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Chtioui W, Balmas V, Delogu G, Migheli Q, Oufensou S. Bioprospecting Phenols as Inhibitors of Trichothecene-Producing Fusarium: Sustainable Approaches to the Management of Wheat Pathogens. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:72. [PMID: 35202101 PMCID: PMC8875213 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium spp. are ubiquitous fungi able to cause Fusarium head blight and Fusarium foot and root rot on wheat. Among relevant pathogenic species, Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum cause significant yield and quality loss and result in contamination of the grain with mycotoxins, mainly type B trichothecenes, which are a major health concern for humans and animals. Phenolic compounds of natural origin are being increasingly explored as fungicides on those pathogens. This review summarizes recent research activities related to the antifungal and anti-mycotoxigenic activity of natural phenolic compounds against Fusarium, including studies into the mechanisms of action of major exogenous phenolic inhibitors, their structure-activity interaction, and the combined effect of these compounds with other natural products or with conventional fungicides in mycotoxin modulation. The role of high-throughput analysis tools to decipher key signaling molecules able to modulate the production of mycotoxins and the development of sustainable formulations enhancing potential inhibitors' efficacy are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiem Chtioui
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (W.C.); (V.B.); (Q.M.)
| | - Virgilio Balmas
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (W.C.); (V.B.); (Q.M.)
| | - Giovanna Delogu
- Istituto CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare, Traversa La Crucca 3, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Quirico Migheli
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (W.C.); (V.B.); (Q.M.)
- Nucleo di Ricerca sulla Desertificazione, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Safa Oufensou
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (W.C.); (V.B.); (Q.M.)
- Nucleo di Ricerca sulla Desertificazione, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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Oufensou S, Dessì A, Dallocchio R, Balmas V, Azara E, Carta P, Migheli Q, Delogu G. Molecular Docking and Comparative Inhibitory Efficacy of Naturally Occurring Compounds on Vegetative Growth and Deoxynivalenol Biosynthesis in Fusarium culmorum. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13110759. [PMID: 34822543 PMCID: PMC8623340 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Fusarium culmorum causes Fusarium head blight in cereals, resulting in yield loss and contamination of the grain by type B trichothecene mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON), and its acetylated derivatives. Synthesis of trichothecenes is driven by a trichodiene synthase (TRI5) that converts farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) to trichodiene. In this work, 15 naturally occurring compounds that belong to the structural phenol and hydroxylated biphenyl classes were tested in vitro and in planta (durum wheat) to determine their inhibitory activity towards TRI5. In vitro analysis highlighted the fungicidal effect of these compounds when applied at 0.25 mM. Greenhouse assays showed a strong inhibitory activity of octyl gallate 5, honokiol 13 and the combination propyl gallate 4 + thymol 7 on trichothecene biosynthesis. Docking analyses were run on the 3D model of F. culmorum TRI5 containing the inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) or FPP. Significant ligand affinities with TRI-PPi and TRI-FPP were observed for the same sites for almost all compounds, with 1 and 2 as privileged sites. Octyl gallate 5 and honokiol 13 interacted almost exclusively with sites 1 and 2, by concurrently activating strong H-bonds with common sets of amino acids. These results open new perspectives for the targeted search of naturally occurring compounds that may find practical application in the eco-friendly control of FHB in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safa Oufensou
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (V.B.); (Q.M.)
- Nucleo di Ricerca sulla Desertificazione, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Alessandro Dessì
- Istituto CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare, Traversa La Crucca 3, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.D.); (R.D.); (E.A.); (P.C.); (G.D.)
| | - Roberto Dallocchio
- Istituto CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare, Traversa La Crucca 3, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.D.); (R.D.); (E.A.); (P.C.); (G.D.)
| | - Virgilio Balmas
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (V.B.); (Q.M.)
| | - Emanuela Azara
- Istituto CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare, Traversa La Crucca 3, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.D.); (R.D.); (E.A.); (P.C.); (G.D.)
| | - Paola Carta
- Istituto CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare, Traversa La Crucca 3, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.D.); (R.D.); (E.A.); (P.C.); (G.D.)
| | - Quirico Migheli
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (V.B.); (Q.M.)
