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The Inhibitory Activity of Citral against Malassezia furfur. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10050802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipophilic yeast Malassezia furfur, is a member of the cutaneous commensal microbiota and is associated with several chronic diseases such as dandruff, pityriasis versicolor, folliculitis, and seborrheic dermatitis, that are often difficult to treat with current therapies. The development of alternatively effective antifungal therapies is therefore of paramount importance. In this study, we investigated the treatment effect of citral on M. furfur. The minimal inhibitory concentration of citral for M. furfur was 200 μg/mL, and the minimal fungicidal concentration was 300 μg/mL. Citral significantly increased the proportion of yeast cells to mycelial forms 2.6-fold. Phosphatidylserine externalization, DNA fragmentation, and metacaspase activation supported a citral-induced apoptosis in M. furfur. Moreover, citral at sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations reduced the invasion of M. furfur in HaCaT keratinocytes. Finally, we demonstrated that citral inhibited IL-6 and TLR-2 expression and enhanced HBD-2 and TSLP expression in M. furfur-infected HaCaT keratinocytes. These results showed that citral has antifungal activity at high concentrations and can decrease the infection of M. furfur by modulating the keratinocyte immune responses at low concentrations. Our results suggest that citral is a potential candidate for topical therapeutic application for M. furfur-associated human skin diseases.
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Park HR, Oh JH, Lee YJ, Park SH, Lee YW, Lee S, Kang H, Kim JE. Inflammasome-mediated Inflammation by Malassezia in human keratinocytes: A comparative analysis with different strains. Mycoses 2020; 64:292-299. [PMID: 33206994 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Malassezia species are associated with several common dermatologic conditions including pityriasis versicolor, seborrhoeic dermatitis, folliculitis, and atopic dermatitis and dandruff. However, its causal role remains to be established. We intended to explore the role of inflammasome activation in human keratinocytes in response to three different Malassezia species. We compared the different activation patterns of inflammasomes and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and antimicrobial peptides by three different Malassezia species-M. restricta, M. globosa and M. sympodialis-in human keratinocytes. We found that different Malassezia species, especially M. restricta and M. globosa could induce nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain, leucine-rich repeat and pyrin-domain-containing protein (NLRP)3-apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD (ASC) inflammasome activation and subsequent interleukin (IL)-1β secretion in human keratinocytes. Malassezia species variably induced thymic stromal lymphopoietin, β-defensin 2, and LL-37. IL-8 mRNA and IL-22 protein significantly increased in the M. sympodialis-treated group, and Chemokine C-C motif ligand (CCL)17 and CCL22 mRNA were increased in response to M. globosa- and M. restricta- treated keratinocytes, respectively. Our data show that various species of Malassezia promote variable inflammatory responses in keratinocytes by activating NLRP3 inflammasomes, pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Ree Park
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jee Hye Oh
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yu Jin Lee
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Song Hee Park
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yang Won Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seongju Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hoon Kang
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Eun Kim
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Wolf AJ, Limon JJ, Nguyen C, Prince A, Castro A, Underhill DM. Malassezia spp. induce inflammatory cytokines and activate NLRP3 inflammasomes in phagocytes. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 109:161-172. [PMID: 32941658 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2ma0820-259r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malassezia spp. are common eukaryotic yeasts that colonize mammalian skin. Recently, the authors and others have observed that Malassezia globosa and Malassezia restricta can be found in the intestines in the context of certain diseases, including Crohn's disease and pancreatic cancer. In order to better understand the nature of innate inflammatory responses to these yeasts, inflammatory responses induced by M. restricta and M. globosa in mouse bone marrow-derived Mϕs (BMDM) and dendritic cells (BMDC) are evaluated. While Malassezia yeasts induce proinflammatory cytokine production from both Mϕs and dendritic cells, the levels of production from BMDC were more pronounced. Both M. restricta and M. globosa activated inflammatory cytokine production from BMDC in large part through Dectin2 and CARD9 signaling, although additional receptors appear to be involved in phagocytosis and activation of reactive oxygen production in response to the yeasts. Both M. restricta and M. globosa stimulate production of pro-IL-1β as well as activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. NLRP3 inflammasome activation by Malassezia fungi requires SYK signaling, potassium efflux and actin rearrangement. Together, the data further the understanding of the coordinated involvement of multiple innate immune receptors in recognizing Malassezia globosa and Malassezia restricta and orchestrating phagocyte inflammatory and antimicrobial responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Wolf
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jose J Limon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Christopher Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alexander Prince
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anthony Castro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David M Underhill
