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Bueno AC, Machado VE, da Rocha Silva FB, Boni FI, Cury BSF, Gremião MPD, Pinto MC. Semiochemical delivery systems based on natural polymers to attract sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae). Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:303. [PMID: 37644584 PMCID: PMC10464299 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05931-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The successful use of semiochemicals to attract insects to traps is based on research on the most suitable compounds and their release profiles over time. Based on the group's promising results, matrices with a more adequate release profile and more eco-friendly properties for the release of 1-hexanol were developed. To use a more suitable prototype in the field, the most promising systems were added to a capsule and evaluated in a wind tunnel. Behavioral experiments were performed using the sand fly species, Lutzomyia longipalpis, to evaluate the efficacy of the proposed system. METHODS Different delivery systems were developed by varying the polymer (gellan gum and pectin) ratio, crosslinker (aluminum chloride) concentration, and glutaraldehyde removal.The delivery systems were loaded with 1-hexanol, and their release profiles were evaluated using gravimetric analysis under ambient and high-humidity conditions. When the matrix system was placed inside a plastic container, modulations in the active release profile were observed and the system could be reused. Actid attraction behaviors of the sand fly species, Lu. longipalpis, were evaluated in a wind tunnel when exposed to 1-hexanol-loaded release systems at different times. RESULTS Among the four formulations evaluated, System 2 (gellan gum and pectin in a 1:1 ratio with 5% aluminum chloride) exhibited the most promising release profile, with greater uniformity and longer compound release time. The maximum 1-hexanol release uniformity was achieved over a longer time, mainly every 24 h, under both ambient and high-humidity conditions. System 2 can be reused at least once with the same structure. The wind tunnel trials exhibited efficient activation and attraction of Lu. longipalpis to 1-hexanol after 24, 48, and 72 h in System 2 placed inside the capsules. CONCLUSIONS The polymeric matrix supplemented with 1-hexanol and introduced in plastic capsules showed promising results in attracting sand flies. This system can be used as a solution for other attractive compounds as well as in other applications where their release needs to be controlled or prolonged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Bueno
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú, km 1, Araraquara, São Paulo, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Vicente Estevam Machado
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú, km 1, Araraquara, São Paulo, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Flávia Benini da Rocha Silva
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú, km 1, Araraquara, São Paulo, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Isadora Boni
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú, km 1, Araraquara, São Paulo, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Stringhetti Ferreira Cury
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú, km 1, Araraquara, São Paulo, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Maria Palmira Daflon Gremião
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú, km 1, Araraquara, São Paulo, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Mara Cristina Pinto
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú, km 1, Araraquara, São Paulo, 14800-903, Brazil.
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Jia P, Zhang X, Wang B, Ji Q. Evaluation of the Attractant Effect of Solanum muricatum (Solanales: Solanaceae) on Gravid Female Adults of Zeugodacus tau (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Screening of Attractant Volatiles. INSECTS 2023; 14:591. [PMID: 37504598 PMCID: PMC10380902 DOI: 10.3390/insects14070591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Zeugodacus tau (Walker) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a pest seriously harmful to Solanaceae crops and was found to oviposit on the pepino melon Solanum muricatum (Aiton). To date, the differences in the ability of the fruits of S. muricatum and other Solanaceae crops to attract gravid Z. tau females have seldom been reported. Oviposition and trapping bioassays were performed to clarify whether such differences existed. A combination of GC-MS and the Y-tube olfactometer system was used to identify and determine the compounds inducing behavioral responses in gravid Z. tau females to the volatile odors of S. muricatum. The results show that S. muricatum odors play a role in attracting gravid Z. tau females. The odors of Solanaceae crops influence their ability to attract these organisms. The nine compounds from the volatiles of S. muricatum induce tendency or repellency responses in gravid Z. tau females. Hexyl acetate, butyl acetate, amyl actate, and isoamyl acetate caused tendency behavior in gravid Z. tau females, while hexyl hexanoate, butyl isovalerate, butyl valerate, and isoamyl hexanoate caused repellency behavior. Heptyl acetate caused repellency behavior in gravid Z. tau females at higher concentrations (5 mg/mL) but caused tendency behavior at a low concentration (0.5 mg/mL). These results suggest that vigilance against the harm caused by Z. tau is required during the cultivation of S. muricatum. The nine compounds of the volatile odors of S. muricatum could help to develop attractants and repellents for gravid Z. tau females. These results are beneficial for preventing Z. tau females from harming S. muricatum, developing attractants and repellents for Z. tau females, and establishing a system of ecological control for Z. tau females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingfan Jia
