O. neolycopersici infestation were detected, including 10 commonly known conserved DE miRNAs and 136 novel miRNAs. Among these known DE miRNAs, sly-miR397 was strongly downregulated in response to P. infestans or O. neolycopersici infection. Silencing of sly-miR397 resulted in enhanced tolerance to the pathogens, whereas overexpression of sly-miR397 showed increased susceptibility. Furthermore, changes in sly-miR397 expression could also affect expression levels of pathogenesis-related genes and reactive oxygen species-scavenging genes, leading to altered necrotic cells and H2O2 levels. In addition, the number of lateral branches significantly changed in transgenic plants. Taken together, our results provide potential miRNA resources for further research of miRNA-disease associations and indicates that sly-miR397 acts as a negative regulator of disease resistance and influences lateral branch development in tomato.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Guan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453000, China
| | - Zhiyuan Wei
- College of Life Science and Technology, Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453000, China
| | - Puwen Song
- College of Life Science and Technology, Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453000, China
| | - Luyi Zhou
- College of Life Science and Technology, Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453000, China
| | - Haiyan Hu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453000, China
| | - Ping Hu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453000, China
| | - Chengwei Li
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shen LL, Waheed A, Wang YP, Nkurikiyimfura O, Wang ZH, Yang LN, Zhan J. Multiple Mechanisms Drive the Evolutionary Adaptation of Phytophthora infestans Effector Avr1 to Host Resistance. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7100789. [PMID: 34682211 PMCID: PMC8538934 DOI: 10.3390/jof7100789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Effectors, a group of small proteins secreted by pathogens, play a central role in antagonistic interactions between plant hosts and pathogens. The evolution of effector genes threatens plant disease management and sustainable food production, but population genetic analyses to understand evolutionary mechanisms of effector genes are limited compared to molecular and functional studies. Here we investigated the evolution of the Avr1 effector gene from 111 Phytophthora infestans isolates collected from six areas covering three potato cropping regions in China using a population genetic approach. High genetic variation of the effector gene resulted from diverse mechanisms including base substitution, pre-termination, intragenic recombination and diversifying selection. Nearly 80% of the 111 sequences had a point mutation in the 512th nucleotide (T512G), which generated a pre-termination stop codon truncating 38 amino acids in the C-terminal, suggesting that the C-terminal may not be essential to ecological and biological functions of P. infestans. A significant correlation between the frequency of Avr1 sequences with the pre-termination and annual mean temperature in the collection sites suggests that thermal heterogeneity might be one of contributors to the diversifying selection, although biological and biochemical mechanisms of the likely thermal adaptation are not known currently. Our results highlight the risk of rapid adaptation of P. infestans and possibly other pathogens as well to host resistance, and the application of eco-evolutionary principles is necessary for sustainable disease management in agricultural ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Shen
- Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China; (L.-L.S.); (A.W.); (O.N.)
| | - Abdul Waheed
- Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China; (L.-L.S.); (A.W.); (O.N.)
| | - Yan-Ping Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Characteristic Horticultural Biological Resources, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Oswald Nkurikiyimfura
- Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China; (L.-L.S.); (A.W.); (O.N.)
| | - Zong-Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Li-Na Yang
- Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China; (L.-L.S.); (A.W.); (O.N.)
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Correspondence: (L.-N.Y.); (J.Z.); Tel.: +86-177-2080-5328 (L.-N.Y.); +46-18-673-639 (J.Z.)
