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Laverdeur J, Desmecht D, Hayette MP, Darcis G. Dengue and chikungunya: future threats for Northern Europe? FRONTIERS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY 2024; 4:1342723. [PMID: 38456075 PMCID: PMC10911022 DOI: 10.3389/fepid.2024.1342723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viral diseases are likely to be affected by the consequences of climate change with an increase in their distribution and intensity. Among these infectious diseases, chikungunya and dengue viruses are two (re)emergent arboviruses transmitted by Aedes species mosquitoes and which have recently demonstrated their capacity for rapid expansion. They most often cause mild diseases, but they can both be associated with complications and severe forms. In Europe, following the establishment of invasive Aedes spp, the first outbreaks of autochtonous dengue and chikungunya have already occurred. Northern Europe is currently relatively spared, but climatic projections show that the conditions are permissive for the establishment of Aedes albopictus (also known as the tiger mosquito) in the coming decades. It is therefore essential to question and improve the means of surveillance in northern Europe, at the dawn of inevitable future epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Laverdeur
- Department of General Practice, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Daniel Desmecht
- Department of Animal Pathology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Marie-Pierre Hayette
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Gilles Darcis
- Department of Infectious Diseases and General Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Veronesi E, Paslaru A, Ettlin J, Ravasi D, Flacio E, Tanadini M, Guidi V. Estimating the Impact of Consecutive Blood Meals on Vector Competence of Aedes albopictus for Chikungunya Virus. Pathogens 2023; 12:849. [PMID: 37375539 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The continuous expansion of Aedes albopictus in Europe and the increases in autochthonous arboviruses transmissions in the region urge a better understanding of the virus transmission dynamic. Recent work described enhanced chikungunya virus (CHIKV) dissemination in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes exposed to a virus-free blood meal three days after their infection with CHIKV. Our study investigated the impact of a second blood meal on the vector competence of Ae. albopictus from southern Switzerland infected with CHIKV. Seven-day-old Ae. albopictus females were exposed to CHIKV-spiked blood and incubated at constant (27 °C) and fluctuating (14-28 °C) temperatures. Four days post-infection (dpi), some of these females were re-fed with a non-infectious blood meal. Virus infectivity, dissemination, transmission rate, and efficiency were investigated at seven and ten dpi. No enhanced dissemination rate was observed among females fed a second time; however, re-fed females have shown higher transmission efficiency than those fed only once after seven days post-infection and incubated under a fluctuating temperature regime. Vector competence for CHIKV was confirmed in Ae. albopictus from southern Switzerland. We did not observe an increase in dissemination rates among mosquitoes fed a second time (second blood meal), regardless of the temperature regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Veronesi
- Institute of Microbiology, Department for Environment Constructions and Design, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), 6850 Mendrisio, Switzerland
| | - Anca Paslaru
- National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich (UZH), 5404 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Julia Ettlin
- National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich (UZH), 5404 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Damiana Ravasi
- Institute of Microbiology, Department for Environment Constructions and Design, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), 6850 Mendrisio, Switzerland
| | - Eleonora Flacio
- Institute of Microbiology, Department for Environment Constructions and Design, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), 6850 Mendrisio, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Tanadini
- Zurich Data Scientists GmbH, Sihlquai 131, 8005 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Valeria Guidi
- Institute of Microbiology, Department for Environment Constructions and Design, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), 6850 Mendrisio, Switzerland
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Perrin A, Schaffner F, Christe P, Glaizot O. Relative effects of urbanisation, deforestation, and agricultural development on mosquito communities. LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY 2023; 38:1527-1536. [PMID: 37229481 PMCID: PMC10203030 DOI: 10.1007/s10980-023-01634-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Context Despite numerous studies that showed negative effects of landscape anthropisation on species abundance and diversity, the relative effects of urbanisation, deforestation, and agricultural development as well as the spatial extent at which they act are much less studied. This is particularly the case for mosquitoes, which are the most important arthropods affecting human health. Objectives We determined the scale of effect of these three landscape anthropisation components on mosquito abundance and diversity. We then assessed which landscape variables had the most effect as well as their independent positive or negative effects. Methods We used mosquito data collected by Schaffner and Mathis (2013) in 16 sampling sites in Switzerland. We measured forest, urban and agricultural amounts in 485 concentric landscapes (from 150 to 5000 m radius) around each sampling site. We then identified the spatial extent at which each landscape metric best predicted abundance and diversity of mosquito species and compared the effect size of each landscape component on each response variable. Results In Switzerland, urbanisation and deforestation have a greater influence on mosquito diversity than agricultural development, and do not act at the same scale. Conversely, the scale of effect on mosquito abundance is relatively similar across the different landscape anthropisation components or across mosquito species, except for Culex pipiens. However, the effect size of each landscape component varies according to mosquito species. Conclusion The scale of management must be selected according to the conservation concern. In addition, a multi-scale approach is recommended for effective mosquito community management. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10980-023-01634-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Perrin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, UNIL-Sorge, Biophore, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francis Schaffner
- National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, University of Zürich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Francis Schaffner Consultancy, 4125 Riehen, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Christe
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, UNIL-Sorge, Biophore, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Glaizot
