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López-Moral A, Antón-Domínguez BI, Lovera M, Arquero O, Trapero A, Agustí-Brisach C. Identification and pathogenicity of Fusarium species associated with wilting and crown rot in almond (Prunus dulcis). Sci Rep 2024; 14:5720. [PMID: 38459251 PMCID: PMC10924081 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56350-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe Fusarium wilt and crown root symptoms were observed in almond orchards in Portugal. The present study elucidates the etiology of the disease through molecular, phenotypic, and pathogenic characterization. Three Fusarium isolates from Portugal were tested and 12 Fusarium isolates from almond from Spain were included for comparative purposes. Their identity was inferred by phylogenetic analysis combining tef1 and rpb2 sequences. The Portuguese isolates were identified as Fusarium oxysporum sensu stricto (s.s.), and the Spanish isolates as Fusarium nirenbergiae, F. oxysporum (s.s.), Fusarium proliferatum, Fusarium redolens (s.s.), Fusarium sambucinum (s.s.), and Fusarium sp. Fungal colonies and conidia were characterized on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and on Synthetischer Nährstoffarmer agar, respectively. The colonies had a variable morphology and their color ranged from white to pale violet. Typical Fusarium micro- and macroconidia were characterized. Temperature effect on mycelial growth was evaluated on PDA from 5 to 35 °C, with optimal growth temperature ranging between 16.8 and 26.4 °C. The pathogenicity of F. oxysporum was demonstrated by inoculating almond plants ('Lauranne') grafted on GF-677 or Rootpac 20 rootstocks. A significant reduction in plant growth, wilting, and xylem discoloration was observed, with Rootpac 20 being more susceptible than GF-677. Infections were also reproduced using naturally infested soils. Almond plants ('Lauranne') were inoculated with isolates of all Fusarium species, with F. redolens from Spain and F. oxysporum from Portugal being the most aggressive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana López-Moral
- Departamento de Agronomía (Unit of Excellence 'María de Maeztu' 2020-2024), ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. C4, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Begoña Isabel Antón-Domínguez
- Departamento de Agronomía (Unit of Excellence 'María de Maeztu' 2020-2024), ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. C4, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - María Lovera
- Departamento de Fruticultura Mediterránea, IFAPA, Alameda del Obispo, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Octavio Arquero
- Departamento de Fruticultura Mediterránea, IFAPA, Alameda del Obispo, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Trapero
- Departamento de Agronomía (Unit of Excellence 'María de Maeztu' 2020-2024), ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. C4, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carlos Agustí-Brisach
- Departamento de Agronomía (Unit of Excellence 'María de Maeztu' 2020-2024), ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. C4, 14071, Córdoba, Spain.
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Wang M, Zhu L, Zhang C, Zhou H, Tang Y, Cao S, Chen J, Zhang J. Transcriptomic-Proteomic Analysis Revealed the Regulatory Mechanism of Peanut in Response to Fusarium oxysporum. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:619. [PMID: 38203792 PMCID: PMC10779420 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Peanut Fusarium rot, which is widely observed in the main peanut-producing areas in China, has become a significant factor that has limited the yield and quality in recent years. It is highly urgent and significant to clarify the regulatory mechanism of peanuts in response to Fusarium oxysporum. In this study, transcriptome and proteome profiling were combined to provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of peanut stems after F. oxysporums infection. A total of 3746 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 305 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were screened. The upregulated DEGs and DEPs were primarily enriched in flavonoid biosynthesis, circadian rhythm-plant, and plant-pathogen interaction pathways. Then, qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the expression levels of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chalcone isomerase (CHI), and cinnamic acid-4-hydroxylase (C4H) genes increased after F. oxysporums infection. Moreover, the expressions of these genes varied in different peanut tissues. All the results revealed that many metabolic pathways in peanut were activated by improving key gene expressions and the contents of key enzymes, which play critical roles in preventing fungi infection. Importantly, this research provides the foundation of biological and chemical analysis for peanut disease resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jiancheng Zhang
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao 266100, China; (M.W.); (L.Z.); (C.Z.); (H.Z.); (Y.T.); (S.C.); (J.C.)