| | - Jiasui Zhan
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
- Correspondence: (L.-N.Y.); (J.Z.); Tel.: +86-177-2080-5328 (L.-N.Y.); +46-18-673-639 (J.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhu Y, Li G, Singh J, Khan A, Fazio G, Saltzgiver M, Xia R. Laccase Directed Lignification Is One of the Major Processes Associated With the Defense Response Against Pythium ultimum Infection in Apple Roots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:629776. [PMID: 34557205 PMCID: PMC8453155 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.629776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Apple replant disease (ARD), incited by a pathogen complex including Pythium ultimum, causes stunted growth or death of newly planted trees at replant sites. Development and deployment of resistant or tolerant rootstocks offers a cost-effective, ecologically friendly, and durable approach for ARD management. Maximized exploitation of natural resistance requires integrated efforts to identify key regulatory mechanisms underlying resistance traits in apple. In this study, miRNA profiling and degradome sequencing identified major miRNA pathways and candidate genes using six apple rootstock genotypes with contrasting phenotypes to P. ultimum infection. The comprehensive RNA-seq dataset offered an expansive view of post-transcriptional regulation of apple root defense activation in response to infection from P. ultimum. Several pairs of miRNA families and their corresponding targets were identified for their roles in defense response in apple roots, including miR397-laccase, miR398-superoxide dismutase, miR10986-polyphenol oxidase, miR482-resistance genes, and miR160-auxin response factor. Of these families, the genotype-specific expression patterns of miR397 indicated its fundamental role in developing defense response patterns to P. ultimum infection. Combined with other identified copper proteins, the importance of cellular fortification, such as lignification of root tissues by the action of laccase, may critically contribute to genotype-specific resistance traits. Our findings suggest that quick and enhanced lignification of apple roots may significantly impede pathogen penetration and minimize the disruption of effective defense activation in roots of resistant genotypes. The identified target miRNA species and target genes consist of a valuable resource for subsequent functional analysis of their roles during interaction between apple roots and P. ultimum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanmin Zhu
- Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Wenatchee, WA, United States
| | - Guanliang Li
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jugpreet Singh
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, United States
| | - Awais Khan
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, United States
| | - Gennaro Fazio
- Plant Genetic Resources Unit, USDA-ARS, Geneva, NY, United States
| | - Melody Saltzgiver
- Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Wenatchee, WA, United States
| | - Rui Xia
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yang LN, Liu H, Wang YP, Seematti J, Grenville-Briggs LJ, Wang Z, Zhan J. Pathogen-Mediated Stomatal Opening: A Previously Overlooked Pathogenicity Strategy in the Oomycete Pathogen Phytophthora infestans. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:668797. [PMID: 34322141 PMCID: PMC8311186 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.668797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora infestans, the most damaging oomycete pathogen of potato, is specialized to grow sporangiophore through opened stomata for secondary inoculum production. However, it is still unclear which metabolic pathways in potato are manipulated by P. infestans in the guard cell-pathogen interactions to open the stomata. Here microscopic observations and cell biology were used to investigate antagonistic interactions between guard cells and the oomycete pathogen. We observed that the antagonistic interactions started at the very beginning of infection. Stomatal movement is an important part of the immune response of potato to P. infestans infection and this occurs through guard cell death and stomatal closure. We observed that P. infestans appeared to manipulate metabolic processes in guard cells, such as triacylglycerol (TAG) breakdown, starch degradation, H2O2 scavenging, and NO catabolism, which are involved in stomatal movement, to evade these stomatal defense responses. The signal transduction pathway of P. infestans-induced stomatal opening likely starts from H2O2 and NO scavenging, along with TAG breakdown while the subsequent starch degradation reinforces the opening process by strengthening guard cell turgor and opening the stomata to their maximum aperture. These results suggest that stomata are a barrier stopping P. infestans from completing its life cycle, but this host defense system can be bypassed through the manipulation of diverse metabolic pathways that may be induced by P. infestans effector proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Yang
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yan-Ping Wang
- Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jenifer Seematti
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | | | - Zonghua Wang
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiasui Zhan
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
