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Babiarczyk B, Tobiczyk J. Patient Perceptions and Experiences With Maggot Debridement Therapy for Managing Chronic Wounds. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 2024; 51:180-184. [PMID: 38595216 DOI: 10.1097/won.0000000000001067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to describe patient experiences and satisfaction with use of maggot debridement therapy (MDT) for hard-to-heal wounds. DESIGN Descriptive, cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS AND SETTING The sample comprised 60 participants, 60% were male (n = 36). Their mean age was 62.9 (SD = 20) years. Almost half of participants had lower extremity wounds (n = 26; 43.3%), diabetic foot ulcers (n = 18; 30%), and pressure injuries (n = 9; 15%). Most received maggot therapy via biobags (n = 36; 60%). METHODS Participants completed a questionnaire designed for purposes of the study that queried demographic and pertinent clinical characteristics, current health status including current topical therapies, and duration of their chronic wound. Nine items queried emotional responses prior to MDT, the amount and method of the maggot therapy, discomfort experienced during therapy, and sources of information regarding this treatment. RESULTS Emotional responses before starting MDT included disgust (n = 30, 50%), anxiety (n = 26, 43.3%), doubts about its effectiveness (n =20, 33.3%), and disbelief (n = 11, 18.3%). Approximately one-third of participants reported feelings of biting, itching, and fear of the maggots. Despite these feelings, a majority (n = 38, 63.3%) indicated that they were pleased with treatment outcome and willing to undergo additional MDT if needed. CONCLUSIONS While a majority of participants with nonhealing chronic wounds reported negative emotions association with MDT, more than half indicated that they were pleased with the outcome of treatment and willing to undergo repeat treatment if indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Babiarczyk
- Beata Babiarczyk, MN, HSD, RN, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bielsko-Biala, Bielsko-Biala, Poland
- Joanna Tobiczyk, MN, RN, Department of General Surgery, Silesian Hospital in Cieszyn, Cieszyn, Poland
| | - Joanna Tobiczyk
- Beata Babiarczyk, MN, HSD, RN, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bielsko-Biala, Bielsko-Biala, Poland
- Joanna Tobiczyk, MN, RN, Department of General Surgery, Silesian Hospital in Cieszyn, Cieszyn, Poland
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Olano C, Rodríguez M. Actinomycetes Associated with Arthropods as a Source of New Bioactive Compounds. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:3822-3838. [PMID: 38785506 PMCID: PMC11119530 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46050238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is one of the main global threats to human health in the 21st century due to the rapid appearance of bacterial resistance and the lack of novel bioactive compounds. Natural products, especially from Actinomycetes, remain the best source to refill the drug industry pipeline. Different strategies have been pursued to increase the chances of discovering new molecules, such as studying underexplored environments like arthropod symbionts, which represent a relevant reservoir for active metabolites. This review summarizes recent research on the identification of bioactive molecules produced by Actinomycetes associated with arthropods' microbiome. The metabolites have been categorized based on their structural properties and host, highlighting that multidisciplinary approaches will be the key to fully understanding this complex relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Olano
- Departamento de Biología Funcional e Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Miriam Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biología Funcional e Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
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Gulumbe BH, Abdulrahim A. Pushing the frontiers in the fight against antimicrobial resistance: the potential of fecal and maggot therapies. Future Sci OA 2023; 9:FSO899. [PMID: 37753364 PMCID: PMC10518815 DOI: 10.2144/fsoa-2023-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The escalating crisis of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) warrants innovative therapeutic strategies. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and maggot debridement therapy (MDT) represent paradigm-shifting approaches, leveraging biological systems to mitigate AMR. FMT restores a healthy gut microbiome, providing a biotherapeutic counter to pathogenic bacteria, thereby reducing reliance on traditional antibiotics. Conversely, MDT, a form of bio-debridement, utilizes the antimicrobial secretions of maggots to cleanse wounds and eliminate resistant bacteria. Despite the promise these therapies hold, their broader clinical adoption faces multifaceted challenges including the need for rigorous scientific substantiation, standardized protocols, deepened understanding of mechanisms of action, and surmounting regulatory and public acceptance barriers. However, their potential integration with precision medicine could revolutionize disease management, particularly with antibiotic-resistant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashar Haruna Gulumbe
