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Shi Y, Cheng T, Cheang QW, Zhao X, Xu Z, Liang Z, Xu L, Wang J. A cyclic di-GMP-binding adaptor protein interacts with a N5-glutamine methyltransferase to regulate the pathogenesis in Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13496. [PMID: 39011828 PMCID: PMC11250160 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
The second messenger cyclic diguanylate monophosphate (c-di-GMP) regulates a wide range of bacterial behaviours through diverse mechanisms and binding receptors. Single-domain PilZ proteins, the most widespread and abundant known c-di-GMP receptors in bacteria, act as trans-acting adaptor proteins that enable c-di-GMP to control signalling pathways with high specificity. This study identifies a single-domain PilZ protein, XAC3402 (renamed N5MapZ), from the phytopathogen Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), which modulates Xcc virulence by directly interacting with the methyltransferase HemK. Through yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescent staining, we demonstrated that N5MapZ and HemK interact directly under both in vitro and in vivo conditions, with the strength of the protein-protein interaction decreasing at high c-di-GMP concentrations. This finding distinguishes N5MapZ from other characterized single-domain PilZ proteins, as it was previously known that c-di-GMP enhances the interaction between those single-domain PilZs and their protein partners. This observation is further supported by the fact that the c-di-GMP binding-defective mutant N5MapZR10A can interact with HemK to inhibit the methylation of the class 1 translation termination release factor PrfA. Additionally, we found that HemK plays an important role in Xcc pathogenesis, as the deletion of hemK leads to extensive phenotypic changes, including reduced virulence in citrus plants, decreased motility, production of extracellular enzymes and stress tolerance. Gene expression analysis has revealed that c-di-GMP and the HemK-mediated pathway regulate the expression of multiple virulence effector proteins, uncovering a novel regulatory mechanism through which c-di-GMP regulates Xcc virulence by mediating PrfA methylation via the single-domain PilZ adaptor protein N5MapZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shi
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern RegionShaoguan UniversityShaoguanChina
| | - Tianfang Cheng
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Qing Wei Cheang
- School of Biological SciencesNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
| | - Xiaoyan Zhao
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Zeling Xu
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Zhao‐Xun Liang
- School of Biological SciencesNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
| | - Linghui Xu
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Junxia Wang
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
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Xie C, Gu W, Chen Z, Liang Z, Huang S, Zhang LH, Chen S. Polyamine signaling communications play a key role in regulating the pathogenicity of Dickeya fangzhongdai. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0196523. [PMID: 37874149 PMCID: PMC10715095 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01965-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Dickeya fangzhongdai is a newly identified plant bacterial pathogen with a wide host range. A clear understanding of the cell-to-cell communication systems that modulate the bacterial virulence is of key importance for elucidating its pathogenic mechanisms and for disease control. In this study, we present evidence that putrescine molecules from the pathogen and host plants play an essential role in regulating the bacterial virulence. The significance of this study is in (i) demonstrating that putrescine signaling system regulates D. fangzhongdai virulence mainly through modulating the bacterial motility and production of PCWD enzymes, (ii) outlining the signaling and regulatory mechanisms with which putrescine signaling system modulates the above virulence traits, and (iii) validating that D. fangzhongdai could use both arginine and ornithine pathways to synthesize putrescine signals. To our knowledge, this is the first report to show that putrescine signaling system plays a key role in modulating the pathogenicity of D. fangzhongdai.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weihan Gu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongqiao Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhibin Liang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shufen Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lian-Hui Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangzhou, China
