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Hwang IS, Oh EJ, Oh CS. A novel virulence gene, cviA1 of Clavibacter michiganensis for necrosis development in the Nicotiana benthamiana plant. Microbiol Res 2024; 285:127743. [PMID: 38733725 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Clavibacter michiganensis is a Gram-positive bacterium that causes diverse disease symptoms in tomatoes and Nicotiana benthamiana, a surrogate host plant, including canker, blister lesions, and wilting. Previously, we reported that C. michiganensis also causes necrosis in N. benthamiana leaves. Here, to identify novel virulence genes of C. michiganensis required for necrosis development in N. benthamiana leaves, we screened 1,862 transposon-inserted mutants and identified a mutant strain that exhibited weak and delayed necrosis, whereas there was no discernible difference in blister lesions, canker, or wilting symptoms. Notably, this mutant caused canker similar to that of the wild-type strain, but caused mild wilting in tomato. This mutant carried a transposon in a chromosomal gene, called Clavibactervirulence gene A1 (cviA1). CviA1 encodes a 180-amino acid protein with a signal peptide (SP) at the N-terminus and two putative transmembrane domains (TMs) at the C-terminus. Interestingly, deletion of the SP or the C-terminus, including the two putative TMs, in CviA1 failed to restore full necrosis in the mutant, highlighting the importance of protein secretion and the putative TMs for necrosis. A paralog of cviA1, cviA2 is located on the large plasmid pCM2 of C. michiganensis. Despite its high similarity to cviA1, the introduction of cviA2 into the cviA1 mutant strain did not restore virulence. Similarly, the introduction of cviA1 into the Clavibacter capsici type strain PF008, which initially lacks cviA1, did not enhance necrosis symptoms. These results reveals that the chromosomal cviA1 gene in C. michiganensis plays an important role in necrosis development in N. benthamiana leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Sun Hwang
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, the Republic of Korea
| | - Eom-Ji Oh
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, the Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Sik Oh
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, the Republic of Korea; Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, the Republic of Korea; Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, the Republic of Korea; Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, the Republic of Korea.
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Verma RK, Roman-Reyna V, Raanan H, Coaker G, Jacobs JM, Teper D. Allelic variations in the chpG effector gene within Clavibacter michiganensis populations determine pathogen host range. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012380. [PMID: 39028765 PMCID: PMC11290698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogenic bacteria often have a narrow host range, which can vary among different isolates within a population. Here, we investigated the host range of the tomato pathogen Clavibacter michiganensis (Cm). We determined the genome sequences of 40 tomato Cm isolates and screened them for pathogenicity on tomato and eggplant. Our screen revealed that out of the tested isolates, five were unable to cause disease on any of the hosts, 33 were exclusively pathogenic on tomato, and two were capable of infecting both tomato and eggplant. Through comparative genomic analyses, we identified that the five non-pathogenic isolates lacked the chp/tomA pathogenicity island, which has previously been associated with virulence in tomato. In addition, we found that the two eggplant-pathogenic isolates encode a unique allelic variant of the putative serine hydrolase chpG (chpGC), an effector that is recognized in eggplant. Introduction of chpGC into a chpG inactivation mutant in the eggplant-non-pathogenic strain Cm101, failed to complement the mutant, which retained its ability to cause disease in eggplant and failed to elicit hypersensitive response (HR). Conversely, introduction of the chpG variant from Cm101 into an eggplant pathogenic Cm isolate (C48), eliminated its pathogenicity on eggplant, and enabled C48 to elicit HR. Our study demonstrates that allelic variation in the chpG effector gene is a key determinant of host range plasticity within Cm populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar Verma
- Dept. of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization—Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Veronica Roman-Reyna
- Dept. Of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hagai Raanan
- Dept. of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization—Gilat Research Center, Negev, Israel
| | - Gitta Coaker
- Dept. of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jonathan M. Jacobs
- Dept. of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Doron Teper