de Vries S, de Vries J, Archibald JM, Slamovits CH. Comparative analyses of saprotrophy in Salisapilia sapeloensis and diverse plant pathogenic oomycetes reveal lifestyle-specific gene expression. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 96:5904760. [PMID: 32918444 PMCID: PMC7585586 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oomycetes include many devastating plant pathogens. Across oomycete diversity, plant-infecting lineages are interspersed by non-pathogenic ones. Unfortunately, our understanding of the evolution of lifestyle switches is hampered by a scarcity of data on the molecular biology of saprotrophic oomycetes, ecologically important primary colonizers of dead tissue that can serve as informative reference points for understanding the evolution of pathogens. Here, we established Salisapilia sapeloensis as a tractable system for the study of saprotrophic oomycetes. We generated multiple transcriptomes from S. sapeloensis and compared them with (i) 22 oomycete genomes and (ii) the transcriptomes of eight pathogenic oomycetes grown under 13 conditions. We obtained a global perspective on gene expression signatures of oomycete lifestyles. Our data reveal that oomycete saprotrophs and pathogens use similar molecular mechanisms for colonization but exhibit distinct expression patterns. We identify a S. sapeloensis-specific array and expression of carbohydrate-active enzymes and putative regulatory differences, highlighted by distinct expression levels of transcription factors. Salisapilia sapeloensis expresses only a small repertoire of candidates for virulence-associated genes. Our analyses suggest lifestyle-specific gene regulatory signatures and that, in addition to variation in gene content, shifts in gene regulatory networks underpin the evolution of oomycete lifestyles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie de Vries
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Jan de Vries
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2 Canada.,Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.,Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.,Campus Institute Data Science (CIDAS), University of Goettingen, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - John M Archibald
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Claudio H Slamovits
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Han Z, Xiong D, Xu Z, Liu T, Tian C. The Cytospora chrysosperma Virulence Effector CcCAP1 Mainly Localizes to the Plant Nucleus To Suppress Plant Immune Responses. mSphere 2021; 6:e00883-20. [PMID: 33627507 PMCID: PMC8544888 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00883-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Canker disease is caused by the fungus Cytospora chrysosperma and damages a wide range of woody plants, causing major losses to crops and native plants. Plant pathogens secrete virulence-related effectors into host cells during infection to regulate plant immunity and promote colonization. However, the functions of C. chrysosperma effectors remain largely unknown. In this study, we used Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient expression system in Nicotiana benthamiana and confocal microscopy to investigate the immunoregulation roles and subcellular localization of CcCAP1, a virulence-related effector identified in C. chrysosperma CcCAP1 was significantly induced in the early stages of infection and contains cysteine-rich secretory proteins, antigen 5, and pathogenesis-related 1 proteins (CAP) superfamily domain with four cysteines. CcCAP1 suppressed the programmed cell death triggered by Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX) and the elicitin infestin1 (INF1) in transient expression assays with Nicotiana benthamiana The CAP superfamily domain was sufficient for its cell death-inhibiting activity and three of the four cysteines in the CAP superfamily domain were indispensable for its activity. Pathogen challenge assays in N. benthamiana demonstrated that transient expression of CcCAP1 promoted Botrytis cinerea infection and restricted reactive oxygen species accumulation, callose deposition, and defense-related gene expression. In addition, expression of green fluorescent protein-labeled CcCAP1 in N. benthamiana showed that it localized to both the plant nucleus and the cytoplasm, but the nuclear localization was essential for its full immune inhibiting activity. These results suggest that this virulence-related effector of C. chrysosperma modulates plant immunity and functions mainly via its nuclear localization and the CAP domain.IMPORTANCE The data presented in this study provide a key resource for understanding the biology and molecular basis of necrotrophic pathogen responses to Nicotiana benthamiana resistance utilizing effector proteins, and CcCAP1 may be used in future studies to understand effector-triggered susceptibility processes in the Cytospora chrysosperma-poplar interaction system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Han
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Dianguang Xiong
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiye Xu
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Tingli Liu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengming Tian