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Federal University, Kalgo, Birnin Kebbi, PMB, 1157, Nigeria
| | - Abdulrakib Abdulrahim
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Federal University, Kalgo, Birnin Kebbi, PMB, 1157, Nigeria
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Radzikowska-Büchner E, Łopuszyńska I, Flieger W, Tobiasz M, Maciejewski R, Flieger J. An Overview of Recent Developments in the Management of Burn Injuries. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16357. [PMID: 38003548 PMCID: PMC10671630 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), around 11 million people suffer from burns every year, and 180,000 die from them. A burn is a condition in which heat, chemical substances, an electrical current or other factors cause tissue damage. Burns mainly affect the skin, but can also affect deeper tissues such as bones or muscles. When burned, the skin loses its main functions, such as protection from the external environment, pathogens, evaporation and heat loss. Depending on the stage of the burn, the patient's condition and the cause of the burn, we need to choose the most appropriate treatment. Personalization and multidisciplinary collaboration are key to the successful management of burn patients. In this comprehensive review, we have collected and discussed the available treatment options, focusing on recent advances in topical treatments, wound cleansing, dressings, skin grafting, nutrition, pain and scar tissue management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Radzikowska-Büchner
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Maxillary Surgery, National Medical Institute of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, Wołoska 137 Street, 02-507 Warszawa, Poland;
| | - Inga Łopuszyńska
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Maxillary Surgery, National Medical Institute of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, Wołoska 137 Street, 02-507 Warszawa, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Flieger
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4 Street, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Michał Tobiasz
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Reconstructive Surgery and Burn Treatment, Medical University of Lublin, Krasnystawska 52 Street, 21-010 Łęczna, Poland;
| | - Ryszard Maciejewski
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101 Street, 02-089 Warszawa, Poland;
| | - Jolanta Flieger
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4A Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Pascacio-Villafán C, Cohen AC. How Rearing Systems for Various Species of Flies Benefit Humanity. INSECTS 2023; 14:553. [PMID: 37367369 DOI: 10.3390/insects14060553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Flies (Diptera) have played a prominent role in human history, and several fly species are reared at different scales and for different beneficial purposes worldwide. Here, we review the historical importance of fly rearing as a foundation for insect rearing science and technology and synthesize information on the uses and rearing diets of more than 50 fly species in the families Asilidae, Calliphoridae, Coelopidae, Drosophilidae, Ephydridae, Muscidae, Sarcophagidae, Stratiomyidae, Syrphidae, Tachinidae, Tephritidae, and Tipulidae. We report more than 10 uses and applications of reared flies to the well-being and progress of humanity. We focus on the fields of animal feed and human food products, pest control and pollination services, medical wound therapy treatments, criminal investigations, and on the development of several branches of biology using flies as model organisms. We highlight the relevance of laboratory-reared Drosophila melanogaster Meigen as a vehicle of great scientific discoveries that have shaped our understanding of many biological systems, including the genetic basis of heredity and of terrible diseases such as cancer. We point out key areas of fly-rearing research such as nutrition, physiology, anatomy/morphology, genetics, genetic pest management, cryopreservation, and ecology. We conclude that fly rearing is an activity with great benefits for human well-being and should be promoted for future advancement in diverse and innovative methods of improving existing and emerging problems to humanity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Pascacio-Villafán
- Red de Manejo Biorracional de Plagas y Vectores, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Xalapa 91073, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Allen Carson Cohen
