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Maes G, Tintorri G, Nelson IE, Baker KA, Seavey CE, Rehbein MM, White GS, Faraji A, Willenberg BJ, Bibbs CS. Fatally impaired glucose digestion by propylene glycol in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) and co-formulation with terpenoids for enhancing attractive toxic sugar baits. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 61:1001-1008. [PMID: 38767975 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjae068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Propylene glycol (PG) demonstrates greater efficacy than other sugar polyols. However, the attributes it confers for toxicity and possible co-formulation with other ingredients are unknown. To evaluate this, α-glucosidase and glucose oxidase reactions were performed in Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) to categorize if PG behaves similarly to prior studied sugar alcohols. A combination of no-choice and choice assays was used to determine effective ratios of PG and sucrose, competitiveness against a control of 10% sucrose, and whether mosquitoes recovered from PG consumption. The final trials included β-cyclodextrin encapsulated cinnamon leaf oil, clove stem oil, patchouli oil, garlic oil, cedarwood oil, and papaya seed oil formulated with 5% sucrose + 5% PG. PG functioned as a linear competitive inhibitor of α-glucosidase. The efficacy of PG was synergized by co-ingestion with equivalent ratios of sucrose. Unlike the high diuretic response to other sugar alcohols, PG resulted in diminished excretion regardless of being co-formulated with sucrose or terpenoids. PG is not especially competitive against unadulterated sugar meals but is likewise not clearly repellent. Although mosquitoes did not recover from ingestion of the glycol meals, there was no indication that mortality would continue to accumulate once the treatments were removed. Of the terpenoids tested, cinnamon and patchouli caused ~50% or less mortality; garlic, cedarwood, and clove caused 80-90% mortality; and papaya seed caused 100% mortality, exceeding all other test groups and the formulation blank. PG is a useful supporting ingredient in attractive toxic sugar bait formulations with flexibility in formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Maes
- Public Health Entomology for All Program, Entomological Society of America, Lanham, MD, USA
- School of Science, Mathematics, and Engineering, Salt Lake Community College, 4600 South Redwood Road, Salt Lake City, UT 84123, USA
| | - Giulia Tintorri
- Salt Lake City Mosquito Abatement District, 2215 North 2200 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, USA
- Westminster University, College of Arts and Sciences,1840 South 1300 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84105, USA
| | - Irvane E Nelson
- Public Health Entomology for All Program, Entomological Society of America, Lanham, MD, USA
- University of Utah, College of Science, Science Research Initiative, 1390 Presidents Circle, Crocker Science Center, Room 310, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Kobi A Baker
- Public Health Entomology for All Program, Entomological Society of America, Lanham, MD, USA
- University of Utah, College of Science, Science Research Initiative, 1390 Presidents Circle, Crocker Science Center, Room 310, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Corey E Seavey
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Michele M Rehbein
- Public Health Entomology for All Program, Entomological Society of America, Lanham, MD, USA
| | - Gregory S White
- Public Health Entomology for All Program, Entomological Society of America, Lanham, MD, USA
| | - Ary Faraji
- Public Health Entomology for All Program, Entomological Society of America, Lanham, MD, USA
| | - Bradley J Willenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Christopher S Bibbs
- Public Health Entomology for All Program, Entomological Society of America, Lanham, MD, USA
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Martínez Rodríguez EJ, Phelan PL, Canas L, Acosta N, Rakotondraibe HL, Piermarini PM. Larvicidal Activity of Hemp Extracts and Cannabidiol against the Yellow Fever Mosquito Aedes aegypti. INSECTS 2024; 15:517. [PMID: 39057250 PMCID: PMC11276947 DOI: 10.3390/insects15070517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
To mitigate pyrethroid resistance in mosquito vectors of emerging and re-emerging human pathogens, there is an urgent need to discover insecticides with novel modes of action. Natural alternatives, such as extracts derived from plants, may serve as substitutes for traditional synthetic insecticides if they prove to be sustainable, cost-effective, and safe for non-target organisms. Hemp (Cannabis sativa) is a sustainable plant known to produce various secondary metabolites with insecticidal properties, including terpenoids and flavonoids. The goal of this study was to assess the larvicidal activity of hemp leaf extract on mosquito larvae from both pyrethroid-susceptible (PS) and pyrethroid-resistant (PR) strains of Aedes aegypti. Another goal was to identify which components of the extract were responsible for any observed larvicidal activity. We found that a methanol extract of hemp leaves induced similar concentration-dependent larvicidal activity against PS (LC50: 4.4 ppm) and PR (LC50: 4.3 ppm) strains within 48 h. Partitioning of the leaf extract between methanol and hexane fractions revealed that full larvicidal activity was restricted to the methanol fraction. Analysis of this fraction by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance showed it to be dominated by cannabidiol (CBD). Larvicidal assays using authentic CBD confirmed this compound was primarily responsible for the toxicity of the hemp leaf extract against both strains. We conclude that hemp leaf extracts and CBD have the potential to serve as viable sources for the development of novel mosquito larvicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick J. Martínez Rodríguez
- College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (E.J.M.R.); (P.L.P.); (L.C.); (N.A.)