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Huang J, Ran Y, Pradhan S, Yan W, Dai Y. Investigation on Microecology of Hair Root Fungi in Androgenetic Alopecia Patients. Mycopathologia 2019; 184:505-515. [PMID: 31240449 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-019-00345-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study focused on the differences in hairy root fungal microecology between androgenetic alopecia patients and healthy individuals. METHODS Light microscopy was used to observe the morphology of hairy roots. Morphological observations were also performed in the positive specimens using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The high-throughput sequencing method was used to detect the fungal microecology of hairy roots at different sites. Moreover, the comparison of fungal loads of Malassezia in different group and scalp area were tested by PCR. RESULTS The fungi in the hair root observed by optical microscopy are mainly Malassezia yeast. The positive rate of Malassezia in the hair loss group (60%) was higher than that in the control group (40%). The detection efficiency of Malassezia examined by scanning electron microscopy was higher than that by light microscopy. Results acquired from high-throughput molecular sequencing of fungi suggested that Ascomycota was the dominant species, whereas in the occipital hair roots of the control group Basidiomycota was the dominant species in the hair loss group. Malassezia followed by Trichosporon were the most abundant fungal genera. The changes in abundance at the top and occipital region of the control group were more significant than those of the genus Fusarium, followed by Epicoccum and Malassezia. The load of Malassezia located on calvaria in the alopecia group was significantly higher than that in the control group. In the alopecia group, the load of Malassezia on the scalp was higher than that on the occipital region. The load of Malassezia globosa and Malassezia restricta in the hair loss group was higher on calvaria and occipital areas. CONCLUSION Malassezia had a positive correlation with the incidence of androgenic alopecia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghong Huang
- Department of Dermatovenereology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China.,Department of Dermatovenereology, Medical Center of Dujiang yan, Dujiangyan, 611830, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yuping Ran
- Department of Dermatovenereology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Sushmita Pradhan
- Department of Dermatovenereology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Dermatovenereology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yaling Dai
- Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
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Zhang YJ, Han Y, Sun YZ, Jiang HH, Liu M, Qi RQ, Gao XH. Extracellular vesicles derived from Malassezia furfur stimulate IL-6 production in keratinocytes as demonstrated in in vitro and in vivo models. J Dermatol Sci 2019; 93:168-175. [PMID: 30904352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malassezia is one of the commensal microorganisms colonized on human skin and has been shown to be related to several inflammatory cutaneous disorders. Previous studies indicated that Malassezia. sympodialis (M. sympodialis) can produce extracellular vesicles, however, the immunoregulatory function of Malassezia extracellular vesicles on keratinocytes has not been studied. OBJECTIVE To investigate the extracellular vesicular production capability of Malassezia. furfur (M. furfur) and examine their immunoregulatory effects both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Extracellular vesicles derived from M. furfur were isolated by sequential ultracentrifugation procedure. Their structure and diameter were determined by negative stain TEM and NTA, respectively. Confocal microscopy was used to visualize the internalization of these nanoparticles into HaCaT cells and mice epidermal keratinocytes. The expressions of inflammatory cytokines were screened using PCR Array assay and validated in vitro by qPCR and ELISA assays. In vivo cytokine production was measured by the IHC method. The role of NF-κB in such process was evaluated in HaCaT cells by western blot assay. RESULTS Our results showed that M. furfur produced ovoid-shaped nanoparticles, which could be then internalized into HaCaT cells, as well as mice epidermal keratinocytes. IL-6 expression was significantly enhanced in response to extracellular vesicular stimulation both in vitro and in vivo, in which process the activation of NF-κB was involved. CONCLUSION M. furfur has the ability to release extracellular vesicles, which can be internalized into keratinocytes and promote the production of IL-6 with the involvement of NF-κB dependent pathway. Such findings reveal some important new insights into Malassezia pathogenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jing Zhang
- NHC/Ministry of Education/Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, National Joint Engineering Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Skin Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110001, PR China
| | - Yang Han
- NHC/Ministry of Education/Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, National Joint Engineering Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Skin Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110001, PR China
| | - Yu-Zhe Sun
- NHC/Ministry of Education/Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, National Joint Engineering Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Skin Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110001, PR China
| | - Hang-Hang Jiang
- NHC/Ministry of Education/Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, National Joint Engineering Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Skin Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110001, PR China
| | - Min Liu
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110001, PR China
| | - Rui-Qun Qi
- NHC/Ministry of Education/Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, National Joint Engineering Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Skin Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110001, PR China
| | - Xing-Hua Gao
- NHC/Ministry of Education/Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, National Joint Engineering Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Skin Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110001, PR China.