- Insect Rearing Education and Research, Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Dallavecchia DL, Silva Filho RGDA, Silva AS, Aguiar VM. Biological behavior of Chrysomya putoria (Wiedemann, 1819) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) after refrigeration: Logistics for use in Biotherapy. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2023; 95:e20220578. [PMID: 37255170 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202320220578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The influence of refrigeration on the post-embryonic development of Chrysomya putoria larvae was evaluated, regarding its resistance in the logistics of storage and distribution in biotherapy. Previously sterilized larvae were submitted to four periods of storage under refrigeration (T1=12 h, T2=24 h, T3=48 h and T4=72 h) and control (without sterilization and refrigeration). Newly hatched larvae (0.200 g) were stored between 3 and 9ºC. After refrigeration, 40 neo-larvae (in triplicate) were transferred to 50 g of protein diet and incubated in an acclimatized chamber. There was a significant difference in the larval body mass (T1 and T2) and in the duration of larval, pupal and total development (T3 and T4). The sex ratios found in the four treatments did not differ from what was expected. Normality rates were 100% for all treatments. There was no significant difference between the Control, T1 and T2 treatments for larval, pupal and total viability. There was a significant difference between control (C) and T4 (larval viability), between C, T3 and T4 (pupa) and between C and T4 (total). C. putoria has resistance under refrigeration and storage of up to 56 h, presenting viability above 70% for use in biotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele L Dallavecchia
- Instituto de Investigação, Inovação e Desenvolvimento (FP-I3ID), Universidade Fernando Pessoa (UFP), Escola Superior de Saúde, Praça de 9 de Abril, 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Rua Frei Caneca, 94, Centro, 20211-040 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renato G DA Silva Filho
- Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Rua Frei Caneca, 94, Centro, 20211-040 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alexandre S Silva
- Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Departamento de Métodos Quantitativos, Av. Pasteur, 458, Urca, 22290-255 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Valéria M Aguiar
- Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Rua Frei Caneca, 94, Centro, 20211-040 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Shamloul G, Khachemoune A. Reappraisal and updated review of maggot debridement therapy in chronic lower extremity ulcers. Int J Dermatol 2023. [PMID: 36880424 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.16619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dating back to the mid-1500s, maggot debridement therapy (MDT) has been a viable treatment modality for chronic wounds. In early 2004, the sterile larvae of Lucilia sericata received FDA approval for medical marketing for neuropathic, venous, and pressure ulcers, traumatic or surgical wounds, and nonhealing wounds that have not responded to standard care. However, it currently remains an under-utilized therapy. The proven efficacy of MDT begs the question if this treatment modality should be considered as a first-line option for all or a subset of chronic lower extremity ulcers. OBJECTIVE This article aims to address the history, production, and evidence of MDT and discuss future considerations for maggot therapy in the healthcare field. METHODS A literature search using the PubMed database was conducted using keywords, such as wound debridement, maggot therapy, diabetic ulcers, venous ulcers, among others. RESULTS MDT reduced short-term morbidity in non-ambulatory patients with neuroischemic diabetic ulcers and comorbidity with peripheral vascular disease. Larval therapy was associated with statistically significant bioburden reductions against both Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Faster time to debridement was achieved when chronic venous or mixed venous and arterial ulcers were treated with maggot therapy versus hydrogels. CONCLUSIONS The literature supports the use of MDT in decreasing the significant costs of treating chronic lower extremity ulcers, with emphasis on those of diabetic origin. Additional studies with global standards for reporting outcomes are necessary to substantiate our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gelan Shamloul
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amor Khachemoune
- Veterans Affairs Hospital and SUNY Downstate Dermatology Service, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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Rahimi K, Hosseinpour L, Balaneji SM, Goli R, Faraji N, Babamiri B. Large wound surgery of diabetic foot ulcer with Split-thickness skin graft (STSG), and maggot debridement therapy (MDT): A case report. Int J Surg Case Rep 2023; 104:107947. [PMID: 36822027 PMCID: PMC9978508 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2023.107947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) as one of the complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) can lead to death. CASE PRESENTATION The present case reports a 56-year-old woman with an 11-year history of type 2 diabetes who has had left DFUs for two years. The patient had antibiotic-resistant DFUs her left foot, which were completely gangrenous and a superficial ulcer up and under her left foot. Despite the routine DFU care, the patient did not recover from DFU using standard methods. The patient was referred to our wound management team. DFU was treated and managed using split-thickness skin graft (STSG) and surgical debridement, maggot debridement therapy (MDT). After two months, the patient's DFUs healed, and he was discharged from our service in good condition. CLINICAL DISCUSSION DFU can lead to infection, amputation, and even patient death. Therefore, effective treatment methods are very important for managing DFUs. CONCLUSION This case report study was shown that the combined use of STSG, surgical debridement, and MDT is a safe and effective approach to improve the healing of DFUs and prevent foot amputation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Rahimi