- Dept. of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization—Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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Oh EJ, Hwang IS, Kwon CT, Oh CS. A Putative Apoplastic Effector of Clavibacter capsici, ChpG Cc as Hypersensitive Response and Virulence (Hrv) Protein in Plants. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:370-379. [PMID: 38148291 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-23-0145-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Clavibacter bacteria use secreted apoplastic effectors, such as putative serine proteases, for virulence in host plants and for hypersensitive response (HR) induction in nonhost plants. Previously, we have shown that Clavibacter capsici ChpGCc is important for the necrosis development in pepper (Capsicum annuum) leaves. Here, we determine the function of ChpGCc, along with three paralogous proteins, for HR induction in the apoplastic space of a nonhost plant, Nicotiana tabacum. The full-length and signal peptide-deleted (ΔSP) mature forms of all proteins fused with the tobacco PR1b signal sequence were generated. The full-length and ΔSP forms of ChpGCc and only the ΔSP forms of ChpECc and Pat-1Cc, but none of the ChpCCc, triggered HR. Based on the predicted protein structures, ChpGCc carries amino acids for a catalytic triad and a disulfide bridge in positions like Pat-1Cm. Substituting these amino acids of ChpGCc with alanine abolished or reduced HR-inducing activity. To determine whether these residues are important for necrosis development in pepper, alanine-substituted chpGCc genes were transformed into the C. capsici PF008ΔpCM1 strain, which lacks the intact chpGCc gene. The strain with any variants failed to restore the necrosis-causing ability. These results suggest that ChpGCc has a dual function as a virulence factor in host plants and an HR elicitor in nonhost plants. Based on our findings and previous results, we propose Clavibacter apoplastic effectors, such as ChpGCc, Pat-1Cm, Chp-7Cs, and ChpGCm, as hypersensitive response and virulence (Hrv) proteins that display phenotypic similarities to the hypersensitive response and pathogenicity (Hrp) proteins found in gram-negative bacteria. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eom-Ji Oh
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - In Sun Hwang
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Choon-Tak Kwon
- Graduate School of Green-Bio Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Chang-Sik Oh
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Hao Y, Hu Y, Jaqueth J, Lin J, He C, Lin G, Zhao M, Ren J, Tamang TM, Park S, Robertson AE, White FF, Fu J, Li B, Liu S. Genetic and transcriptomic dissection of host defense to Goss's bacterial wilt and leaf blight of maize. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkad197. [PMID: 37652038 PMCID: PMC10627284 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Goss's wilt, caused by the Gram-positive actinobacterium Clavibacter nebraskensis, is an important bacterial disease of maize. The molecular and genetic mechanisms of resistance to the bacterium, or, in general, Gram-positive bacteria causing plant diseases, remain poorly understood. Here, we examined the genetic basis of Goss's wilt through differential gene expression, standard genome-wide association mapping (GWAS), extreme phenotype (XP) GWAS using highly resistant (R) and highly susceptible (S) lines, and quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping using 3 bi-parental populations, identifying 11 disease association loci. Three loci were validated using near-isogenic lines or recombinant inbred lines. Our analysis indicates that Goss's wilt resistance is highly complex and major resistance genes are not commonly present. RNA sequencing of samples separately pooled from R and S lines with or without bacterial inoculation was performed, enabling identification of common and differential gene responses in R and S lines. Based on expression, in both R and S lines, the photosynthesis pathway was silenced upon infection, while stress-responsive pathways and phytohormone pathways, namely, abscisic acid, auxin, ethylene, jasmonate, and gibberellin, were markedly activated. In addition, 65 genes showed differential responses (up- or down-regulated) to infection in R and S lines. Combining genetic mapping and transcriptional data, individual candidate genes conferring Goss's wilt resistance were identified. Collectively, aspects of the genetic architecture of Goss's wilt resistance were revealed, providing foundational data for mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangfan Hao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Ying Hu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | | | - Jinguang Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Cheng He
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Guifang Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Mingxia Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Jie Ren