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Schnake A, Hartmann M, Schreiber S, Malik J, Brahmann L, Yildiz I, von Dahlen J, Rose LE, Schaffrath U, Zeier J. Inducible biosynthesis and immune function of the systemic acquired resistance inducer N-hydroxypipecolic acid in monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:6444-6459. [PMID: 32725118 PMCID: PMC7586749 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent work has provided evidence for the occurrence of N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP) in Arabidopsis thaliana, characterized its pathogen-inducible biosynthesis by a three-step metabolic sequence from l-lysine, and established a central role for NHP in the regulation of systemic acquired resistance. Here, we show that NHP is biosynthesized in several other plant species in response to microbial attack, generally together with its direct metabolic precursor pipecolic acid and the phenolic immune signal salicylic acid. For example, NHP accumulates locally in inoculated leaves and systemically in distant leaves of cucumber in response to Pseudomonas syringae attack, in Pseudomonas-challenged tobacco and soybean leaves, in tomato inoculated with the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, in leaves of the monocot Brachypodium distachyon infected with bacterial (Xanthomonas translucens) and fungal (Magnaporthe oryzae) pathogens, and in M. oryzae-inoculated barley. Notably, resistance assays indicate that NHP acts as a potent inducer of acquired resistance to bacterial and fungal infection in distinct monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species. Pronounced systemic accumulation of NHP in leaf phloem sap of locally inoculated cucumber supports a function for NHP as a phloem-mobile immune signal. Our study thus generalizes the existence and function of an NHP resistance pathway in plant systemic acquired resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anika Schnake
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Hartmann
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefan Schreiber
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jana Malik
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lisa Brahmann
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ipek Yildiz
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Janina von Dahlen
- Institute for Population Genetics, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Laura E Rose
- Institute for Population Genetics, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schaffrath
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zeier
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
de Vries S, Stukenbrock EH, Rose LE. Rapid evolution in plant-microbe interactions - an evolutionary genomics perspective. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:1256-1262. [PMID: 31997351 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Access to greater genomic resolution through new sequencing technologies is transforming the field of plant pathology. As scientists embrace these new methods, some overarching patterns and observations come into focus. Evolutionary genomic studies are used to determine not only the origins of pathogen lineages and geographic patterns of genetic diversity, but also to discern how natural selection structures genetic variation across the genome. With greater and greater resolution, we can now pinpoint the targets of selection on a large scale. At multiple levels, crypsis and convergent evolution are evident. Host jumps and shifts may be more pervasive than once believed, and hybridization and horizontal gene transfer (HGT) likely play important roles in the emergence of genetic novelty.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie de Vries
- Institute of Population Genetics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eva H Stukenbrock
- Environmental Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
- The Botanical Institute, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garden 9-11, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Laura E Rose
- Institute of Population Genetics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Avila-Mendez K, Rodrigo Á, Araque L, Romero HM. Simultaneous transcriptome analysis of oil palm clones and Phytophthora palmivora reveals oil palm defense strategies. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222774. [PMID: 31553759 PMCID: PMC6760804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora palmivora is an oomycete that causes oil palm bud rot disease. To understand the molecular mechanisms of this disease, palm clones with contrasting responses (Ortet 34, resistant and Ortet 57, susceptible) were inoculated with P. palmivora, and RNAseq gene expression analysis was performed. The transcriptome was obtained by sequencing using Illumina HiSeq2500 technology during the asymptomatic phase (24, 72 and 120 hours postinfection, hpi). A simultaneous analysis of differentially expressed gene (DEG) profiles in palm and P. palmivora was carried out. Additionally, Gene Ontology (GO) and gene network analysis revealed differences in the transcriptional profile of the two ortets, where a high specificity of the pathogen to colonize the susceptible ortet was found. The transcriptional analysis provided an overview of the genes involved in the recognition and signaling of this pathosystem, where different transcription factors, phytohormones, proteins associated with cell wall hardening and nitrogen metabolism contribute to the resistance of oil palm to P. palmivora. This research provides a description of the molecular response of oil palm to P. palmivora, thus becoming an important source of molecular markers for the study of genotypes resistant to bud rot disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Avila-Mendez
- Biology and Breeding Program, OiI Palm Research Center, Cenipalma, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Ávila Rodrigo
- Biology and Breeding Program, OiI Palm Research Center, Cenipalma, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Leonardo Araque
- Biology and Breeding Program, OiI Palm Research Center, Cenipalma, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Hernán Mauricio Romero
- Biology and Breeding Program, OiI Palm Research Center, Cenipalma, Bogotá, Colombia
- Department of Biology, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