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Leila Hosseinpour
- Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Islamic Azad University of Tabriz, East Azerbaijan, Iran
| | - Sahar Majidi Balaneji
- Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Islamic Azad University of Urmia, West Azerbaijan, Iran
| | - Rasoul Goli
- Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Navid Faraji
- Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Behnam Babamiri
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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Parizad N, Hajimohammadi K, Goli R, Mohammadpour Y, Faraji N, Makhdomi K. Surgical debridement and maggot debridement therapy (MDT) bring the light of hope to patients with diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs): A case report. Int J Surg Case Rep 2022; 99:107723. [PMID: 36261953 PMCID: PMC9568830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2022.107723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction and importance Management of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), one of the complications of diabetes mellitus, can lead to death and amputation, and it is one of the most critical challenges for the patients and their families. Case presentation The present case report concerns a 72-year-old man with a 5-year history of uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus. The patient had antibiotic-resistant DFUs on two phalanges of his left foot, which were completely gangrenous, and a superficial ulcer of 1 × 1 cm under his left foot. Despite the routine DFU care, the phalanges of his DFU were amputated. The patient was moved to our wound management team. DFU was treated and managed using surgical debridement and maggot debridement therapy. Ten sessions of Maggot Debridement Therapy (MDT) were conducted (one therapy session every 48 h). After three months, the patient's DFUs healed, and he was discharged from our service in good condition. Clinical discussion DFU can lead to infection, amputation, and even patient death. Therefore, effective treatment methods are very important for managing DFUs. Conclusion Using surgical debridement and MDT is a safe and effective approach to facilitate the healing of DFUs. Management of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) is one of the most critical challenges for the patients. Diabetic foot ulcers do not respond to standard drug therapies. Surgical debridement and Maggot Debridement Therapy (MDT) can manage diabetic foot ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser Parizad
- Patient Safety Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Kazem Hajimohammadi
- Imam Khomeini Teaching Hospital, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Rasoul Goli
- Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran,Corresponding author at: Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Yousef Mohammadpour
- Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Navid Faraji
- Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Makhdomi
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, IR, Iran
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Song M, Bai X, Wang D, Wang Q, Pan L, He P, Gong Y, Sun X, Xu X, Che J, Wang S. Combined application of moist exposed burn ointment and maggot therapy in wound healing. J Wound Care 2022; 31:S41-S52. [DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2022.31.sup10.s41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Hard-to-heal wounds are a global health challenge, and effective treatments are still lacking. Moist exposed burn ointment (MEBO) and maggots are traditional treatments for promoting wound healing. This study was a preliminary exploration of combined maggot therapy and MEBO in the treatment of hard-to-heal wounds. Method: A coexistence experiment was conducted to determine the survival rates of maggots in MEBO. The maggots were placed in two different existence conditions: one set in MEBO (MEBO group), and another set as the control group (no MEBO) to compare survival rates. Case reports describe the use of the combined application of MEBO and maggots in the treatment of patients with hard-to-heal wounds. Results: The coexistence experiment indicated that maggots in the MEBO group had a higher survival rate. From the therapeutic effect of the clinical cases (n=7), the combined application was safe and effective, with all the reported wounds eventually healing. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, we believe the combined application of MEBO and maggots is a promising way of promoting wound healing. Further studies and clinical trials are needed to elucidate the mechanism of the combined application in promoting wound healing and to more persuasively clarify the therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhi Song