| | - P. Larry Phelan
- College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (E.J.M.R.); (P.L.P.); (L.C.); (N.A.)
| | - Luis Canas
- College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (E.J.M.R.); (P.L.P.); (L.C.); (N.A.)
| | - Nuris Acosta
- College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (E.J.M.R.); (P.L.P.); (L.C.); (N.A.)
| | | | - Peter M. Piermarini
- College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (E.J.M.R.); (P.L.P.); (L.C.); (N.A.)
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Jesser E, Yeguerman CA, Urrutia RI, Murray AP, Domini C, Werdin-González JO. Development and characterization of nanoemulsions loaded with essential oil and β-cypermethrin and their bioefficacy on insect pest of economic and medical importance. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:4162-4171. [PMID: 37319327 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of novel and ecofriendly tools plays an important role in insect pest management. Nanoemulsions (NEs) based on essential oils (EOs) offer a safer alternative for human health and the environment. This study aimed to elaborate and evaluate the toxicological effects of NEs containing peppermint or palmarosa EOs combined with β-cypermethrin (β-CP) using ultrasound technique. RESULTS The optimized ratio of active ingredients to surfactant was 1:2. The NEs containing peppermint EO combined with β-CP (NEs peppermint/β-CP) were polydisperse with two peaks at 12.77 nm (33.4% intensity) and 299.1 nm (66.6% intensity). However, the NEs containing palmarosa EO combined with β-CP (NEs palmarosa/β-CP) were monodisperse with a size of 104.5 nm. Both NEs were transparent and stable for 2 months. The insecticidal effect of NEs was evaluated against Tribolium castaneum and Sitophilus oryzae adults, as well as Culex pipiens pipiens larvae. On all these insects, NEs peppermint/β-CP enhanced pyrethroid bioactivity from 4.22- to 16-folds while NEs palmarosa/β-CP, from 3.90- to 10.6-folds. Moreover, both NEs maintained high insecticidal activities against all insects for 2 months, although a slight increase of the particle size was detected. CONCLUSION The NEs elaborated in this work can be considered as highly promising formulations for the development of new insecticides. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Jesser
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Av. Alem 1253, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, 8000, Argentina
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), San Juan 670, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, 8000, Argentina
| | - Cristhian Alan Yeguerman
- INBIOSUR, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, San Juan 671, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, 8000, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo Iñaki Urrutia
- INBIOSUR, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, San Juan 671, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, 8000, Argentina
| | - Ana Paula Murray
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Av. Alem 1253, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, 8000, Argentina
| | - Claudia Domini
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Av. Alem 1253, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, 8000, Argentina
| | - Jorge Omar Werdin-González
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), San Juan 670, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, 8000, Argentina
- INBIOSUR, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, San Juan 671, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, 8000, Argentina
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Rants'o TA, Koekemoer LL, van Zyl RL. The insecticidal activity of essential oil constituents against pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles funestus (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Int 2023; 95:102749. [PMID: 36898498 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2023.102749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Malaria vector control relies on the use of insecticides for indoor residual spraying and long-lasting bed nets. However, insecticide resistance to pyrethroids among others, has escalated. Anopheles funestus, one of the major African malaria vectors, has attained significant levels of resistance to pyrethroids. Overexpressed P450 monooxygenases