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Faeli L, Kermani F, Rezaei-Matehkolaei A, Ilkit M, Valadan R, Hosseini SA, Javidnia J, Mayahi S, Shokohi T, Abastabar M. Molecular typing of a collection of Iranian clinical Trichophyton tonsurans isolates based on the non-transcribed spacer region of rDNA and antifungal susceptibility testing of the species. Mycoses 2024; 67:e13666. [PMID: 37941162 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Wrestling, considered the national sport of Iran, has gained immense popularity among Iranians. Wrestlers frequently encounter skin conditions, with dermatophyte fungal infections, particularly tinea gladiatorum (TG), being a common issue. TG, caused by the Trichophyton genus, has emerged as a major health concern for wrestlers and other contact sport athletes worldwide. This study aimed to assess the genotypic diversity and antifungal susceptibility of Trichophyton tonsurans isolates responsible for TG in Iranian wrestlers from Mazandaran province, northern Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 60 clinical T. tonsurans isolates collected from various cities in Mazandaran, were included in the study. The isolates were identified through PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing methods. Genomic DNA was extracted from these isolates, and the non-transcribed spacer (NTS) region of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) was targeted for genotyping using newly designed primers. Haplotype analysis was performed to explore genetic diversity, and antifungal susceptibility to terbinafine (TRB) and itraconazole (ITC) was assessed. RESULTS The results revealed five distinct NTS types: NTS-I, NTS-II, NTS-III, NTS-IV and NTS-V, with NTS-IV being the most prevalent. The distribution of NTS types varied across different cities, suggesting potential transmission patterns among wrestlers. Antifungal susceptibility testing showed that all isolates were susceptible to TRB, while one isolate demonstrated resistance to ITC. Genotypic diversity was not correlated with antifungal susceptibility, emphasising the importance of monitoring susceptibility to ensure effective treatment. Haplotype analysis highlighted significant genetic diversity among the T. tonsurans isolates. This diversity may be attributed to factors such as human-to-human transmission, geographic location and lifestyle changes. The study's findings underscore the need for comprehensive genotypic analysis to understand the epidemiology and evolution of T. tonsurans infections in athletes. CONCLUSION In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the genotypic diversity and antifungal susceptibility of T. tonsurans isolates causing TG in Iranian wrestlers. The presence of multiple NTS types and varying susceptibility patterns highlights the complexity of T. tonsurans infections in this population. Further research is warranted to track the transmission routes and genetic evolution of T. tonsurans strains among wrestlers and develop effective control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Faeli
- Invasive Fungi Research Centre (IFRC), Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Firoozeh Kermani
- Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Ali Rezaei-Matehkolaei
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Macit Ilkit
- Division of Mycology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cukurova, Adana
| | - Reza Valadan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdollah Hosseini
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Javad Javidnia
- Invasive Fungi Research Centre (IFRC), Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Sabah Mayahi
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Tahereh Shokohi
- Invasive Fungi Research Centre (IFRC), Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahdi Abastabar
- Invasive Fungi Research Centre (IFRC), Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Zhu H, Zhou R, Cao D, Tang J, Li M. A pharmacophore-guided deep learning approach for bioactive molecular generation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6234. [PMID: 37803000 PMCID: PMC10558534 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41454-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The rational design of novel molecules with the desired bioactivity is a critical but challenging task in drug discovery, especially when treating a novel target family or understudied targets. We propose a Pharmacophore-Guided deep learning approach for bioactive Molecule Generation (PGMG). Through the guidance of pharmacophore, PGMG provides a flexible strategy for generating bioactive molecules. PGMG uses a graph neural network to encode spatially distributed chemical features and a transformer decoder to generate molecules. A latent variable is introduced to solve the many-to-many mapping between pharmacophores and molecules to improve the diversity of the generated molecules. Compared to existing methods, PGMG generates molecules with strong docking affinities and high scores of validity, uniqueness, and novelty. In the case studies, we use PGMG in a ligand-based and structure-based drug de novo design. Overall, the flexibility and effectiveness make PGMG a useful tool to accelerate the drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Zhu