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
- 2 Department of Orthopaedics, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Bai
- 3 Department of Plastic Surgery, Southern University of Science and Technology Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Deyu Wang
- 4 Department of Burn and Wound Repair Surgery, the Forth People's Hospital of Dalian, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingxin Wang
- 5 The Second Department of General Surgery, the Fifth People's Hospital of Dalian, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Liwen Pan
- 6 Department of Nursing, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
- 7 Surgical Clinic, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping He
- 6 Department of Nursing, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
- 7 Surgical Clinic, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Gong
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
- 6 Department of Nursing, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Sun
- 6 Department of Nursing, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoguang Xu
- 8 Research Center of High Altitude Medicine, Naqu, Tibet, People's Republic of China
- 9 People's Hospital of Naqu Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Naqu, Tibet, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Che
- 4 Department of Burn and Wound Repair Surgery, the Forth People's Hospital of Dalian, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouyu Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
- 10 Dalian Runxi Technology Development Co. Ltd, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
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Ferreira LDFSL, Figueiredo RMPD, Oliveira LDS, Vieira RPC, Leal EPBV, Pereira JD, Abreu AMD, Figueiredo RDAR. LARVOTERAPIA NO TRATAMENTO DE LESÕES DE DIFÍCIL CICATRIZAÇÃO: REVISÃO INTEGRATIVA. ESTIMA 2022. [DOI: 10.30886/estima.v20.1239_pt] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Objetivo:Analisar as evidências disponíveis na literatura acerca da utilização da larvoterapia no tratamento de feridas de difícil cicatrização. Método: Trata-se de revisão integrativa, tendo como questão norteadora: quais são as evidências disponíveis na literatura acerca da utilização da larvoterapia no tratamento de feridas de difícil cicatrização? Elegeram-se como critérios de inclusão: artigos originais, de revisão de literatura e de relatos de experiência, recorte temporal de 2016 a 2021, disponíveis online na íntegra, em português, inglês e espanhol e que respondessem à pergunta de pesquisa. Os critérios de exclusão foram: artigos duplicados, cartas ao editor, dissertações, teses, monografias e pesquisas com animais. Buscas ocorreram na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde e Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina dos Estados Unidos entre agosto e setembro de 2021. Resultados: Selecionaram-se 10 artigos. As principais vantagens foram: desbridamento seletivo, ação bactericida ou bacteriostática e promoção de tecido de granulação e de fatores cicatrizantes. Já as principais desvantagens abrangeram: dor, desconforto, preconceito e fragilidades com o mercado de produção larval. Conclusão: As vantagens encontradas sobrepõem as desvantagens evidenciadas. Portanto, a larvoterapia é favorável para tratar feridas de difícil cicatrização.
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Ferreira LDFSL, Figueiredo RMPD, Oliveira LDS, Vieira RPC, Leal EPBV, Pereira JD, Abreu AMD, Figueiredo RDAR. LARVOTHERAPY IN THE TREATMENT OF DIFFICULT-TO-HEAL LESIONS: INTEGRATIVE REVIEW. ESTIMA 2022. [DOI: 10.30886/estima.v20.1239_in] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To analyze the evidence available in the literature about the use of larvotherapy in the treatment of difficult-to-heal wounds. Method: This is an integrative review, having as a guiding question: what evidence is available in the literature about the use of larvotherapy in the treatment of wounds that are difficult to heal? The inclusion criteria were: original articles, literature review and experience reports, from 2016 to 2021, available online in full, in Portuguese, English and Spanish and that answered the research question. Exclusion criteria were: duplicate articles, letters to the editor, dissertations, theses, monographies and research with animals. Searches took place at Virtual Health Library and United Station National Library of Medicine between August and September 2021. Results: Ten articles were selected. The main advantages were: selective debridement, bactericidal or bacteriostatic action, and promotion of granulation tissue and healing factors. The main disadvantages were: pain, discomfort, prejudice, and weaknesses with the larval production market. Conclusion: The advantages found outweigh the disadvantages evidenced. Therefore, larvotherapy is favorable to treat wounds that are difficult to heal.