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, UNIL-Sorge, Biophore, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Museum of Zoology, 1014 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Ravasi D, Parrondo Monton D, Tanadini M, Flacio E. Effectiveness of integrated Aedes albopictus management in southern Switzerland. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:405. [PMID: 34399827 PMCID: PMC8365973 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04903-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The exotic invasive tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, appeared in southern Switzerland in 2003. The spread of the mosquito has been surveyed constantly since then, and an integrated vector management (IVM) has been implemented to control its numbers. The control measures focus on the aquatic phase of the mosquito with removal of breeding sites and applications of larvicides in public areas whereas private areas are reached through extensive public information campaigns. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of the IVM. METHODS Since all the municipalities with Ae. albopictus in southern Switzerland are currently implementing the IVM, Italian municipalities just across the Swiss-Italian border, where Ae. albopictus is present but no coordinated intervention programme is in place, served as control. Ovitraps and adult female traps were used to measure mosquito abundance in 2019. Generalised mixed-effects models were used to model the numbers of Ae. albopictus eggs and adult females collected. These numbers of Ae. albopictus eggs were compared to the numbers of eggs collected in 2012 and 2013 in a previous assessment of the IVM, using a hurdle model. RESULTS Mean numbers of Ae. albopictus eggs and adult females in 2019 were consistently higher in the municipalities not following an IVM programme. In these municipalities, there were about four times (3.8) more eggs than in the municipalities implementing an IVM programme. Also, the numbers of eggs and adult females increased steadily from the beginning of the Ae. albopictus reproductive season, reaching a peak in August. In contrast, the increase in numbers of Ae. albopictus was much more contained in the municipalities implementing an IVM programme, without reaching an evident peak. Comparison with data from 2012 and 2013 indicates that the gap between intervention and non-intervention areas may have almost doubled in the past 6 years. CONCLUSIONS The results of the survey strongly support the efficacy of the IVM programme implemented in southern Switzerland compared to municipalities without defined control measures. With the constant implementation of an IVM, it appears possible to contain the numbers of Ae. albopictus at a manageable level, reducing the nuisance for the human population and the risk of arbovirus epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiana Ravasi
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Environment, Construction and Design, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, via Mirasole 22A, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Diego Parrondo Monton
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Environment, Construction and Design, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, via Mirasole 22A, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Tanadini
- Zurich Data Scientists GmbH, Sihlquai 131, 8005 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eleonora Flacio
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Environment, Construction and Design, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, via Mirasole 22A, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
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Fouque F, Guidi V, Lazzaro M, Ravasi D, Martinetti-Lucchini G, Merlani G, Tonolla M, Flacio E. Emerging Aedes-borne infections in southern Switzerland: Preparedness planning for surveillance and intervention. Travel Med Infect Dis 2020; 37:101748. [PMID: 32712264 PMCID: PMC7593978 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Preparedness Plan for Surveillance and Interventions on Emerging Vector-Borne Diseases (VBDs) in Southern Switzerland outlines the strategy for preventing and managing potential outbreaks, as well as the surveillance and control activities with a specific focus on Aedes-borne diseases transmitted by Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. The objective of the plan is to provide Public Health Authorities with a framework of preventive and control measures according to the situation and level of epidemic risks. MATERIAL AND METHODS The plan is divided into various phases representing the different steps for all potential situations, ranging from no vectors and no transmission risk to epidemic levels with multiple autochthonous/local cases of hospitalization (and deaths) until the end of the epidemic. An algorithm presents how decisions are taken to move from one phase of the plan to another, with detailed activities for different partners and strategies for each specific phase. RESULTS The different phases of the plan include activities on disease surveillance and clinical case management, on vector surveillance and control, communication and coordination of activities. The plan is divided into five phases of activities and decision levels. From phase 0 (no cases) to phase 1 (low number of local cases, less than 5), phase 2 (small outbreak with more than 5 local cases), phase 3 (epidemic) and phase 4 (return to no more cases). CONCLUSION The plan has been approved by the cantonal authorities and will be submitted to federal authorities. The required implementation tests will begin shortly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Fouque
- UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), 20 Avenue Appia, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Valeria Guidi
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology (LMA), University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), Via Mirasole 22a, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
| | - Mario Lazzaro
- Ufficio del Medico Cantonale, Department of Public Health and Social Welfare, Via Dogana 16, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
| | - Damiana Ravasi
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology (LMA), University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), Via Mirasole 22a, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
| | - Gladys Martinetti-Lucchini
- Servizio Microbiologia, Diagnostic Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Organization, Via Mirasole 22a, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
| | - Giorgio Merlani
- Ufficio del Medico Cantonale, Department of Public Health and Social Welfare, Via Dogana 16, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
| | - Mauro Tonolla
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology (LMA), University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), Via Mirasole 22a, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
| | - Eleonora Flacio
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology (LMA), University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), Via Mirasole 22a, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
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Progressive Invasion of Aedes albopictus in Northern Spain in The Period 2013-2018 and A Possible Association with the Increase in Insect Bites. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17051678. [PMID: 32143518 PMCID: PMC7084620 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17051678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Aedes albopictus has rapidly expanded throughout Europe, becoming a public health concern in the Mediterranean Basin. (2) Methods: Following the detection of Ae. albopictus in the southwestern French region of Aquitaine in 2012, an entomological surveillance programme was implemented in the Basque Country (Northern Spain) in 2013. (3) Results: Ae. albopictus eggs were first detected in 2014 in a transited parking area in the northeastern sampling point, 22 km away from the nearest French site with recorded presence of tiger mosquito. At this site, eggs were found throughout the study (2014–2018). Other western and southern municipalities became positive in 2017 and 2018. Ae. albopictus adults were first captured in 2018 by aspiration of the vegetation in an area where eggs had been detected since 2015, suggesting a progressive establishment of a self-sustained population. Incidence of insect bites in humans was roughly constant over the study period except for a significant increase in 2018 in the Health County where eggs had been detected since 2014. Densities of Ae. albopictus eggs in positive areas remained at similar levels over the years. (4) Conclusion: Multiple approaches and standardized methods are necessary to successfully control this vector.
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