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Zhou J, Pan H, Zhang J, Luo L, Cao Y, Wang L, Cheng Z, Zhang G. Identification of predictive markers of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in kidney transplant recipients. Transpl Immunol 2024; 85:102074. [PMID: 38945175 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2024.102074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidney transplantation has emerged as the most effective treatment for patients with uremia. Advances in immunosuppressant medications have significantly reduced the risk of rejection. However, a notable increase in opportunistic infections, such as Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP), demands special attention in clinical practice. Our study aims to evaluate risk factors and identify predictive markers associated with PJP in kidney transplantation recipients. METHODS We conducted a case-control study (1:2 ratio) involving kidney transplant recipients with and without PJP, matched based on the same surgical date. The study was carried out at Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, China. RESULTS Ninety-three participants were enrolled at Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, comprising 31 with PJP and 62 without PJP. All patients tested negative for HIV. Our findings indicate that PJP patients exhibited lower levels of serum albumin (P = 0.001), reduced counts of total and CD3+ (P < 0.001), CD4+ (P = 0.001), and CD8+ T lymphocytes (P < 0.001), and a lower rate of prophylactic trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) usage compared to non-PJP patients (P = 0.02). Conversely, urea levels in PJP patients were significantly higher than in non-PJP controls (P < 0.001). We developed a model combining CD8+ T cell count (< 241.11/μL, P < 0.001) and ALB levels (< 35.2 g/L, P = 0.003), which demonstrated excellent discriminatory power in distinguishing PJP from non-PJP cases, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0. 920 (95% CI, 0.856-0.989). CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that a baseline CD8+ T cell count (< 241.11/μL) and serum ALB levels (< 35.2 g/L) offer robust predictive value for the occurrence of PJP infections in kidney transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingrun Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Huaqin Pan
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplantation Intensive Care Unit, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan 430071, China; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Clinical Research Center of Hubei Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jiarui Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Linjie Luo
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology & Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
| | - Yumeng Cao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zhenshun Cheng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Wuhan Research Center for Infectious Diseases and Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.; Hubei Engineering Center for Infectious Disease Prevention, Control and Treatment, Wuhan 430071, China..
| | - Guqin Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
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Cheng B, Qi C, Zhang S, Wang X. Risk factors for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia after kidney transplantation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Transplant 2024; 38:e15320. [PMID: 38690617 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.15320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP), an opportunistic infection, often leads to an increase in hospitalization time and mortality rates in kidney transplant (KT) recipients. However, the risk factors associated with PJP in KT recipients remain debatable. Therefore, we conducted this meta-analysis to identify risk factors for PJP, which could potentially help to reduce PJP incidence and improve outcome of KT recipients. METHODS We systematically retrieved relevant studies in PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library up to November 2023. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) or mean differences (MDs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess the impact of potential risk factors on the occurrence of PJP. RESULTS 27 studies including 42383 KT recipients were included. In this meta-analysis, age at transplantation (MD = 3.48; 95% CI = .56-6.41; p = .02), cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection (OR = 4.00; 95% CI = 2.53-6.32; p = .001), BK viremia (OR = 3.38; 95% CI = 1.70-6.71; p = .001), acute rejection (OR = 3.66; 95% CI = 2.44-5.49; p = .001), ABO-incompatibility (OR = 2.51; 95% CI = 1.57-4.01; p = .001), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (MD = -14.52; 95% CI = -25.37- (-3.67); p = .009), lymphocyte count (MD = -.54; 95% CI = -.92- (-.16); p = .006) and anti-PJP prophylaxis (OR = .53; 95% CI = .28-.98; p = .04) were significantly associated with PJP occurrence. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that transplantation age greater than 50 years old, CMV infection, BK viremia, acute rejection, ABO-incompatibility, decreased eGFR and lymphopenia were risk factors for PJP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Cheng
- Department of Nephrology, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chang Qi
- Department of Nephrology, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Senlin Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Zhang L, Liu Y, Zou J, Wang T, Hu H, Zhou Y, Lu Y, Qiu T, Zhou J, Liu X. The Development and Evaluation of a Prediction Model for Kidney Transplant-Based Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia Patients Based on Hematological Indicators. Biomedicines 2024; 12:366. [PMID: 38397968 PMCID: PMC10886538 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to develop a simple predictive model for early identification of the risk of adverse outcomes in kidney transplant-associated Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) patients. METHODS This study encompassed 103 patients diagnosed with PCP, who received treatment at our hospital between 2018 and 2023. Among these participants, 20 were categorized as suffering from severe PCP, and, regrettably, 13 among them succumbed. Through the application of machine learning techniques and multivariate logistic regression analysis, two pivotal variables were discerned and subsequently integrated into a nomogram. The efficacy of the model was assessed via receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and calibration curves. Additionally, decision curve analysis (DCA) and a clinical impact curve (CIC) were employed to evaluate the clinical utility of the model. The Kaplan-Meier (KM) survival curves were utilized to ascertain the model's aptitude for risk stratification. RESULTS Hematological markers, namely Procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP)-to-albumin ratio (CAR), were identified through machine learning and multivariate logistic regression. These variables were subsequently utilized to formulate a predictive model, presented in the form of a nomogram. The ROC curve exhibited commendable predictive accuracy in both internal validation (AUC = 0.861) and external validation (AUC = 0.896). Within a specific threshold probability range, both DCA and CIC demonstrated notable performance. Moreover, the KM survival curve further substantiated the nomogram's efficacy in risk stratification. CONCLUSIONS Based on hematological parameters, especially CAR and PCT, a simple nomogram was established to stratify prognostic risk in patients with renal transplant-related PCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhang
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.); (T.W.); (H.H.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (T.Q.)