have been previously identified in pyrethroid resistant An. funestus. The escalating resistance against conventional insecticides signals an urgent need for identification of novel insecticides. Essential oils have gained recognition as promising sources of alternative natural insecticides. This study investigated six essential oil constituents, farnesol, (-)-α-bisabolol, cis-nerolidol, trans-nerolidol, methyleugenol, santalol (α and β isomers) and essential oil of sandalwood, for the adulticidal effects against pyrethroid-resistant An. funestus strain. The susceptibility against these terpenoids were evaluated on both pyrethroid-susceptible and resistant An. funestus. Furthermore, the presence of overexpressed monooxygenases in resistant An. funestus was confirmed. Results showed that both the pyrethroid-susceptible and resistant An. funestus were susceptible to three EOCs; cis-nerolidol, trans-nerolidol and methyleugenol. On the other hand, the pyrethroid-resistant An. funestus survived exposure to both farnesol and (-)-α-bisabolol. This study however does not show any direct association of the overexpressed Anopheles monooxygenases and the efficacy of farnesol and (-)-α-bisabolol. The enhanced activity of these terpenoids against resistant An. funestus that has been pre-exposed to a synergist, piperonyl butoxide, suggests their potential effectiveness in combination with monooxygenase inhibitors. This study proposes that cis-nerolidol, trans-nerolidol and methyleugenol are potential agents for further investigation as novel bioinsecticides against pyrethroid-resistant An. funestus strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thankhoe A Rants'o
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; WITS Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Lizette L Koekemoer
- WITS Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Robyn L van Zyl
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; WITS Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Moshrefi Zenoozi Z, Soltaninezhad B, Hashemi M, Noori SMA. A review of effective essential oils and their biologically active compounds to protect the safety of food stored against insect pests. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2022.2032420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Moshrefi Zenoozi
- Department of Food and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Batool Soltaninezhad
- Department of Food Hygiene and Aquaculture, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hashemi
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyyed Mohammad Ali Noori
- Toxicology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Acaricidal Efficacy of Plants from Ecuador, Ambrosia peruviana (Asteraceae) and Lepechinia mutica (Lamiaceae) against Larvae and Engorged Adult Females of the Common Cattle Tick, Rhipicephalus microplus. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9010023. [PMID: 35051107 PMCID: PMC8779275 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Control measures against common cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus are of the upmost importance because of considerable, deleterious impact on a farm’s economy. Due to resistance phenomena to synthetic acaricides being a constraint in affected farms, the search for plant derivatives as acaricides has increased dramatically in recent years. In this work, essential oils obtained from two Ecuadorian plants, Ambrosia peruviana and Lepechinia mutica (EOAp, EOLm), traditionally used as insecticides in indigenous communities, were studied on larvae and engorged females at the parasitic stages of R. microplus. Larvae and females were treated with five (0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, 0.50 and 1%) and six concentrations (0.125, 0.25, 0.50, 1, 2 and 4%), respectively, of each EOsAp/Lm. A 98–99% larval mortality was achieved with 0.5% of both EOsAp/Lm. EOAp inhibited oviposition and egg hatching up to 82% and 80%, respectively, and had an overall efficacy of 93.12%. Efficacy of EOLm was 72.84%, due to the low influence of EOLm on reproductive parameters. By steam distillation and GC-MS analysis, γ-Curcumene was identified as the main constituent (52.02%) in the EOAp and Shyobunol (10.80%) in EOLm. The results suggest that major components of both essential oils should be further studied as promissory acaricides against R. microplus.