de Vries S, de Vries J, Rose LE. The Elaboration of miRNA Regulation and Gene Regulatory Networks in Plant⁻Microbe Interactions. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10040310. [PMID: 31010062 PMCID: PMC6523410 DOI: 10.3390/genes10040310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants are exposed to diverse abiotic and biotic stimuli. These require fast and specific integrated responses. Such responses are coordinated at the protein and transcript levels and are incorporated into larger regulatory networks. Here, we focus on the evolution of transcriptional regulatory networks involved in plant–pathogen interactions. We discuss the evolution of regulatory networks and their role in fine-tuning plant defense responses. Based on the observation that many of the cornerstones of immune signaling in angiosperms are also present in streptophyte algae, it is likely that some regulatory components also predate the origin of land plants. The degree of functional conservation of many of these ancient components has not been elucidated. However, ongoing functional analyses in bryophytes show that some components are conserved. Hence, some of these regulatory components and how they are wired may also trace back to the last common ancestor of land plants or earlier. Of course, an understanding of the similarities and differences during the evolution of plant defense networks cannot ignore the lineage-specific coevolution between plants and their pathogens. In this review, we specifically focus on the small RNA regulatory networks involved in fine-tuning of the strength and timing of defense responses and highlight examples of pathogen exploitation of the host RNA silencing system. These examples illustrate well how pathogens frequently target gene regulation and thereby alter immune responses on a larger scale. That this is effective is demonstrated by the diversity of pathogens from distinct kingdoms capable of manipulating the same gene regulatory networks, such as the RNA silencing machinery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie de Vries
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Jan de Vries
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Laura E Rose
- Institute of Population Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
- CEPLAS-Cluster of Excellence in Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Han GZ. Origin and evolution of the plant immune system. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:70-83. [PMID: 30575972 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 70 I. Introduction 70 II. Ancient associations between plants and microbes 72 III. Evolutionary dynamics of plant-pathogen interactions 74 IV. Evolutionary signature of plant-pathogen interactions 74 V. Origin and evolution of RLK proteins 75 VI. Origin and evolution of NLR proteins 77 VII. Origin and evolution of SA signaling 78 VIII. Origin and evolution of RNA-based defense 79 IX. Perspectives 79 Acknowledgements 80 References 80 SUMMARY: Microbes have engaged in antagonistic associations with plants for hundreds of millions of years. Plants, in turn, have evolved diverse immune strategies to combat microbial pathogens. The conflicts between plants and pathogens result in everchanging coevolutionary cycles known as 'Red Queen' dynamics. These ancient and ongoing plant-pathogen interactions have shaped the evolution of both plant and pathogen genomes. With the recent explosion of plant genome-scale data, comparative analyses provide novel insights into the coevolutionary dynamics of plants and pathogens. Here, we discuss the ancient associations between plants and microbes as well as the evolutionary principles underlying plant-pathogen interactions. We synthesize and review the current knowledge on the origin and evolution of key components of the plant immune system. We also highlight the importance of studying algae and nonflowering land plants in understanding the evolution of the plant immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Zhu Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Structural analysis of Phytophthora suppressor of RNA silencing 2 (PSR2) reveals a conserved modular fold contributing to virulence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:8054-8059. [PMID: 30926664 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1819481116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora are eukaryotic pathogens that cause enormous losses in agriculture and forestry. Each Phytophthora species encodes hundreds of effector proteins that collectively have essential roles in manipulating host cellular processes and facilitating disease development. Here we report the crystal structure of the effector Phytophthora suppressor of RNA silencing 2 (PSR2). PSR2 produced by the soybean pathogen Phytophthora sojae (PsPSR2) consists of seven tandem repeat units, including one W-Y motif and six L-W-Y motifs. Each L-W-Y motif forms a highly conserved fold consisting of five α-helices. Adjacent units are connected through stable, directional linkages between an internal loop at the C terminus of one unit and a hydrophobic pocket at the N terminus of the following unit. This unique concatenation results in an overall stick-like structure of PsPSR2. Genome-wide analyses reveal 293 effectors from five Phytophthora species that have the PsPSR2-like arrangement, that is, containing a W-Y motif as the "start" unit, various numbers of L-W-Y motifs as the "middle" units, and a degenerate L-W-Y as the "end" unit. Residues involved in the interunit interactions show significant conservation, suggesting that these effectors also use the conserved concatenation mechanism. Furthermore, functional analysis demonstrates differential contributions of individual units to the virulence activity of PsPSR2. These findings suggest that the L-W-Y fold is a basic structural and functional module that may serve as a "building block" to accelerate effector evolution in Phytophthora.