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Choobianzali B, Goli R, Hassanpour A, Ghalandari M, Abbaszadeh R. Reviving hope by using of maggot debridement therapy in patients with diabetic foot ulcer: A case report study. Int J Surg Case Rep 2022; 91:106797. [PMID: 35093705 PMCID: PMC8808047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2022.106797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction and importance Refractory diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) do not easily respond to standard therapeutic approaches and the prevention of DFU-related amputation is one of the most important aspects of treatment in patients with DFU. Case presentation The present case report is 51-year old male patient with a history of 5-years type 2 diabetes who has had DFU on the first distal phalanx foot of his right foot with size of 2 × 2 cm. The patient was repeatedly hospitalized for receiving DFU treatment, he did not recover using routine wound treatment. The patient was transferred to our wound care team. After ten sessions (one session every 48 h) of maggot debridement therapy (MDT) using sterile Lucilia sericata, the patients' DFU had completely healed. Clinical discussion DFUs can change patient's quality of life and lead to infection, amputation, sepsis, and finally death. Thus, efficient therapeutic methods are necessary for management of DFUs. Conclusion This case report was revealed that the maggot therapy is an affordable and highly efficacious treatment method to enhance the recuperation of DFUs. Therefore, it is recommended that wound care teams use this approach to speed up the healing process. DFU is one of the most significant complications of diabetes mellitus. Affordable and efficacious treatment is necessary for the management of DFUs. Maggot debridement therapy is effective approach for healing DFUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Choobianzali
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Medicine Faculty, Urmia, Iran
| | - Rasoul Goli
- Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Amireh Hassanpour
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mahmoodreza Ghalandari
- Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, Urmia, Iran
| | - Rana Abbaszadeh
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Islamic Azad university of Urmia, Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, Urmia, Iran
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14
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Kaczmarek A, Boguś M. The metabolism and role of free fatty acids in key physiological processes in insects of medical, veterinary and forensic importance. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12563. [PMID: 35036124 PMCID: PMC8710053 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects are the most widespread group of organisms and more than one million species have been described. These animals have significant ecological functions, for example they are pollinators of many types of plants. However, they also have direct influence on human life in different manners. They have high medical and veterinary significance, stemming from their role as vectors of disease and infection of wounds and necrotic tissue; they are also plant pests, parasitoids and predators whose activities can influence agriculture. In addition, their use in medical treatments, such as maggot therapy of gangrene and wounds, has grown considerably. They also have many uses in forensic science to determine the minimum post-mortem interval and provide valuable information about the movement of the body, cause of the death, drug use, or poisoning. It has also been proposed that they may be used as model organisms to replace mammal systems in research. The present review describes the role of free fatty acids (FFAs) in key physiological processes in insects. By focusing on insects of medical, veterinary significance, we have limited our description of the physiological processes to those most important from the point of view of insect control; the study examines their effects on insect reproduction and resistance to the adverse effects of abiotic (low temperature) and biotic (pathogens) factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Kaczmarek
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mieczysława Boguś
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Biomibo, Warsaw, Poland
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15
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Taleb M. Effectiveness of broad-spectrum antiseptics in production of disinfected maggots of Lucilia sericata for use in wound debridement therapy. Wound Repair Regen 2021; 29:1017-1023. [PMID: 34633134 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of low-cost, effective, safe and practical methods is necessary to increase the use of larval therapy in wound care. Although studies on external disinfection of calliphorid eggs have been reported, many studies lack data on the effect of disinfection on egg viability and the microorganisms found before disinfection. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to compare three antiseptic solutions, that is, chlorhexidine (5%), Dakin's solution (0.5% NaOCl) and povidone-iodine (10%), in terms of their ability to disinfect Lucilia sericata eggs. Egg viability after disinfection and microorganisms present on the eggs and larvae before and after treatment were also examined. None of the antiseptics had a significant effect on egg viability. Disinfection of L. sericata eggs with 0.5% NaOCl was the best method, as sterility tests showed no contamination. Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Proteus mirabilis were present in all cultures isolated from the non-disinfected eggs and larvae, while Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis, Morganella morganii, Corynebacterium spp. and Providencia stuartii were isolated from more than half of the same cultures. Sterility testing of medicinal maggots after disinfection is crucial to prevent secondary infections and achieve a positive therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Taleb
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Blida 1, Blida, Algeria
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16
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Lempert M, Pape H, Jukema GN. Salvage of a mangled limb with Matriderm ® augmented split-skin grafting and maggot biodebridement. Clin Case Rep 2021; 9:e04676. [PMID: 34603723 PMCID: PMC8465938 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.4676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvage of a mangled limb can be a long and strenuous way, but it is feasible even with rather simple techniques such as augmented split-skin grafting and maggot biodebridement.