- Nucleo di Ricerca sulla Desertificazione, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Delogu
- Istituto CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare, Traversa La Crucca 3, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.D.); (R.D.); (E.A.); (P.C.); (G.D.)
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Genome-wide association study for deoxynivalenol production and aggressiveness in wheat and rye head blight by resequencing 92 isolates of Fusarium culmorum. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:630. [PMID: 34461830 PMCID: PMC8404269 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07931-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fusarium culmorum is an important pathogen causing head blight of cereals in Europe. This disease is of worldwide importance leading to reduced yield, grain quality, and contamination by mycotoxins. These mycotoxins are harmful for livestock and humans; therefore, many countries have strict regulatory limits for raw materials and processed food. Extensive genetic diversity is described among field populations of F. culmorum isolates for aggressiveness and production of the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON). However, the causes for this quantitative variation are not clear, yet. We analyzed 92 isolates sampled from different field populations in Germany, Russia, and Syria together with an international collection for aggressiveness and DON production in replicated field experiments at two locations in two years with two hosts, wheat and rye. The 30x coverage whole-genome resequencing of all isolates resulted in the identification of 130,389 high quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were used for the first genome-wide association study in this phytopathogenic fungus. Results In wheat, 20 and 27 SNPs were detected for aggressiveness and DON content, respectively, of which 10 overlapped. Additionally, two different SNPs were significantly associated with aggressiveness in rye that were among those SNPs being associated with DON production in wheat. Most of the SNPs explained only a small proportion of genotypic variance (pG), however, four SNPs were associated with major quantitative trait loci (QTLs) with pG ranging from 12 to 48%. The QTL with the highest pG was involved in DON production and associated with a SNP most probably located within the Tri4 gene. Conclusions The diversity of 92 isolates of F. culmorum were captured using a heuristic approach. Key phenotypic traits, SNPs, and candidate genes underlying aggressiveness and DON production were identified. Clearly, many QTLs are responsible for aggressiveness and DON content in wheat, both traits following a quantitative inheritance. Several SNPs involved in DON metabolism, among them the Tri4 gene of the trichothecene pathway, were inferred as important source of variation in fungal aggressiveness. Using this information underlying the phenotypic variation will be of paramount importance in evaluating strategies for successful resistance breeding. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07931-5.
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Colombo EM, Kunova A, Pizzatti C, Saracchi M, Cortesi P, Pasquali M. Selection of an Endophytic Streptomyces sp. Strain DEF09 From Wheat Roots as a Biocontrol Agent Against Fusarium graminearum. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2356. [PMID: 31681219 PMCID: PMC6798073 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Selection of biological control agents (BCA) profits from an integrated study of the tripartite interactions occurring among the BCA, the plant and the pathogen. The environment plays a crucial role in the efficacy of BCA, therefore, the selection process shall utmost mimic naturally occurring conditions. To identify effective biocontrol strains against Fusarium graminearum, the major cause of Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat and deoxynivalenol (DON) accumulation in grains, a workflow consisting of in vitro and in vivo assays was set up. Twenty-one Streptomyces strains, 16 of which were endophytes of different plants, were analyzed. In vitro and in vivo tests characterized their plant growth promoting (PGP) traits. Biocontrol activity against F. graminearum was firstly assessed with a dual culture assay. An in vivo germination blotter assay measured Fusarium foot rot and root rot symptoms (FFR-FRR) reduction as well as growth parameters of the plant treated with the Streptomyces strains. A selected subset of Streptomyces spp. strains was then assessed in a growth chamber measuring FFR symptoms and growth parameters of the wheat plant. The approach led to the identification of an effective Streptomyces sp. strain, DEF09, able to inhibit FHB on wheat in controlled conditions by blocking the spread of the pathogen at the infection site. The results were further confirmed in field conditions on both bread and durum wheat, where DEF09 decreased disease severity up to 60%. This work confirms that FRR and FFR pathosystems can be used to identify BCA effective against FHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Maria Colombo