- Biological Control Research Institute, Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- China Fruit Fly Research and Control Center of FAO/IAEA, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Lab of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Biological Control Research Institute, Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- China Fruit Fly Research and Control Center of FAO/IAEA, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Lab of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Biological Control Research Institute, Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- China Fruit Fly Research and Control Center of FAO/IAEA, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Lab of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Qinge Ji
- Biological Control Research Institute, Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- China Fruit Fly Research and Control Center of FAO/IAEA, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Lab of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Risk of Attacks by Blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) and Occurrence of Severe Skin Symptoms in Bitten Patients along the Eastern Border of the European Union. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19137610. [PMID: 35805269 PMCID: PMC9266260 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The components of blackfly (Diptera: Simuliidae) saliva secreted during feeding on humans and animals induce various pathological reactions manifested by skin lesions and systemic symptoms. In this study, we describe 43 cases of severe skin lesions induced by blackfly bites and analyze their potential causes. Based on the results of a survey of 418 patients, we identified periods with risk of blackfly attacks and their environmental determinants in the eastern part of the European Union. Especially strong inflammatory reactions after blackfly bites were reported in patients with concomitant cardiovascular diseases (mainly with venous insufficiency), metabolic diseases, and bacterial infections. Enhanced symptoms of simuliosis were also observed in other patients attacked by these insects only once or repeatedly. The greatest number of blackfly attacks in the study area is recorded from May to July, with a peak in June (38.73%) in the afternoon (37.10%) and evening (33.03%), when patients are in fields, forests, or their households. The case analysis indicates interactions of various factors in the development of severe inflammatory reactions in patients bitten by blackflies. Therefore, it is recommended that subjects exposed to the presence of blackflies during their work or rest should limit the length of their stay in a vulnerable environment during the highest seasonal and daily activity of these insects. It is also necessary to take measures to reduce the number of blackflies and popularize methods for prophylaxis of their attacks.
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Cozart D, Lakwo T, Liu C, Loum D, Jacob B, Cupp EW, Unnasch TR. Identification of Human-Derived Attractants to Simulium damnosum Sensu Stricto in the Madi-Mid North Onchocerciasis Focus of Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:1563-1568. [PMID: 32748783 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human landing collections (HLCs) have been the standard method for the collection of black flies that serve as vectors for Onchocerca volvulus, the causative agent of onchocerciasis or river blindness. However, HLCs are inefficient and may expose collectors to vector-borne pathogens. The Esperanza window trap (EWT) has been shown to be a potential alternative to HLCs for the collection of Simulium damnosum, the principal vector of O. volvulus in Africa. To improve the performance of the EWT, sweat from individuals highly attractive or less attractive to S. damnosum sensu stricto was examined by gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. Twelve compounds were identified which were solely present or present in increased amounts in the sweat of the highly attractive individuals. Two of these compounds (naphthalene and tert-hexadecyl mercaptan) were found to be attractive to S. damnosum s.s. in behavioral assays. Traps baited with these compounds outperformed those baited with the current standard bait of worn socks. Using these newly identified compounds as baits will make the EWT more efficient in collecting vector black flies and may enhance the potential utility of the EWT as a local vector control measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon Cozart
- Center for Global Health Infectious Disease Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Thomson Lakwo
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Canhui Liu
- Center for Global Health Infectious Disease Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Denis Loum
- Nwoya District Local Government, Nwoya, Uganda
| | - Benjamin Jacob
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Eddie W Cupp
- Center for Global Health Infectious Disease Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Thomas R Unnasch