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da Silva JS, da Silva Pinto AC, Dos Santos LHF, da Silva LJS, da Cruz DLV, Rafael MS. Genotoxic and mutagenic effects of methyl ether dillapiole on the development of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 35:556-566. [PMID: 34077571 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dillapiole, extracted from Piper aduncum essential oil and its derivatives, has been shown to be a potential alternative to the control of Aedes aegypti, which has become resistant to synthetic insecticides. Methyl ether dillapiole (MED) and temephos (TM) were compared to complement the data on the genotoxicity and developmental changes of Ae. aegypti. Over four generations (G1 -G4 ), third stage larvae were treated with MED at 60, 80 and 100 μg/mL and TM at 0.002, 0.005 and 0.007 μg/mL for 4 h. Adult females were separated to estimate oviposition and hatching rates, and total egg length. Over the four generations, a significant reduction was recorded in oviposition and hatching rates, and in mean egg length (Tukey, P < 0.05), compared with the negative control (NC). Cytological slide preparations were done from adult oocytes and larval neuroblasts. The cumulative effects of genotoxic (bridges, budding and nuclear fragmentation) and mutagenic (micronucleus and chromosomal breakage) damage was observed in the neuroblasts and oocytes of exposed mosquitoes. Developmental changes and damage to the genome of MED-treated Ae. aegypti were greater than those caused by TM. Further studies should focus on understanding the effects of the MED molecule on Ae. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S da Silva
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Conservation, and Evolutionary Biology - PPG - GCBEv, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Coordination of Society, Environment and Health - COSAS; National Institute of Amazonian Research -INPA, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - A C da Silva Pinto
- Coordination of Society, Environment and Health - COSAS; National Institute of Amazonian Research -INPA, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - L H F Dos Santos
- Coordination of Society, Environment and Health - COSAS; National Institute of Amazonian Research -INPA, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - L J S da Silva
- Coordination of Society, Environment and Health - COSAS; National Institute of Amazonian Research -INPA, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - D L V da Cruz
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Conservation, and Evolutionary Biology - PPG - GCBEv, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Coordination of Society, Environment and Health - COSAS; National Institute of Amazonian Research -INPA, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - M S Rafael
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Conservation, and Evolutionary Biology - PPG - GCBEv, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Coordination of Society, Environment and Health - COSAS; National Institute of Amazonian Research -INPA, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
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Larson NR, Nega M, Zhang A, Feldlaufer M. Toxicity of Methyl Benzoate and Analogs to Adult Aedes aegypti. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2021; 37:83-86. [PMID: 34184043 DOI: 10.2987/19-6896.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Methyl benzoate is a natural product (floral volatile organic compound) that is currently used as a food flavoring ingredient. This compound has shown to be insecticidal in laboratory studies against agricultural and urban pests, including spotted wing drosophila Drosophila suzukii, brown marmorated stink bug Hyalomorpha halys, the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella, and the common bed bug Cimex lectularius, to name several insect taxa. In this study we topically treated adult Aedes aegypti females with methyl benzoate and analogs and determined their toxicities. We found that among adult females, 4 analogs-butyl benzoate, n-pentyl benzoate, vinyl benzoate, and methyl 3-methoxybenzoate-were more toxic than the parent compound, methyl benzoate.