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Tej Man Tamang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Sunghun Park
- Department of Horticulture and Natural Resources, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Alison E Robertson
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Frank F White
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Junjie Fu
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Crop Science, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bailin Li
- Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA 50131, USA
| | - Sanzhen Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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Sasaki Y, González-Tobón J, Hino Y, Jin C, Li T, Nguyen TAN, Oakley B, Stevens D. 12th Japan-US Seminar in Plant Pathology Meeting Report. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:549-553. [PMID: 37102778 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-23-0041-mr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The 12th iteration of the Japan-US Seminar in Plant Pathology was held in Ithaca, New York at Cornell University in the fall of 2022. Presentations covered a range of topics under the theme "Remodeling of the Plant-Microbe Environment During Disease, Defense, and Mutualism," and the meeting included a panel discussion of best practices in science communication. This report presents highlights of the meeting, from the perspective of early career participants of the seminar. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumino Sasaki
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
| | - Juliana González-Tobón
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
| | - Yuta Hino
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chujia Jin
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tianrun Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
| | - Tan Anh Nhi Nguyen
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Blake Oakley
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, U.S.A
| | - Danielle Stevens
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
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Osdaghi E, Robertson AE, Jackson-Ziems TA, Abachi H, Li X, Harveson RM. Clavibacter nebraskensis causing Goss's wilt of maize: Five decades of detaining the enemy in the New World. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:675-692. [PMID: 36116105 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Goss's bacterial wilt and leaf blight of maize (Zea mays) caused by the gram-positive coryneform bacterium Clavibacter nebraskensis is an economically important disease in North America. C. nebraskensis is included within the high-risk list of quarantine pathogens by several plant protection organizations (EPPO code: CORBMI), hence it is under strict quarantine control around the world. The causal agent was reported for the first time on maize in Nebraska (USA) in 1969. After an outbreak during the 1970s, prevalence of the disease decreased in the 1980s to the early 2000s, before the disease resurged causing a serious threat to maize production in North America. The re-emergence of Goss's wilt in the corn belt of the United States led to several novel achievements in understanding the pathogen biology and disease control. In this review, we provide an updated overview of the pathogen taxonomy, biology, and epidemiology as well as management strategies of Goss's wilt disease. First, a taxonomic history of the pathogen is provided followed by symptomology and host range, genetic diversity, and pathogenicity mechanisms of the bacterium. Then, utility of high-throughput molecular approaches in the precise detection and identification of the pathogen and the management strategies of the disease are explained. Finally, we highlight the role of integrated pest management strategies to combat the risk of Goss's wilt in the 21st century maize industry. DISEASE SYMPTOMS Large (2-15 cm) tan to grey elongated oval lesions with wavy, irregular water-soaked margins on the leaves. The lesions often start at the leaf tip or are associated with wounding caused by hail or wind damage. Small (1 mm in diameter), dark, discontinuous water-soaked spots, known as "freckles", can be observed in the periphery of lesions. When backlit, the freckles appear translucent. Early infection (prior to growth stage V6) may become systemic and cause seedlings to wilt, wither, and die. Coalescence of lesions results in leaf blighting. HOST RANGE Maize (Zea mays) is the only economic host of the pathogen. A number of Poaceae species are reported to act as secondary hosts for C. nebraskensis. TAXONOMIC STATUS OF THE PATHOGEN Class: Actinobacteria; Order: Micrococcales; Family: Microbacteriaceae; Genus: Clavibacter; Species: Clavibacter nebraskensis. SYNONYMS Corynebacterium nebraskense (Schuster, 1970) Vidaver & Mandel 1974; Corynebacterium michiganense pv. nebraskense (Vidaver & Mandel 1974) Dye & Kemp 1977; Corynebacterium michiganense subsp. nebraskense (Vidaver & Mandel 1974) Carlson & Vidaver 1982; Clavibacter michiganense subsp. nebraskense (Vidaver & Mandel 1974) Davis et al. 1984; Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis (Vidaver & Mandel 1974) Davis et al. 1984. TYPE MATERIALS ATCC 27794T ; CFBP 2405T ; ICMP 3298T ; LMG 3700T ; NCPPB 2581T . MICROBIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES Cells are gram-positive, orange-pigmented, pleomorphic club- or rod-shaped, nonspore-forming, nonmotile, and without flagella, approximately 0.5 × 1-2.0 μm. DISTRIBUTION The pathogen is restricted to Canada and the United States. PHYTOSANITARY CATEGORIZATION EPPO code CORBNE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Osdaghi