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Renyi Zhou
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Dongsheng Cao
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jing Tang
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00290, Finland
- Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00290, Finland
| | - Min Li
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
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Wang Q, Chen W, Wan Z, Liu W. Clonal Outbreak of Trichophyton tonsurans Causing Tinea Capitis Among a Wrestling Team in Beijing, China. Mycopathologia 2023; 188:537-544. [PMID: 36401108 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-022-00689-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Trichophyton tonsurans mostly causes tinea capitis and tinea corporis and often associates with outbreaks among combat sports athletes. Here, we report an outbreak of tinea capitis caused by T. tonsurans among five juvenile athletes in a wrestling team in Beijing, China. Scrapings from the lesions of the five patients were performed by direct microscopic examination and fungal culture. The fungal pathogens were all identified as T. tonsurans by morphology and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. Multilocus genotyping analysis was performed by sequencing of 13 gene loci. The sequences of these markers were identical among the five isolates, revealing a single genotype. Antifungal susceptibilities of terbinafine, itraconazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole, and amphotericin B against T. tonsurans was determined by broth microdilution method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M38-A3 document and these isolates were all susceptible to the common antifungal drugs treating tinea capitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Research Center for Medical Mycology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Research Center for Medical Mycology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Wan
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Research Center for Medical Mycology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Research Center for Medical Mycology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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Berg MA, Martin C. Tinea Gladiatorum Detection With a Dermatophyte Test Strip. Clin J Sport Med 2023; 33:67-68. [PMID: 36395517 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000001097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Determine sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and concordance of diafactory hs-TP (DTS) to detect tinea gladiatorum using direct potassium hydroxide (KOH) microscopy as the reference standard. DESIGN Prospective, comparative study. SETTING Seventeen Minnesota high schools during the winter wrestling season. PATIENTS Seventy-one consecutive high school wrestlers identified with a suspicious rash during skin inspection. INTERVENTIONS Samples were obtained from each rash for both DTS and direct KOH microscopy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Readings were recorded as positive or negative. RESULTS Direct KOH microscopy identified tinea gladiatorum in 35 of the 71 samples (46%). DTS sensitivity was 80% (95% confidence interval 63%-92%), and specificity was 82% (66%-92%). PPV was 85% (68%-95%), and NPV was 86% (72 %-91%). The DTS result was 83% concordant (72%-91%) with direct KOH microscopy. CONCLUSIONS Similar to rapid Covid antigen tests, DTS required brief, basic training to perform and gave onsite results in 5 to 30 minutes. Although DTS is not approved for use in the United States by the FDA, concordance compared with direct KOH microscopy in diagnosing tinea gladiatorum was similar to results reported for DTS-TU in tinea unguium and tinea pedis. Further study comparing DTS to a reference standard using PCR plus direct microscopy is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Berg
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
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Tinea Gladiatorum: Epidemiology, Clinical Aspects, and Management. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11144066. [PMID: 35887830 PMCID: PMC9315553 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11144066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tinea gladiatorum (TG) is a fungal skin infection that occurs among wrestlers and other contact sport athletes with a varied prevalence rate. The most common causative factor responsible as well for local outbreaks of the infection is an anthropophilic dermatophyte species—Trichophyton tonsurans (T. tonsurans). The purpose of this study was to gather current data about TG, including epidemiology, possible diagnosing methods, clinical features, treatment approaches, and potential prevention techniques. We also performed a systematic review of studies describing TG incidence. The prevalence of the disease varied from 2.4% up to 100%. That wide range of variability forces medical practitioners to update knowledge about TG and points to the fact that it still may be a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Spreading awareness among athletes and trainers is one of the most important preventive steps.