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Klafke GM, Thomas DB, Miller RJ, Pérez de León AA. Efficacy of a water-based botanical acaricide formulation applied in portable spray box against the southern cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae), infesting cattle. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2021; 12:101721. [PMID: 33848798 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ectoparasitism result in annual losses to livestock producers estimated to reach billions of dollars in tropical and subtropical parts of the world where the southern cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, is established because this invasive pest is also a vector of pathogens causing bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis. Reintroduction of R. microplus could be economically devastating for the cattle industry in the United States. Novel technologies are necessary to manage populations of R. microplus that are resistant to multiple classes of synthetic chemicals widely used as acaricides to control ticks infesting livestock, and to mitigate the environmental impact of these synthetic acaricides. Bioassays with a water-based formulation of a commercially available botanical acaricide (Essentria® IC3) at 6.25 % against a laboratory strain of R. microplus was 100 % lethal against unfed larvae, and 94 % mortality was recorded against engorged female ticks. These results prompted documentation of efficacy on infested cattle using an acaricide delivery system mimicking field conditions, which is required to consider the use of a product by integrated tick management programs. Twelve tick naïve cattle were artificially infested with unfed larvae on days -19, -12 and -5. On day -2, ticks from the left-side of the body of each animal were manually counted. Depending on pre-treatment tick counts the animals were assigned into three separate treatment groups: i) water (untreated control); ii) coumaphos 0.3 % in water (positive control); and iii) botanical acaricide 6.25 % in water. Five days after the last infestation, cattle were doused in a spray box and moved to individual stalls to collect tick data for calculation of treatment efficacy. The percentage control, based on the reproduction of surviving engorged female ticks after treatment with the 6.25 % Essentria in water-based spray was 70 % against R. microplus. Coumaphos treatment had a mean percent control of 100 %. Whereas this application of Essentria® IC3 cannot be recommended as a stand-alone method to eradicate R. microplus, the 6.25 % botanical acaricide water-based spray could be part of integrated tick management to control populations of R. microplus resistant to organophosphates like coumaphos and other classes of commercially available synthetic acaricides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme M Klafke
- USDA-ARS Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, 22675 North Moorefield Rd., MAB 6419, Edinburg, TX, 78541, United States.
| | - Donald B Thomas
- USDA-ARS Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, 22675 North Moorefield Rd., MAB 6419, Edinburg, TX, 78541, United States
| | - Robert J Miller
- USDA-ARS Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, 22675 North Moorefield Rd., MAB 6419, Edinburg, TX, 78541, United States; USDA-ARS - Office of National Programs, 5601 Sunnyside Avenue, GWCC, Beltsville, MD, 20705-5148, United States
| | - Adalberto A Pérez de León
- USDA-ARS, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, 2700 Fredericksburg Rd, Kerrville, TX, 78028, United States
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Norris EJ, Bloomquist JR. Co-Toxicity Factor Analysis Reveals Numerous Plant Essential Oils Are Synergists of Natural Pyrethrins against Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes. INSECTS 2021; 12:154. [PMID: 33670293 PMCID: PMC7917600 DOI: 10.3390/insects12020154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
With insecticide-resistant mosquito populations becoming an ever-growing concern, new vector control technologies are needed. With the lack of new chemical classes of insecticides to control mosquito populations, the development of novel synergists may improve the performance of available insecticides. We screened a set of 20 plant essential oils alone and in combination with natural pyrethrins against Aedes aegypti (Orlando) female adult mosquitoes to assess their ability to synergize this natural insecticide. A co-toxicity factor analysis was used to identify whether plant oils modulated the toxicity of natural pyrethrins antagonistically, additively, or synergistically. Both knockdown at 1 h and mortality at 24 h were monitored. A majority of oils increased the toxicity of natural pyrethrins, either via an additive or synergistic profile. Many oils produced synergism at 2 µg/insect, whereas others were synergistic only at the higher dose of 10 µg/insect. Amyris, cardamom, cedarwood, and nutmeg East Indies (E.I.) oils were the most active oils for increasing the mortality of natural pyrethrins at 24 h with co-toxicity factors greater than 50 at either or both doses. A number of oils also synergized the 1 h knockdown of natural pyrethrins. Of these, fir needle oil and cypress oils were the most successful at improving the speed-of-action of natural pyrethrins at both doses, with co-toxicity factors of 130 and 62, respectively. To further assess the co-toxicity factor method, we applied selected plant essential oils with variable doses of natural pyrethrins to calculate synergism ratios. Only the oils that produced synergistic co-toxicity factors produced statistically significant synergism ratios. This analysis demonstrated that the degree of co-toxicity factor correlated well with the degree of synergism ratio observed (Pearson correlation coefficient r = 0.94 at 2 µg/insect; r = 0.64 at 10 µg/insect) and that the co-toxicity factor is a useful tool in screening for synergistic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund J. Norris