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Kunova
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Pizzatti
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Saracchi
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Cortesi
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Matias Pasquali
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Aamir M, Singh VK, Dubey MK, Meena M, Kashyap SP, Katari SK, Upadhyay RS, Umamaheswari A, Singh S. In silico Prediction, Characterization, Molecular Docking, and Dynamic Studies on Fungal SDRs as Novel Targets for Searching Potential Fungicides Against Fusarium Wilt in Tomato. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1038. [PMID: 30405403 PMCID: PMC6204350 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular wilt of tomato caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (FOL) is one of the most devastating diseases, that delimits the tomato production worldwide. Fungal short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDRs) are NADP(H) dependent oxidoreductases, having shared motifs and common functional mechanism, have been demonstrated as biochemical targets for commercial fungicides. The 1,3,6,8 tetra hydroxynaphthalene reductase (T4HNR) protein, a member of SDRs family, catalyzes the naphthol reduction reaction in fungal melanin biosynthesis. We retrieved an orthologous member of T4HNR, (complexed with NADP(H) and pyroquilon from Magnaporthe grisea) in the FOL (namely; FOXG_04696) based on homology search, percent identity and sequence similarity (93% query cover; 49% identity). The hypothetical protein FOXG_04696 (T4HNR like) had conserved T-G-X-X-X-G-X-G motif (cofactor binding site) at N-terminus, similar to M. grisea (1JA9) and Y-X-X-X-K motif, as a part of the active site, bearing homologies with two fungal keto reductases T4HNR (M. grisea) and 17-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from Curvularia lunata (teleomorph: Cochliobolus lunatus PDB ID: 3IS3). The catalytic tetrad of T4HNR was replaced with ASN115, SER141, TYR154, and LYS158 in the FOXG_04696. The structural alignment and superposition of FOXG_04696 over the template proteins (3IS3 and 1JA9) revealed minimum RMSD deviations of the C alpha atomic coordinates, and therefore, had structural conservation. The best protein model (FOXG_04696) was docked with 37 fungicides, to evaluate their binding affinities. The Glide XP and YASARA docked complexes showed discrepancies in results, for scoring and ranking the binding affinities of fungicides. The docked complexes were further refined and rescored from their docked poses through 50 ns long MD simulations, and binding free energies (ΔGbind) calculations, using MM/GBSA analysis, revealed Oxathiapiprolin and Famoxadone as better fungicides among the selected one. However, Famoxadone had better interaction of the docked residues, with best protein ligand contacts, minimum RMSD (high accuracy of the docking pose) and RMSF (structural integrity and conformational flexibility of docking) at the specified docking site. The Famoxadone was found to be acceptable based on in silico toxicity and in vitro growth inhibition assessment. We conclude that the FOXG_04696, could be employed as a novel candidate protein, for structure-based design, and screening of target fungicides against the FOL pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Aamir
- Laboratory of Mycopathology and Microbial Technology, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Vinay Kumar Singh
- Centre for Bioinformatics, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Manish Kumar Dubey
- Laboratory of Mycopathology and Microbial Technology, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Mukesh Meena
- Laboratory of Mycopathology and Microbial Technology, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.,Department of Botany, University College of Science, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India
| | - Sarvesh Pratap Kashyap
- Division of Crop Improvement and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Varanasi, India
| | - Sudheer Kumar Katari
- Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Bioinformatics, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences University, Tirupati, India
| | - Ram Sanmukh Upadhyay
- Laboratory of Mycopathology and Microbial Technology, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Amineni Umamaheswari
- Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Bioinformatics, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences University, Tirupati, India
| | - Surendra Singh
- Laboratory of Mycopathology and Microbial Technology, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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