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Sepaskhah M, Sadat MS, Pakshir K, Bagheri Z. Comparative efficacy of topical application of tacrolimus and clotrimazole in the treatment of pityriasis versicolor: A single blind, randomised clinical trial. Mycoses 2017; 60:338-342. [PMID: 28120351 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pityriasis versicolor (PV) is a common superficial fungal disease. Possibility of emergence of resistant strains to azoles, and difficulty in differentiation of hypopigmented PV and early vitiligo, encouraged us to evaluate the efficacy of topical tacrolimus (a calcineurin inhibitor agent with proven in vitro anti-Malassezia effect) for PV treatment generally and its effect on PV-induced hypopigmentation specifically. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the efficacy of topical tacrolimus on pityriasis versicolor. PATIENTS/METHODS Fifty PV patients were randomly allocated into two equal groups applying either topical clotrimazol or tacrolimus twice daily for 3 weeks. They were evaluated at the beginning of study, in the third and fifth weeks clinically and mycologically (direct smear). RESULTS Although both treatments resulted in global, clinical, and mycological cure of PV, there was no significant difference regarding the mentioned aspects of cure between tacrolimus and clotrimazole treated patients. (P-value: .63, .45, and .26, respectively) Tacrolimus had no significant effect on hypopigmentation in the fifth week follow-up. (P-value: .62). CONCLUSIONS In spite of the lack of efficacy of tacrolimus on PV-induced hypopigmentation, the therapeutic effect on PV introduces tacrolimus as a therapeutic option for PV, especially when early vitiligo is among the differential diagnoses without concerning the aggravating effect of topical corticosteroids on PV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozhdeh Sepaskhah
- Molecular Dermatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Sadat Sadat
- Molecular Dermatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Keyvan Pakshir
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Bagheri
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Bhari N, Saginatham H, Verma KK. Tacrolimus induced dermatophyte infection overlying a plaque morphea. Dermatol Ther 2016; 30. [PMID: 27502443 DOI: 10.1111/dth.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Donnarumma G, Paoletti I, Fusco A, Perfetto B, Buommino E, de Gregorio V, Baroni A. β-Defensins: Work in Progress. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 901:59-76. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2015_5016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Borst C, Xia S, Bistrup C, Tepel M. Interleukin-8 transcripts in mononuclear cells determine impaired graft function after kidney transplantation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117315. [PMID: 25689147 PMCID: PMC4331279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Interleukin-8 (IL-8) has been associated with ischemia reperfusion injury after renal allograft transplantation. Impaired allograft function may cause major impact on patient morbidity and health care costs. We investigated whether transcript levels in mononuclear cells including IL-8 on the first postoperative day may be involved in immediate allograft dysfunction as defined by reduced relative change in plasma creatinine at the first postoperative day. Methods We performed a single center, prospective-cohort study of 113 patients receiving kidney transplants. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were harvested within 24 hours after transplantation. Transcripts were measured using quantitative RT-PCR. Results Transcript levels of IL-8 and S100A8 were significantly lower in patients with relative change in plasma creatinine less than 10% at the first postoperative day. Receiver-operator characteristic curves showed that IL-8 predicted the relative change in plasma creatinine less than 10% (area under curve (AUC), 0.80; P = 0.0007). Multivariate analyses showed that lower IL-8 transcripts, longer time on dialysis, higher recipient body mass index and deceased donor type were associated with relative change in plasma creatinine at the first postoperative day less than 10%. Conclusion Reduced levels of IL-8 transcripts in peripheral mononuclear cells predict immediate graft dysfunction and delayed graft function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Borst
- Department of Nephrology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- University of Southern Denmark, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Clinical Research, Odense, Denmark
| | - Shengqiang Xia
- Department of Nephrology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- University of Southern Denmark, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Clinical Research, Odense, Denmark
| | - Claus Bistrup
- Department of Nephrology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Martin Tepel
- Department of Nephrology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- University of Southern Denmark, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Clinical Research, Odense, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Andrade PR, Pinheiro RO, Sales AM, Illarramendi X, de Mattos Barbosa MG, Moraes MO, Jardim MR, da Costa Nery JA, Sampaio EP, Sarno EN. Type 1 reaction in leprosy: a model for a better understanding of tissue immunity under an immunopathological condition. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 11:391-407. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2015.1012501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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