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Alison E Robertson
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Tamra A Jackson-Ziems
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Hamid Abachi
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Xiang Li
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Charlottetown Laboratory, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Robert M Harveson
- Panhandle Research & Extension Center, University of Nebraska, Scottsbluff, Nebraska, USA
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Deletion of pbpC Enhances Bacterial Pathogenicity on Tomato by Affecting Biofilm Formation, Exopolysaccharides Production, and Exoenzyme Activities in Clavibacter michiganensis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065324. [PMID: 36982399 PMCID: PMC10049144 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) are considered essential for bacterial peptidoglycan biosynthesis and cell wall assembly. Clavibacter michiganensis is a representative Gram-positive bacterial species that causes bacterial canker in tomato. pbpC plays a significant role in maintaining cell morphological characteristics and stress responses in C. michiganensis. The current study demonstrated that the deletion of pbpC commonly enhances bacterial pathogenicity in C. michiganensis and revealed the mechanisms through which this occurs. The expression of interrelated virulence genes, including celA, xysA, xysB, and pelA, were significantly upregulated in △pbpC mutants. Compared with those in wild-type strains, exoenzyme activities, the formation of biofilm, and the production of exopolysaccharides (EPS) were significantly increased in △pbpC mutants. It is noteworthy that EPS were responsible for the enhancement in bacterial pathogenicity, with the degree of necrotic tomato stem cankers intensifying with the injection of a gradient of EPS from C. michiganensis. These findings highlight new insights into the role of pbpC affecting bacterial pathogenicity, with an emphasis on EPS, advancing the current understanding of phytopathogenic infection strategies for Gram-positive bacteria.
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Nishioka T, Takai Y, Mishima T, Tanimoto H, Okada K, Misawa T, Kusakari S. Inactivation efficacy of low-pressure plasma treatment against seed-borne tomato pathogen Clavibacter michiganensis and effect of seed setting position and mesh sheet usage. JOURNAL OF MICROORGANISM CONTROL 2023; 28:123-128. [PMID: 37866894 DOI: 10.4265/jmc.28.3_123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Clavibacter michiganensis, a gram-positive actinomycete, is a major seed-borne tomato pathogen. We investigated the inactivation efficacy of low-pressure plasma treatment against C. michiganensis inoculated on tomato seeds by placing them on a mesh sheet above the bottom dielectric glass plate. The 2- and 5-minute plasma treatment reduced C. michiganensis populations on the tomato seeds by 0.8 and 1.8 log cfu/seed, respectively. The reduction rates were similar to those of C. michiganensis on shirona (cruciferous) seeds, which have different shapes and surface structures. In contrast, the inactivation of C. michiganensis cells using plasma was more difficult than that of X. campestris cells. Additionally, it was found that placing seeds on a mesh sheet laid on the dielectric glass plate was remarkably effective in inactivating the pathogens on tomato seeds. Since the tomato seeds were susceptible to damage from plasma treatment, methods to reduce its damage need to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terumi Nishioka
- Research Institute of Environment, Agriculture and Fisheries, Osaka Prefecture
| | - Yuichiro Takai
- Research Institute of Environment, Agriculture and Fisheries, Osaka Prefecture
| | - Tomoko Mishima
- Research Institute of Environment, Agriculture and Fisheries, Osaka Prefecture
- Present address: Industrial Technology Center of Nagasaki
| | - Hideo Tanimoto
- Research Institute of Environment, Agriculture and Fisheries, Osaka Prefecture
| | - Kiyotsugu Okada
- Research Institute of Environment, Agriculture and Fisheries, Osaka Prefecture
| | | | - Shinichi Kusakari
- Research Institute of Environment, Agriculture and Fisheries, Osaka Prefecture
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