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Koehler A, Ribeiro AC, Pagani DM, Vettorato R, Magagnin CM, Stopiglia CDO, Heidrich D, Scroferneker ML. Molecular identification and antifungal susceptibility of 75 clinical isolates of Trichophyton spp. from southern Brazil. J Mycol Med 2021; 31:101201. [PMID: 34474264 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2021.101201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dermatophytoses affect more than 20% of the world's population and is caused by filamentous fungi, mainly of the genus Trichophyton. The species identification through microscopic direct examination and culture methods is challenging, with molecular presenting high sensitivity and specificity. Although there are several therapy options for dermatophyte infections, treatment failures and antifungal resistance are growing concerns. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify clinical isolates of Trichophyton spp. from southern Brazil using molecular methods and determine their in-vitro antifungal susceptibility. MATERIAL AND METHODS Seventy-five isolates were identified through sequencing of the ITS region. The exposure to seven antifungals drugs was performed according to protocol M28-A2 of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). RESULTS Sixty-one isolates (81%) were identified as T. interdigitale, which differs from the epidemiological data present in the literature. Thirteen isolates were identified as T. rubrum and one as T. tonsurans. Terbinafine was the most effective antifungal, followed by itraconazole and voriconazole, which is in accordance with the results reported in previous studies. CONCLUSIONS The use of molecular methods to identify Trichophyton spp. clinical isolates and the performance of susceptibility tests are relevant to epidemiological data, identification of the emergence of antifungal resistance, and to help to translate the in-vitro antifungal susceptibility results into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Koehler
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400 - CEP, 90035-003, Porto Alegre - RS, Brasil
| | - Amanda Carvalho Ribeiro
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy Universdade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Avenida Ipiranga, 2752 - CEP, 90610-000, Porto Alegre RS, Brasil
| | - Danielle Machado Pagani
- Postgraduate Program in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Universidade do Rio Grande do Sul. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Sarmento Leite, 500 - CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre RS, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Vettorato
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400 - CEP, 90035-003, Porto Alegre - RS, Brasil
| | - Cibele Massotti Magagnin
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400 - CEP, 90035-003, Porto Alegre - RS, Brasil
| | - Cheila Denise Ottonelli Stopiglia
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400 - CEP, 90035-003, Porto Alegre - RS, Brasil
| | - Daiane Heidrich
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400 - CEP, 90035-003, Porto Alegre - RS, Brasil
| | - Maria Lúcia Scroferneker
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400 - CEP, 90035-003, Porto Alegre - RS, Brasil; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Sarmento Leite, 500 - CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre RS, Brasil.
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Bonifaz A, Araiza J, Tirado Sánchez A, Barbosa Zamora A, Gómez Sáenz A, Méndez Juárez A. Tinea gladiatorum due to Trichophyton tonsurans in a school wrestling team in Mexico: A case series. Curr Med Mycol 2021; 6:62-65. [PMID: 34195462 PMCID: PMC8226048 DOI: 10.18502/cmm.6.4.5439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Tinea gladiatorum is a type of dermatophytosis that occurs in combat athletes, such as wrestlers and judo fighters, as a result of Trichophyton species. Herein, we aimed to present a small outbreak of tinea gladiatorum in a high school in Mexico. Materials and Methods: Seven individuals belonging to the school fighting team were mycologically studied with direct examinations and cultures. In four cases, T. tonsurans was isolated and identified by morphological and proteomic methods (Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization- time-of-flight mass spectrometry). Out of the four subjects, two cases had clinical lesions presented as tinea corporis, and two cases were healthy carriers. Trichophyton tonsurans was also isolated from one of the four training mats (25%). All positive patients were treated with systemic or topical antifungals and achieved clinical and mycological cure. Conclusion: We report the first outbreak of tinea gladiatorum caused by T. tonsurans among a group of high school wrestlers in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandro Bonifaz
- Dermatology Service, Department of Mycology, Hospital General de México "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Javier Araiza
- Dermatology Service, Department of Mycology, Hospital General de México "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Andrés Tirado Sánchez
- Dermatology Service, Department of Mycology, Hospital General de México "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adriana Barbosa Zamora
- Dermatology Service, Department of Mycology, Hospital General de México "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alexander Gómez Sáenz
- Dermatology Service, Department of Mycology, Hospital General de México "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Andrea Méndez Juárez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital General de México "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Mexico City, Mexico
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