Collapse
|
15
|
Bahramisharif A, Rose LE. Efficacy of biological agents and compost on growth and resistance of tomatoes to late blight. PLANTA 2019; 249:799-813. [PMID: 30406411 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-3035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study identified biocontrol measures for improving plant quality and resistance under biotic stress caused by the most devastating pathogen in tomato production. The management of plant diseases are dependent on a variety of factors. Two important variables are the soil quality and its bacterial/fungal community. However, the interaction of these factors is not well understood and remains problematic in producing healthy crops. Here, the effect of oak-bark compost, Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis, Trichoderma harzianum and two commercial products (FZB24 and FZB42) were investigated on tomato growth, production of metabolites and resistance under biotic stress condition (infection with Phytophthora infestans). Oak-bark compost, B. subtilis subsp. subtilis, and T. harzianum significantly enhanced plant growth and immunity when exposed to P. infestans. However, the commercial products were not as effective in promoting growth, with FZB42 having the weakest protection. Furthermore, elevated levels of anthocyanins did not correlate with enhanced plant resistance. Overall, the most effective and consistent plant protection was obtained when B. subtilis subsp. subtilis was combined with oak-bark compost. In contrast, the combination of T. harzianum and oak-bark compost resulted in increased disease severity. The use of compost in combination with bio-agents should, therefore, be evaluated carefully for a reliable and consistent tomato protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Bahramisharif
- Institute of Population genetics, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstr. 1, 26.03.00.25, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- International Graduate School in Plant Sciences (iGRAD-Plant), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Laura E Rose
- Institute of Population genetics, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstr. 1, 26.03.00.25, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- International Graduate School in Plant Sciences (iGRAD-Plant), Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yang L, Ouyang H, Fang Z, Zhu W, Wu E, Luo G, Shang L, Zhan J. Evidence for intragenic recombination and selective sweep in an effector gene of Phytophthora infestans. Evol Appl 2018; 11:1342-1353. [PMID: 30151044 PMCID: PMC6099815 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Effectors, a group of small proteins secreted by pathogens, play a critical role in the antagonistic interaction between plant hosts and pathogens through their dual functions in regulating host immune systems and pathogen infection capability. In this study, evolution in effector genes was investigated through population genetic analysis of Avr3a sequences generated from 96 Phytophthora infestans isolates collected from six locations representing a range of thermal variation and cropping systems in China. We found high genetic variation in the Avr3a gene resulting from diverse mechanisms extending beyond point mutations, frameshift, and defeated start and stop codons to intragenic recombination. A total of 51 nucleotide haplotypes encoding 38 amino acid isoforms were detected in the 96 full sequences with nucleotide diversity in the pathogen populations ranging from 0.007 to 0.023 (mean = 0.017). Although haplotype and nucleotide diversity were high, the effector gene was dominated by only three haplotypes. Evidence for a selective sweep was provided by (i) the population genetic differentiation (GST) of haplotypes being lower than the population differentiation (FST) of SSR marker loci; and (ii) negative values of Tajima's D and Fu's FS. Annual mean temperature in the collection sites was negatively correlated with the frequency of the virulent form (Avr3aEM), indicating Avr3a may be regulated by temperature. These results suggest that elevated air temperature due to global warming may hamper the development of pathogenicity traits in P. infestans and further study under confined thermal regimes may be required to confirm the hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Fujian Key Lab of Plant VirologyInstitute of Plant VirologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Hai‐Bing Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Fujian Key Lab of Plant VirologyInstitute of Plant VirologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Zhi‐Guo Fang
- Fujian Key Lab of Plant VirologyInstitute of Plant VirologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Xiangyang Academy of Agricultural SciencesXiangyangChina
| | - Wen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Fujian Key Lab of Plant VirologyInstitute of Plant VirologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - E‐Jiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Fujian Key Lab of Plant VirologyInstitute of Plant VirologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Gui‐Huo Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Fujian Key Lab of Plant VirologyInstitute of Plant VirologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Li‐Ping Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Jiasui Zhan
- Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical BiologyMinistry of EducationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