- Center for Global Health Infectious Disease Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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Romão Ribeiro da Silva T, Crainey JL, Costa Pessoa FA, Vinícius Serra dos Santos Y, Pereira-Silva JW, Ferreira de Oliveira Leles L, Vicente AC, Bessa Luz SL. Blackflies in the ointment: O. volvulus vector biting can be significantly reduced by the skin-application of mineral oil during human landing catches. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007234. [PMID: 30933979 PMCID: PMC6459560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Standard human landing catches (sHLCs) have historically been a key component of Onchocerca volvulus transmission monitoring, but expose health-workers to potentially hazardous vector bites. Novel human-bait-free trapping methods have been developed, but do not always work where they are needed and may not generate O. volvulus surveillance data that is directly comparable with historic data. Methodology Simuliid sHLCs and mineral-oil protected HLCs (mopHLCs) were performed in a rural village of Amazonas state, Brazil. A four-hour direct comparisons of sHLCs and mopHLCs was carried-out using six vector collectors, each of whom used one leg for a sHLC and one for a mopHLC. Two-person collection teams then exclusively performed either mopHLCs or sHLCs for a further set of 12 four-hour collections. Following the completion of all collections, simuliid-bite mark estimates were made from legs used exclusively in sHLCs and legs used exclusively in mopHLCs. Principal findings All of the 1669 captured simuliids were identified as the O. volvulus vector Simulium oyapockense. Overall, mopHLC simuliids captured per hour (S/H) rates were lower than those obtained with sHLC trapping (15.5 S/H versus 20 S/H). Direct comparisons of simuliid capture rates found that vector-collectors captured simuliids significantly more efficiently ( x¯: 20.5 S/H) with mopHLC trapping than with sHLC trapping ( x¯: 16.4 S/H): P-value = 0.002. MopHLCs performed in isolation were, however, observed to capture vectors less efficiently ( x¯: 13.4 S/H) than sHLCs performed under similar conditions ( x¯: 19.98 S/H). All six vector collectors had significantly higher simuliid capture per counted bite mark (SC/CBM) rates using mopHLCs than they were observe to have using sHLCs ( x¯: 21 SC/CBM versus x¯: 1 SC/CBM; p-value = 0.03125). Conclusions Vector collectors captured significantly more simuliids per counted bite mark with mopHLCs than with sHLCs. Further investigations into the utility of mopHLCs for onchocerciasis xenomonitoring and beyond are merited. Standard human landing catches (sHLCs) have historically been used to obtain key Onchocerca volvulus transmission data that has helped with the design and monitoring of the WHO´s onchocerciasis control programmes. To avoid the health risks associated with sHLCs, alternative human-bait-free blackfly trapping methods, most of which immobilize and suffocate blackflies with a viscous liquid substance, have been developed. Questions, however, have be raised as to whether these human-bait-free trapping methods generate O. volvulus transmission data that is directly comparable with historic sHLC data. In this study, we have combined sHLCs with mineral oil vector capture and shown that the skin application of mineral oil can significantly reduce (and possibly eliminate) simuliid biting during HLCs. In direct comparisons, we have shown that mineral oil protected human landing catches (mopHLCs) were more efficient at capturing the O. volvulus vector Simulium oyapockense than sHLCs. We have also shown that mopHLCs, performed in isolation of vector collectors using exposed skin for their trapping, are less efficient than HLCs, but still function well. We believe that mopHLCs represent a promising alternative to sHLCs that merit further testing for their utility in the epidemiological monitoring of onchocerciasis and, indeed, other vector borne diseases as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Túllio Romão Ribeiro da Silva
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane/ILMD/FIOCRUZ, Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, 476 Rua Teresina, Adrianópolis, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação Stricto sensu em Biologia Parasitária do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - James Lee Crainey
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane/ILMD/FIOCRUZ, Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, 476 Rua Teresina, Adrianópolis, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Felipe Arley Costa Pessoa
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane/ILMD/FIOCRUZ, Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, 476 Rua Teresina, Adrianópolis, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Yago Vinícius Serra dos Santos
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane/ILMD/FIOCRUZ, Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, 476 Rua Teresina, Adrianópolis, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia da Interação Patógeno Hospedeiro (PPGBIO-Interação), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Jordam William Pereira-Silva
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane/ILMD/FIOCRUZ, Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, 476 Rua Teresina, Adrianópolis, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Condições de Vida e Situações de Saúde na Amazônia (PPGVIDA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Lorena Ferreira de Oliveira Leles
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane/ILMD/FIOCRUZ, Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, 476 Rua Teresina, Adrianópolis, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia da Interação Patógeno Hospedeiro (PPGBIO-Interação), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Vicente
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/IOC/FIOCRUZ, Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Microrganismos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Luiz Bessa Luz
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane/ILMD/FIOCRUZ, Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, 476 Rua Teresina, Adrianópolis, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
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