- United States Department of Agriculture, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Jeffrey R. Bloomquist
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
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Arafa WM, Aboelhadid SM, Moawad A, Shokeir KM, Ahmed O, Pérez de León AA. Control of Rhipicephalus annulatus resistant to deltamethrin by spraying infested cattle with synergistic eucalyptus essential oil-thymol-deltamethrin combination. Vet Parasitol 2021; 290:109346. [PMID: 33418076 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The current study investigated the synergistic effect of combinations containing deltamethrin (D), Eucalyptus essential oil (E), and the thyme essential oil component thymol (T), against a field population of Rhipicephalus annulatus in Egypt that was characterized to be resistant to D. Solutions of T, E, or TE at concentrations of 1.25-5% were combined with 5% deltamethrin at different dilutions (0.25-2 mL/L). Results of the adult immersion test used to estimate the in vitro acaricidal activity of these combinations at 5% yielded LC50 values for D, E-D, T-D, and TE-D of 3.87 mL/L, 3.89 mL/L, 0.14 mL/L, and 0.05 mL/L, respectively. Biochemical analyses using whole-body homogenate of ticks from the in vitro tests revealed that the lowest acetylcholinesterase and glutathione peroxidase activity, and the maximum lipid peroxidation were recorded in ticks treated with 5% TE-D. Glutathione content significantly decreased (p ≤ 0.05) in all treated ticks. Three groups, each containing five cross breed cattle naturally infested with R. annulatus from the same area where resistance to D was detected, were sprayed twice at two-week intervals using 1 mL/L of 5% solutions of D, T-D, or TE-D. Overall efficacy of the D, T-D, and TE-D sprays by day 30 post-treatment was 21.6, 88.3, and 95 %, respectively. Ticks collected from infested cattle three days after treatment with the D spray deposited egg masses that were able to hatch, deposited small masses of eggs unable to hatch when exposed to the T-D spray, and laid few eggs that didn't hatch when sprayed with the TE-D combination. Values for liver and kidney function parameters were comparable in cattle before and after treatment with the combination sprays tested. The TE-D spray overcame the insensitivity to D of this R. annulatus population in Egypt, which also highlighted the significant synergistic effect of thymol on the acaricidal activity of deltamethrin observed in vitro. Acaricidal activity of the TE-D combination apparently has deleterious effects on multiple tick systems involving inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, increased lipid peroxidation, and oxidative stress. These findings document that combinations of natural and synthetic products can be part of integrated management solutions to the problem with widespread resistance to pyrethroids like deltamethrin in populations of cattle ticks, including R. annulatus, around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed M Arafa
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
| | - Shawky M Aboelhadid
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
| | - Abeer Moawad
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt
| | | | - Osama Ahmed
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62521, Egypt
| | - Adalberto A Pérez de León
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, 2700 Fredericksburg Rd., Kerrville, Texas, 78028, USA
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Pintong AR, Ampawong S, Komalamisra N, Sriwichai P, Popruk S, Ruangsittichai J. Insecticidal and Histopathological Effects of Ageratum conyzoides Weed Extracts against Dengue Vector, Aedes aegypti. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11040224. [PMID: 32260093 PMCID: PMC7240669 DOI: 10.3390/insects11040224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Crude extracts and essential oils of A. conyzoides were tested with larva and adult stages of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes to determine their insecticidal properties. The crude extracts and essential oils came from three varieties of A. conyzoides (with white flowers, purple flowers, or white-purple flowers) and from two places on each plant (leaves and flowers), giving six types overall: leaf-white (LW); leaf-purple (LP); leaf white-purple (LW-P); flower-white (FW); flower-purple (FP); and flower white-purple (FW-P). Chemical constituents and components of the essential oils were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Electron microscopic and histopathological studies were performed to determine the