de Vries S, von Dahlen JK, Schnake A, Ginschel S, Schulz B, Rose LE. Broad-spectrum inhibition of Phytophthora infestans by fungal endophytes. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2018; 94:4925062. [PMID: 29528408 PMCID: PMC5939626 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora infestans is a devastating pathogen of tomato and potato. It readily overcomes resistance genes and applied agrochemicals and hence even today causes large yield losses. Fungal endophytes provide a largely unexplored avenue of control of Phy. infestans. Not only do endophytes produce a wide array of bioactive metabolites, they may also directly compete with and defeat pathogens in planta. Here, we tested 12 fungal endophytes isolated from different plant species in vitro for their production of metabolites with anti- Phytophthora activity. Four well-performing isolates were evaluated for their ability to suppress nine isolates of Phy. infestans on agar medium and in planta. Two endophytes reliably inhibited all Phy. infestans isolates on agar medium, of which Phoma eupatorii isolate 8082 was the most promising. It nearly abolished infection by Phy. infestans in planta. Our data indicate a role for the production of anti-Phytophthora compounds by the fungus and/or an enhanced plant defense response, as evident by an enhanced anthocyanin production. Here, we present a potential biocontrol agent, which can inhibit a broad-spectrum of Phy. infestans isolates. Such broadly acting inhibition is ideal, because it allows for effective control of genetically diverse isolates and may slow the adaptation of Phy. infestans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie de Vries
- Institute of Population Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
- iGRAD-Plant Graduate School, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Janina K von Dahlen
- Institute of Population Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Anika Schnake
- Institute of Population Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Sarah Ginschel
- Institute of Population Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Barbara Schulz
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universitaet Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Laura E Rose
- Institute of Population Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
- iGRAD-Plant Graduate School, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
- Ceplas, Cluster of Excellence in Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
de Vries S, Kukuk A, von Dahlen JK, Schnake A, Kloesges T, Rose LE. Expression profiling across wild and cultivated tomatoes supports the relevance of early miR482/2118 suppression for Phytophthora resistance. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:20172560. [PMID: 29491170 PMCID: PMC5832704 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.2560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants possess a battery of specific pathogen resistance (R-)genes. Precise R-gene regulation is important in the presence and absence of a pathogen. Recently, a microRNA family, miR482/2118, was shown to regulate the expression of a major class of R-genes, nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeats (NBS-LRRs). Furthermore, RNA silencing suppressor proteins, secreted by pathogens, prevent the accumulation of miR482/2118, leading to an upregulation of R-genes. Despite this transcriptional release of R-genes, RNA silencing suppressors positively contribute to the virulence of some pathogens. To investigate this paradox, we analysed how the regulation of NBS-LRRs by miR482/2118 has been shaped by the coevolution between Phytophthora infestans and cultivated and wild tomatoes. We used degradome analyses and qRT-PCR to evaluate and quantify the co-expression of miR482/2118 and their NBS-LRR targets. Our data show that miR482/2118-mediated targeting contributes to the regulation of NBS-LRRs in Solanum lycopersicum. Based on miR482/2118 expression profiling in two additional tomato species-with different coevolutionary histories with P. infestans-we hypothesize that pathogen-mediated RNA silencing suppression is most effective in the interaction between S. lycopersicum and P. infestans Furthermore, an upregulation of miR482/2118 early in the infection may increase susceptibility to P. infestans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie de Vries
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada NS B3H 4R2
- Institute of Population Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Kukuk
- Institute of Population Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Janina K von Dahlen
- Institute of Population Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
- iGRAD-Plant Graduate School, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Anika Schnake
- Institute of Population Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Thorsten Kloesges
- Institute of Population Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Laura E Rose
- Institute of Population Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
- iGRAD-Plant Graduate School, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
- Ceplas, Cluster of Excellence in Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Luan Y, Cui J, Li J, Jiang N, Liu P, Meng J. Effective enhancement of resistance to Phytophthora infestans by overexpression of miR172a and b in Solanum lycopersicum. PLANTA 2018; 247:127-138. [PMID: 28884358 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2773-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of miR172a and b in tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ) Zaofen No. 2 increased resistance to Phytophthora infestans infection by suppressing of an AP2/ERF transcription factor. The miR172 family has been shown to participate in the growth phase transition, flowering time control, abiotic and biotic stresses by regulating the expression of a small group of AP2/ERF transcription factors. In this study, the precursors of miR172a and b were cloned from tomato, Solanum pimpinellifolium L3708. We used the degradome sequencing to determine the cleavage site of miR172 to a member of the AP2/ERF transcription factor family (Solyc11g072600.1.1). qRT-PCR results showed that the expression of AP2/ERF was negatively correlated with the expression of miR172 in S. pimpinellifolium L3708 infected with Phytophthora infestans. Overexpression of miR172a and b in S. lycopersicum Zaofen No. 2 conferred greater resistance to P. infestans infection, as evidenced by decreased disease index, lesion sizes, and P. infestans abundance. The SOD and POD play important roles in scavenging late massive ROS in plant-pathogen interaction. Malonaldehyde (MDA) is widely recognized as an indicator of lipid peroxidation. Membrane damage in plants can be estimated by measuring leakage of electrolytes, which is evaluated by determining relative electrolyte leakage (REL). Less H2O2 and O2-, higher activities of POD and SOD, less MDA content and REL, and higher chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate were also shown in transgenic plants after inoculation with P. infestans. Our results constitute the first step towards further investigations into the biological function and molecular mechanism of miR172-mediated silencing of AP2/ERF transcription factors in S. lycopersicum-P. infestans interaction and provide a candidate gene for breeding to enhance biotic stress-resistance in S. lycopersicum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yushi Luan