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Liu F, Hu M, Tan X, Xue Y, Li C, Wang S, Lv M, Chen X, Zhou X, Zhang L, Zhou J. Pseudomonas chlororaphis L5 and Enterobacter asburiae L95 biocontrol Dickeya soft rot diseases by quenching virulence factor modulating quorum sensing signal. Microb Biotechnol 2023; 16:2145-2160. [PMID: 37815509 PMCID: PMC10616651 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Virulence factor modulating (VFM) is a quorum sensing (QS) signal shared by and specific to Dickeya bacteria, regulating the production of plant cell wall degrading enzymes (PCWDEs) and virulence of Dickeya. High polarity and trace of VFM signal increase the difficulty of signal separation and structure identification, and thus limit the development of quorum quenching strategy to biocontrol bacterial soft rot diseases caused by Dickeya. In order to high-throughput screen VFM quenching bacteria, a vfmE-gfp biosensor VR2 (VFM Reporter) sensitive to VFM signal was first constructed. Subsequently, two bacterial strains with high quenching efficiency were screened out by fluorescence intensity measurement and identified as Pseudomonas chlororaphis L5 and Enterobacter asburiae L95 using multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA). L5 and L95 supernatants reduced the expression of vfm genes, and both strains also decreased the production of PCWDEs of D. zeae MS2 and significantly reduced the virulence of D. oryzae EC1 on rice seedlings, D. zeae MS2 on banana seedlings, D. dadantii 3937 on potato and D. fangzhongdai CL3 on taro. Findings in this study provide a method to high-throughput screen VFM quenching bacteria and characterize novel functions of P. chlororaphis and E. asburiae in biocontrolling plant diseases through quenching VFM QS signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Integrative Microbiology Research CenterSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Ming Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Integrative Microbiology Research CenterSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Henry Fok School of Biology and AgricultureShaoguan UniversityShaoguanChina
| | - Xu Tan
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Integrative Microbiology Research CenterSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yang Xue
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Integrative Microbiology Research CenterSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Chuhao Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Integrative Microbiology Research CenterSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Si Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Integrative Microbiology Research CenterSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Mingfa Lv
- College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Henry Fok School of Biology and AgricultureShaoguan UniversityShaoguanChina
| | - Xiaofan Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Integrative Microbiology Research CenterSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Lian‐hui Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Integrative Microbiology Research CenterSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jianuan Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Integrative Microbiology Research CenterSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
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Wang K, Li W, Cui H, Qin S. Phylogenetic Analysis and Characterization of Diguanylate Cyclase and Phosphodiesterase in Planktonic Filamentous Cyanobacterium Arthrospira sp. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15210. [PMID: 37894891 PMCID: PMC10607523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) is a second messenger of intracellular communication in bacterial species, which widely modulates diverse cellular processes. However, little is known about the c-di-GMP network in filamentous multicellular cyanobacteria. In this study, we preliminarily investigated the c-di-GMP turnover proteins in Arthrospira based on published protein data. Bioinformatics results indicate the presence of at least 149 potential turnover proteins in five Arthrospira subspecies. Some proteins are highly conserved in all tested Arthrospira, whereas others are specifically found only in certain subspecies. To further validate the protein catalytic activity, we constructed a riboswitch-based c-di-GMP expression assay system in Escherichia coli and confirmed that a GGDEF domain protein, Adc11, exhibits potential diguanylate cyclase activity. Moreover, we also evaluated a protein with a conserved HD-GYP domain, Ahd1, the expression of which significantly improved the swimming ability of E. coli. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay also showed that overexpression of Ahd1 reduced the intracellular concentration of c-di-GMP, which is presumed to exhibit phosphodiesterase activity. Notably, meta-analyses of transcriptomes suggest that Adc11 and Ahd1 are invariable. Overall, this work confirms the possible existence of a functional c-di-GMP network in Arthrospira, which will provide support for the revelation of the biological function of the c-di-GMP system in Arthrospira.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Wang
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; (K.W.); (W.L.); (H.C.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenjun Li
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; (K.W.); (W.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Hongli Cui
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; (K.W.); (W.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Song Qin
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; (K.W.); (W.L.); (H.C.)