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17
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Gazi U, Taylan-Ozkan A, Mumcuoglu KY. The effect of Lucilia sericata larval excretion/secretion (ES) products on cellular responses in wound healing. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 35:257-266. [PMID: 33314340 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chronic wounds are still regarded as a serious public health concern, which are on the increase mainly due to the changes in life styles and aging of the human population. There are different types of chronic wounds, each of which requires slightly different treatment strategies. Nevertheless, wound bed preparation is included in treatment of all types of chronic wounds and involves tissue debridement, inflammation, and infection control, as well as moisture balance and epithelial edge advancement. Maggot therapy (MT) is a form of biological debridement which involves the application of live medical grade Lucilia sericata (Meigen, 1826) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) larvae. Whereas it was initially thought to act mainly through debridement, today MT is known to influence all four overlapping physiological phases of wound repair: homeostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodelling/maturing. During MT, medical-grade larvae are applied either freely or enclosed in tea-bag like devices (biobag) inside the wounds, which suggests that larva excretion/secretion (ES) products can facilitate the healing processes directly without the need of direct contact with the larvae. This review summarizes the relevant literature on ES-mediated effects on the cellular responses involved in wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Gazi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - A Taylan-Ozkan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hitit University, Corum, Turkey
| | - K Y Mumcuoglu
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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18
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Hajimohammadi K, Parizad N, Hassanpour A, Goli R. Saving diabetic foot ulcers from amputation by surgical debridement and maggot therapy: A case report. Int J Surg Case Rep 2021; 86:106334. [PMID: 34455293 PMCID: PMC8405980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2021.106334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE A diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is one of the major diabetes complications that may lead to limb amputation. Amputation can have profound physical and psychological effects on an individual's life. Nowadays, the prevention of limb amputation and treatment of DFUs are known as the major health challenges. CASE PRESENTATION The present case report is of a 72-year-old woman with a 20-year history of type 2 diabetes who has had asymmetrical and superficial DFUs with sizes of 6 × 5 cm and 3 × 3 cm on the heel and the sole of the right foot, respectively. The ulcers were infected by S. aureus and E. coli. The patient had been hospitalized several times for receiving treatment, and not only the ulcers had not been healed, but also they had considerably extended so that the risk of foot amputation had been greatly increased. The patient was transferred to our wound care service. After conducting one session of surgical debridement, the patient underwent ten sessions of maggot therapy (one session every two days) using sterile Lucilia sericata. After about six months, the patient's DFUs were completely healed. CLINICAL DISCUSSION DFU can affect a patient's quality of life and lead to infection, sepsis, amputation, and even patient death. Therefore, using effective treatment approaches is very important for the management of DFUs. CONCLUSION The combined use of surgical debridement and maggot therapy is a safe and effective method for improving diabetic foot ulcers and preventing amputation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazem Hajimohammadi
- Imam Khomeini Teaching Hospital, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Naser Parizad
- Patient Safety Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Amireh Hassanpour
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Rasoul Goli
- Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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Zhang Q, Wang S, Zhang X, Zhang R, Zhang Z. Negative Impact of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Y12 on Its Host Musca domestica. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:691158. [PMID: 34335517 PMCID: PMC8317488 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.691158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
High concentrations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Y12 significantly inhibit the development of housefly larvae and accelerate larvae death. In this study, the dynamic distribution of the gut microbiota of housefly larvae fed different concentrations of P. aeruginosa Y12 was investigated. Compared with low-concentration P. aeruginosa diets, orally administered high-concentration P. aeruginosa diets caused higher mortality and had a greater impact on the community structure and interaction network of intestinal flora in housefly larvae. The bacterial community of the gut microbiota in housefly larvae was reconstructed in 4 days. Bacterial abundance and diversity were significantly reduced in housefly larvae fed high concentrations of P. aeruginosa. With the growth of larvae, the relative abundances of Providencia, Proteus, Myroides, Klebsiella, and Alcaligenes increased significantly in housefly larvae fed with high concentrations of P. aeruginosa, while the relative abundances of Bordetella, Enterobacter, Morganella, Ochrobactrum, Alcaligenaceae, and Empedobacter were significantly reduced. To analyze the role of the gut microorganisms played on housefly development, a total of 10 cultivable bacterial species belonging to 9 genera were isolated from the intestine of housefly larvae among which Enterobacter hormaechei, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, Lysinibacillus fusiformis, and Bacillus safensis promoted the growth of larvae through feeding experiments. This study is the first to analyze the influence of high concentrations of P. aeruginosa on the gut microbiota of houseflies. Our study provides a basis for exploring the pathogenic mechanism of high concentrations of P. aeruginosa Y12 in houseflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Tai'an, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Tai'an, China