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jun Cui
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Ping Liu
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jun Meng
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Schoina C, Bouwmeester K, Govers F. Infection of a tomato cell culture by Phytophthora infestans; a versatile tool to study Phytophthora-host interactions. PLANT METHODS 2017; 13:88. [PMID: 29090012 PMCID: PMC5657071 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-017-0240-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oomycete Phytophthora infestans causes late blight on potato and tomato. Despite extensive research, the P. infestans-host interaction is still poorly understood. To find new ways to further unravel this interaction we established a new infection system using MsK8 tomato cells. These cells grow in suspension and can be maintained as a stable cell line that is representative for tomato. RESULTS MsK8 cells can host several Phytophthora species pathogenic on tomato. Species not pathogenic on tomato could not infect. Microscopy revealed that 16 h after inoculation up to 36% of the cells were infected. The majority were penetrated by a germ tube emerging from a cyst (i.e. primary infection) while other cells were already showing secondary infections including haustoria. In incompatible interactions, MsK8 cells showed defense responses, namely reactive oxygen species production and cell death leading to a halt in pathogen spread at the single cell level. In compatible interactions, several P. infestans genes, including RXLR effector genes, were expressed and in both, compatible and incompatible interactions tomato genes involved in defense were differentially expressed. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that P. infestans can prosper as a pathogen in MsK8 cells; it not only infects, but also makes haustoria and sporulates, and it receives signals that activate gene expression. Moreover, MsK8 cells have the ability to support pathogen growth but also to defend themselves against infection in a similar way as whole plants. An advantage of MsK8 cells compared to leaves is the more synchronized infection, as all cells have an equal chance of being infected. Moreover, analyses and sampling of infected tissue can be performed in a non-destructive manner from early time points of infection onwards and as such the MsK8 infection system offers a potential platform for large-scale omics studies and activity screenings of inhibitory compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charikleia Schoina
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Bouwmeester
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francine Govers
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
de Vries J, de Vries S, Slamovits CH, Rose LE, Archibald JM. How Embryophytic is the Biosynthesis of Phenylpropanoids and their Derivatives in Streptophyte Algae? PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:934-945. [PMID: 28340089 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The origin of land plants from algae is a long-standing question in evolutionary biology. It is becoming increasingly clear that many characters that were once assumed to be 'embryophyte specific' can in fact be found in their closest algal relatives, the streptophyte algae. One such case is the phenylpropanoid pathway. While biochemical data indicate that streptophyte algae harbor lignin-like components, the phenylpropanoid core pathway, which serves as the backbone of lignin biosynthesis, has been proposed to have arisen at the base of the land plants. Here we revisit this hypothesis using a wealth of new sequence data from streptophyte algae. Tracing the biochemical pathway towards lignin biogenesis, we show that most of the genes required for phenylpropanoid synthesis and the precursors for lignin production were already present in streptophyte algae. Nevertheless, phylogenetic analyses and protein structure predictions of one of the key enzyme classes in lignin production, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), suggest that CADs of streptophyte algae are more similar to sinapyl alcohol dehydrogenases (SADs). This suggests that the end-products of the pathway leading to lignin biosynthesis in streptophyte algae may facilitate the production of lignin-like compounds and defense molecules. We hypothesize that streptophyte algae already possessed the genetic toolkit from which the capacity to produce lignin later evolved in vascular plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan de Vries
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Sophie de Vries
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Population Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claudio H Slamovits
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Program in Integrated Microbial Biodiversity, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Laura E Rose
- Population Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- CEPLAS - Cluster of Excellence in Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - John M Archibald
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Program in Integrated Microbial Biodiversity, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|