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Khan F, Jeong GJ, Tabassum N, Kim YM. Functional diversity of c-di-GMP receptors in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:259. [PMID: 37749602 PMCID: PMC10519070 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01263-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic bis-(3', 5')-dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) is ubiquitous in many bacterial species, where it functions as a nucleotide-based secondary messenger and is a vital regulator of numerous biological processes. Due to its ubiquity, most bacterial species possess a wide range of downstream receptors that has a binding affinity to c-di-GMP and elicit output responses. In eukaryotes, several enzymes and riboswitches operate as receptors that interact with c-di-GMP and transduce cellular or environmental signals. This review examines the functional variety of receptors in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems that exhibit distinct biological responses after interacting with c-di-GMP. Evolutionary relationships and similarities in distance among the c-di-GMP receptors in various bacterial species were evaluated to understand their specificities. Furthermore, residues of receptors involved in c-di-GMP binding are summarized. This review facilitates the understanding of how distinct receptors from different origins bind c-di-GMP equally well, yet fulfill diverse biological roles at the interspecies, intraspecies, and interkingdom levels. Furthermore, it also highlights c-di-GMP receptors as potential therapeutic targets, particularly those found in pathogenic microorganisms. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazlurrahman Khan
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
| | - Geum-Jae Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Nazia Tabassum
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Mog Kim
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Chen S, Hu M, Hu A, Xue Y, Wang S, Liu F, Li C, Zhou X, Zhou J. The integration host factor regulates multiple virulence pathways in bacterial pathogen Dickeya zeae MS2. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:1487-1507. [PMID: 35819797 PMCID: PMC9452768 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Dickeya zeae is an aggressive bacterial phytopathogen that infects a wide range of host plants. It has been reported that integration host factor (IHF), a nucleoid-associated protein consisting of IHFα and IHFβ subunits, regulates gene expression by influencing nucleoid structure and DNA bending. To define the role of IHF in the pathogenesis of D. zeae MS2, we deleted either and both of the IHF subunit encoding genes ihfA and ihfB, which significantly reduced the production of cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs), an unknown novel phytotoxin and the virulence factor-modulating (VFM) quorum-sensing (QS) signal, cell motility, biofilm formation, and thereafter the infection ability towards both potato slices and banana seedlings. To characterize the regulatory pathways of IHF protein associated with virulence, IHF binding sites (consensus sequence 5'-WATCAANNNNTTR-3') were predicted and 272 binding sites were found throughout the genome. The expression of 110 tested genes was affected by IHF. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) showed direct interaction of IhfA protein with the promoters of vfmE, speA, pipR, fis, slyA, prtD, hrpL, hecB, hcp, indA, hdaA, flhD, pilT, gcpJ, arcA, arcB, and lysR. This study clarified the contribution of IHF in the pathogenic process of D. zeae by controlling the production of VFM and putrescine QS signals, phytotoxin, and indigoidine, the luxR-solo system, Fis, SlyA, and FlhD transcriptional regulators, and secretion systems from type I to type VI. Characterization of the regulatory networks of IHF in D. zeae provides a target for prevention and control of plant soft rot disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlIntegrative Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Ming Hu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlIntegrative Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Anqun Hu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlIntegrative Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yang Xue
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlIntegrative Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Si Wang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlIntegrative Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Fan Liu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlIntegrative Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Chuhao Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlIntegrative Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaofan Zhou
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlIntegrative Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jianuan Zhou
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlIntegrative Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
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Lin S, Chen S, Li L, Cao H, Li T, Hu M, Liao L, Zhang LH, Xu Z. Genome characterization of a uropathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate PA_HN002 with cyclic di-GMP-dependent hyper-biofilm production. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:956445. [PMID: 36004331 PMCID: PMC9394441 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.956445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa can cause various types of infections and is one of the most ubiquitous antibiotic-resistant pathogens found in healthcare settings. It is capable of adapting to adverse conditions by transforming its motile lifestyle to a sessile biofilm lifestyle, which induces a steady state of chronic infection. However, mechanisms triggering the lifestyle transition of P. aeruginosa strains with clinical significance are not very clear. In this study, we reported a recently isolated uropathogenic hyper-biofilm producer PA_HN002 and characterized its genome to explore genetic factors that may promote its transition into the biofilm lifestyle. We first showed that high intracellular c-di-GMP content in PA_HN002 gave rise to its attenuated motilities and extraordinary strong biofilm. Reducing the intracellular c-di-GMP content by overexpressing phosphodiesterases (PDEs) such as BifA or W909_14950 converted the biofilm and motility phenotypes. Whole genome sequencing and comprehensive analysis of all the c-di-GMP metabolizing enzymes led to the identification of multiple mutations within PDEs. Gene expression assays further indicated that the shifted expression profile of c-di-GMP metabolizing enzymes in PA_HN002 might mainly contribute to its elevated production of intracellular c-di-GMP and enhanced biofilm formation. Moreover, mobile genetic elements which might interfere the endogenous regulatory network of c-di-GMP metabolism in PA_HN002 were analyzed. This study showed a reprogrammed expression profile of c-di-GMP metabolizing enzymes which may promote the pathoadaption of clinical P. aeruginosa into biofilm producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siying Lin
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuzhen Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Li
- Women and Children’s Health Institute, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Li Li, ; Zeling Xu,
| | - Huiluo Cao
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ting Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Hu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lisheng Liao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lian-Hui Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zeling Xu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Li Li, ; Zeling Xu,
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