| | - Shumin Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Tai'an, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Tai'an, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Tai'an, China
| | - Ruiling Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Tai'an, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Tai'an, China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Tai'an, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Tai'an, China
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20
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Parizad N, Hajimohammadi K, Goli R. Surgical debridement, maggot therapy, negative pressure wound therapy, and silver foam dressing revive hope for patients with diabetic foot ulcer: A case report. Int J Surg Case Rep 2021; 82:105931. [PMID: 33962267 PMCID: PMC8121707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2021.105931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction and importance Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), as one of the most debilitating complications of diabetes, can lead to amputation. Treatment and management of d DFUs are among the most critical challenges for the patients and their families. Case presentation The present case report is of a 63-year-old man with a 5-year history of uncontrolled type 2 diabetes who has had DFU for the past three years on three sites of the left external ankle in the form of two deep circular ulcers with sizes of 6 × 4 cm and 6 × 8 cm, the sole as a superficial ulcer with a size of 6 × 3 cm, and the left heel as a deep skin groove. Moreover, the left hallux was completely gangrenous. The patient's ulcers were infected with Staphylococcus aureus and multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The patient was transferred to our wound management team. DFU was treated and managed using a combination of surgical debridement, maggot therapy, the Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT), and silver foam dressing. After three months and ten days, the patient's ulcers completely healed, and he was discharged from our service with the excellent and stable condition. Clinical discussion DFUs are caused by various pathological mechanisms, the monotherapy strategy would lead to a very low level of recovery. Therefore, DFU management requires multimodal care and interdisciplinary treatment. Conclusion Based on the present case report study's clinical results, wound-care teams can use the combination therapy applied in this case report to treat refractory DFU. DFUs can lead to amputation. DFUs do not respond to standard drug therapies. DFUs can be managed by combination therapy. The medical teams can benefit from combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser Parizad
- Patient Safety Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Nursing & Midwifery School, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Kazem Hajimohammadi
- Wound manager, Imam Khomeini Teaching Hospital, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Rasoul Goli
- Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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21
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Ramos DL, Cunha WL, Evangelista J, Lira LA, Rocha MVC, Gomes PA, Frizzas MR, Togni PHB. Ecosystem Services Provided by Insects in Brazil: What Do We Really Know? NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:783-794. [PMID: 32462421 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-020-00781-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Insects are the most abundant and diverse organisms on Earth and provide essential ecosystem services. However, Brazilian society rarely consider the importance of insects in their diverse country. Therefore, in this review, we provide an overview of ecosystem services provided by insects in Brazil. A database search returned 136 articles, published in English or Portuguese, on ecosystem services provided by insects in Brazil. The first article was published in 1982, and majority of the studies were conducted in the Atlantic Forest or the Cerrado biomes. The most frequently studied insect-provided ecosystem services were pollination, decomposition, and biological control of pests. The studies focused primarily on natural and anthropic ecosystems, and most followed an experimental approach. We noted that the term "ecosystem services" was not used frequently in studies on insects in Brazil. The information available was mostly taxon-biased. We discuss the implications of these findings in relation to reconciling economic interests and the need for insect conservation for continued provision of ecosystem services in a broader perspective. In conclusion, we argue that the scientific community should focus on understanding the ecosystem services provided by insects other than those strictly related to economic activities, and on improving communication with policymakers and citizens. As a tropical and megadiverse country, Brazil has the potential to become a protagonist in conserving and using the ecosystem services provided by insects, both locally and internationally, by providing scientific information to policymakers and citizens.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Ramos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Univ de Brasília - UnB, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - W L Cunha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Univ de Brasília - UnB, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - J Evangelista
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Univ de Brasília - UnB, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - L A Lira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Univ de Brasília - UnB, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - M V C Rocha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Univ de Brasília - UnB, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - P A Gomes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Univ de Brasília - UnB, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - M R Frizzas
- Depto de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Univ de Brasília - UnB, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brasil.
| | - P H B Togni
- Depto de Ecologia, Univ de Brasília - UnB, Brasília, DF, Brasil
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