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Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans Race 1 in Northern China Samples. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8101089. [PMID: 36294654 PMCID: PMC9604595 DOI: 10.3390/jof8101089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans (FOC), the causal agent of cabbage fusarium wilt, is a serious threat to cabbage production in northern China, and most Chinese FOC isolates were identified as FOC race 1 (FOC1). To better understand the genetic diversity of FOC1 in northern China, we collected FOC isolates from five provinces in northern China and identified them as FOC1 through pathogenicity and race test. To evaluate the genome-level diversity of FOC1, we performed a genome assembly for a FOC1 isolate (FoYQ-1) collected from Yanqing, Beijing, where cabbage fusarium wilt was first reported in China. Using resequencing data of FOC1 isolates, we conducted a genome-wide SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) analysis to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of FOC1 isolates in northern China. Our study indicated that Chinese FOC1 can be grouped into four populations and revealed that the genetic diversity of FOC1 were closely associated with geographical locations. Our study further suggests that genetic differentiation occurred when FOC1 spread to the northwest provinces from Beijing Province in China. The FOC1 genetic diversity based on whole-genome SNPs could deepen our understanding of FOC1 variation and provide clues for the control of cabbage fusarium wilt in China.
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Jenner BN, Henry PM. Pathotypes of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae express discrete repertoires of accessory genes and induce distinct host transcriptional responses during root infection. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:4570-4586. [PMID: 35706142 PMCID: PMC9796522 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Convergent evolution of phytopathogenicity is poorly described, especially among multiple strains of a single microbial species. We investigated this phenomenon with genetically diverse isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae (Fof) that cause one of two syndromes: chlorosis and wilting (the 'yellows-fragariae' pathotype), or only wilting (the 'wilt-fragariae' pathotype). We challenged strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) plants to root infection by five fungal isolates: three yellows-fragariae, one wilt-fragariae and one that is not pathogenic to strawberry. All Fof isolates had chromosome-level assemblies; three were newly generated. The two pathotypes triggered distinct host responses, especially among phytohormone-associated genes; yellows-fragariae isolates strongly induced jasmonic acid-associated genes, whereas the wilt-fragariae isolate primarily induced ethylene biosynthesis and signalling. The differentially expressed genes on fungal accessory chromosomes were almost entirely distinct between pathotypes. We identified an ~150 kbp 'pathogenicity island' that was horizontally transferred between wilt-fragariae strains. This predicted pathogenicity island was enriched with differentially expressed genes whose predicted functions were related to plant infection, and only one of these genes was also upregulated in planta by yellows-fragariae isolates. These results support the conclusion that wilt- and yellows-fragariae cause physiologically distinct syndromes by the expression of discrete repertoires of genes on accessory chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley N. Jenner
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of California at DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Peter M. Henry
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research ServiceSalinasCaliforniaUSA
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Wei-Ye L, Hong-Bo G, Ke-Xin B, Alekseevna SL, Xiao-Jian Q, Xiao-Dan Y. Determining why continuous cropping reduces the production of the morel Morchella sextelata. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:903983. [PMID: 36171750 PMCID: PMC9510911 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.903983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial cultivation of Morchella sextelata and other morels is expanding in China, but continuous cropping reduces Morchella for unknown reasons. Here, we investigated soil that had been used or not used for M. sextelata cultivation for 0, 1, and 2 years. We found that the continuous cropping of M. sextelata substantially reduced the pH and the nutrient content of the hyphosphere soil and increased sclerotia formation by M. sextelata. Changes in the structure of bacterial and fungal communities were associated with levels of available nitrogen (N) and phosphorus in the soil. With continuous cropping, the richness and diversity of fungal and bacterial communities increased, but the abundance of Bacillus and Lactobacillus decreased and the abundance of pathogenic fungi increased. FAPROTAX analysis indicated that N cycle functions were enriched more with than without continuous cultivation, and that enrichment of N cycle and sulfate respiration functions was higher in the second than in the first year of cultivation. FunGuild analysis indicated that the functions related to pathotrophs and wood saprotrophs were enriched by M. sextelata cultivation. Overall, the results suggest that continuous cropping may reduce M. sextelata production by acidifying the soil and increasing the abundance of pathogenic fungi. Additional research is needed to determine whether increases in the abundance of pathogenic fungi and changes in soil chemistry result in the declines in production that occur with continuous M. sextelata cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Wei-Ye