toxicological effects on mosquitoes in terms of morphological alterations. The six types of crude extracts exhibited no activity against individuals in the larval stages. However, six types of essential oils were effective against adult Ae. aegypti females. The mortality of adult Ae. aegypti females was higher from leaf extracts, particularly LP (median lethal dose, LD50 = 0.84%). The number of chemical constituents identified by GC-MS was high in flowers, especially W-P. Precocene I was the most abundant chemical component among the five types of essential oils, except in LP, in which precocene II was the most abundant. Histopathological alterations in adult Ae. aegypti females included compound eye degeneration, muscular damage with cellular infiltration, gut epithelial degeneration and necrosis, pyknotic nuclei in the malpighian epithelium and ovarian cell degeneration. FW and FP plant types exhibited the highest severity of histopathological alterations in mosquitoes compared with other plants, probably owing to the presence of monoterpene compounds in their tissues. The present study demonstrated LP plant extracts from A. conyzoides could be effective adulticides against adult Ae. aegypti. As natural products are biodegradable and exhibit low toxicity to mammalian and non-target organisms, they are suitable candidates for use in vector control programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-rada Pintong
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (A.-r.P.); (N.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Sumate Ampawong
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Narumon Komalamisra
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (A.-r.P.); (N.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Patchara Sriwichai
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (A.-r.P.); (N.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Supaluk Popruk
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Jiraporn Ruangsittichai
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (A.-r.P.); (N.K.); (P.S.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Jesser E, Lorenzetti AS, Yeguerman C, Murray AP, Domini C, Werdin-González JO. Ultrasound assisted formation of essential oil nanoemulsions: Emerging alternative for Culex pipiens pipiens Say (Diptera: Culicidae) and Plodia interpunctella Hübner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) management. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2020; 61:104832. [PMID: 31675660 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Over the last years, nanotechnology has contributed to the development of new botanical insecticides formulations based on essential oils (EO), which are safe for the human health and the environment. Nanoemulsions (NEs) can enhance the bioactivity of the EO to prevent the premature volatility and degradation of the active ingredients. In our work, geranium EO (Geranium maculatum L.) was used to develop micro and nanoemulsions adding Tween 80 as surfactant. For NEs formulation, ultrasound was applied and the physicochemical and ultrasound parameters were optimized: oil: surfactant ratio = 1:2, ultrasound power = 65 W, sonication time = 2 min, cycles = 30 on/20 off and ultrasonic probe distance = 3.7 cm. The NEs obtained had 13.58 nm and polydisperse index (PDI) values of 0.069. They were stored at 25 °C and were stable for 60 days. The present study also demonstrated the potential of NEs to enhance the toxicity of geranium EO against larvae of Culex pipiens pipiens (EO LC50 = 80.97 ppm, NEs LC50 = 48.27 ppm) and Plodia interpunctella (EO + β-cypermethrin LD50 = 0.16 μg larvae-1, NEs + β-cypermethrin LD50 = 0.07 μg larvae-1). Overall, our findings pointed out that NEs can increase twofold the insecticidal efficacy of EO, and thus, they can be considered further for the development of botanical insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Jesser
- INBIOSUR-CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Sur, San Juan 670 (B8000CPB), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires 4785, Argentina; Laboratorio de Zoología de Invertebrados II, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, San Juan 670 (B8000CPB), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A S Lorenzetti
- INQUISUR-CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Sur, Av. Alem 1253 (B8000CPB), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Yeguerman
- Laboratorio de Zoología de Invertebrados II, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, San Juan 670 (B8000CPB), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A P Murray
- INQUISUR-CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Sur, Av. Alem 1253 (B8000CPB), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Domini
- INQUISUR-CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Sur, Av. Alem 1253 (B8000CPB), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J O Werdin-González
- Laboratorio de Zoología de Invertebrados II, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, San Juan 670 (B8000CPB), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina; INQUISUR-CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Sur, Av. Alem 1253 (B8000CPB), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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