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guo Hong-Bo
- College of Life Engineering, Shenyang Institute of Technology, Fushun, China
- Primorye State Agricultural Academy, Ussuriisk, Russia
| | - Bi Ke-Xin
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Sibirina Lidiya Alekseevna
- Primorye State Agricultural Academy, Ussuriisk, Russia
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Qi Xiao-Jian
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Xiao-Dan
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Yu Xiao-Dan,
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Poudel B, Purushotham N, Jones A, Nasim J, Adorada DL, Sparks AH, Schwessinger B, Vaghefi N. The First Annotated Genome Assembly of Macrophomina tecta Associated with Charcoal Rot of Sorghum. Genome Biol Evol 2022; 14:evac081. [PMID: 35647618 PMCID: PMC9185371 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evac081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Charcoal rot is an important soilborne disease caused by a range of Macrophomina species, which affects a broad range of commercially important crops worldwide. Even though Macrophomina species are fungal pathogens of substantial economic importance, their mechanism of pathogenicity and host spectrum are poorly understood. There is an urgent need to better understand the biology, epidemiology, and evolution of Macrophomina species, which, in turn, will aid in improving charcoal rot management strategies. Here, we present the first high-quality genome assembly and annotation of Macrophomina tecta strain BRIP 70781 associated with charcoal rot symptoms on sorghum. Hybrid assembly integrating long reads generated by Oxford Nanopore Technology and short Illumina paired-end reads resulted in 43 contigs with a total assembly size of ∼54 Mb, and an N50 of 3.4 Mb. In total, 12,926 protein-coding genes and 7,036 repeats were predicted. Genome comparisons detected accumulation of DNA transposons in Macrophomina species associated with sorghum. The first reference genome of M. tecta generated in this study will contribute to more comparative and population genomics studies of Macrophomina species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barsha Poudel
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
| | - Neeraj Purushotham
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
- Loam Bio, Orange, NSW, Australia
| | - Ashley Jones
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Jamila Nasim
- Loam Bio, Orange, NSW, Australia
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Dante L. Adorada
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
| | - Adam H. Sparks
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | - Niloofar Vaghefi
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Food, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Jangir P, Mehra N, Sharma K, Singh N, Rani M, Kapoor R. Secreted in Xylem Genes: Drivers of Host Adaptation in Fusarium oxysporum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:628611. [PMID: 33968096 PMCID: PMC8101498 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.628611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) is a notorious pathogen that significantly contributes to yield losses in crops of high economic status. It is responsible for vascular wilt characterized by the browning of conductive tissue, wilting, and plant death. Individual strains of Fo are host specific (formae speciales), and approximately, 150 forms have been documented so far. The pathogen secretes small effector proteins in the xylem, termed as Secreted in Xylem (Six), that contribute to its virulence. Most of these proteins contain cysteine residues in even numbers. These proteins are encoded by SIX genes that reside on mobile pathogenicity chromosomes. So far, 14 proteins have been reported. However, formae speciales vary in SIX protein profile and their respective gene sequence. Thus, SIX genes have been employed as ideal markers for pathogen identification. Acquisition of SIX-encoding mobile pathogenicity chromosomes by non-pathogenic lines, through horizontal transfer, results in the evolution of new virulent lines. Recently, some SIX genes present on these pathogenicity chromosomes have been shown to be involved in defining variation in host specificity among formae speciales. Along these lines, the review entails the variability (formae speciales, races, and vegetative compatibility groups) and evolutionary relationships among members of F. oxysporum species complex (FOSC). It provides updated information on the diversity, structure, regulation, and (a)virulence functions of SIX genes. The improved understanding of roles of SIX in variability and virulence of Fo has significant implication in establishment of molecular framework and techniques for disease management. Finally, the review identifies the gaps in current knowledge and provides insights into potential research landscapes that can be explored to strengthen the understanding of functions of SIX genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Rupam Kapoor
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
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