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Yiting Liu
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.); (T.W.); (H.H.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (T.Q.)
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Jilin Zou
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.); (T.W.); (H.H.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (T.Q.)
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.); (T.W.); (H.H.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (T.Q.)
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Haochong Hu
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.); (T.W.); (H.H.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (T.Q.)
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Yujie Zhou
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.); (T.W.); (H.H.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (T.Q.)
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Yifan Lu
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.); (T.W.); (H.H.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (T.Q.)
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Tao Qiu
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.); (T.W.); (H.H.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (T.Q.)
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Jiangqiao Zhou
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.); (T.W.); (H.H.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (T.Q.)
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Xiuheng Liu
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.); (T.W.); (H.H.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (T.Q.)
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
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Eberl I, Binquet C, Guilloteau A, Legendre M, Dalle F, Piroth L, Tinel C, Blot M. CMV Infection and Lymphopenia: Warning Markers of Pneumocystis Pneumonia in Kidney Transplant Recipients. Transpl Int 2024; 37:12192. [PMID: 38328616 PMCID: PMC10849047 DOI: 10.3389/ti.2024.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PcP) remains life-threatening in kidney transplant recipients (KTR). Our study investigated risk factors one-year before PcP. We conducted a monocentric, case-control study including all KTR at the Dijon University Hospital (France) with a diagnosis of PcP between 2005 and 2022 (cases), and matched control KTR with no history of PcP (3 controls/case). Among all 1,135 KTR, 57 cases (5%) and 169 matched-controls were included. PcP was associated with 18% mortality. Compared to controls, cases were older, with a higher immunological risk, and CMV infection was more frequent in the year preceding the occurrence of PcP (23% vs. 4%; p < 0.001). As early as 1 year before PcP, lymphocyte counts were lower and serum creatinine levels were higher in cases, but immunosuppressive regimens were not significantly different. Multivariable analysis identified lymphocyte count, serum creatinine level, being treated by immunosuppressive therapy other than anti-rejection drugs, and CMV infection in the year preceding the time PcP as independently associated with the occurrence of PcP. PcP was associated with an increased risk of subsequent chronic rejection (27% vs. 3%; p = 0.001) and return to dialysis (20% vs. 3%; p = 0.002). The occurrence of CMV infection and a low lymphocyte count could redefine the indications for continuation or reinitiation of anti-Pneumocystis prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Eberl
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Dijon-Bourgogne University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Christine Binquet
- CHU Dijon-Bourgogne, INSERM, Université de Bourgogne, CIC 1432, Module Épidémiologie Clinique, Dijon, France
- LabEx LipSTIC, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - Adrien Guilloteau
- Côte d´Or Haematological Malignancy Registry (RHEMCO), Dijon-Bourgogne University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Mathieu Legendre
- Department Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, Dijon-Bourgogne University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Frederic Dalle
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Dijon Bourgogne University Hospital, Dijon, France
- UMR PAM Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), AgroSup Dijon, Équipe Vin, Aliment, Microbiologie, Stress, Groupe Interactions Candida-muqueuses, Dijon, France
| | - Lionel Piroth
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Dijon-Bourgogne University Hospital, Dijon, France
- CHU Dijon-Bourgogne, INSERM, Université de Bourgogne, CIC 1432, Module Épidémiologie Clinique, Dijon, France
- LabEx LipSTIC, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - Claire Tinel
- Department Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, Dijon-Bourgogne University Hospital, Dijon, France
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), EFS BFC, Inserm UMR1098, RIGHT, Besançon, France
| | - Mathieu Blot
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Dijon-Bourgogne University Hospital, Dijon, France
- CHU Dijon-Bourgogne, INSERM, Université de Bourgogne, CIC 1432, Module Épidémiologie Clinique, Dijon, France
- LabEx LipSTIC, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
- Lipness Team, INSERM Research Centre LNC-UMR1231 and LabEx LipSTIC, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
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Zhu X, Xie M, Fan J, Geng B, Fei G, Zhou Q, Wu H, Liu X, Jiang X. Clinical characteristics and risk factors for late-onset pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in kidney transplantation recipients. Mycoses 2024; 67:e13688. [PMID: 38214337 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) is a common and troublesome complication of kidney transplantation. In the era of prophylaxis, the peak incidence of PJP after kidney transplantation and specific characteristics of late-onset PJP have always been debated. METHODS We performed a retrospective study by analysing the data of post-transplantation pneumonia in adult kidney transplantation recipients between March 2014 and December 2021 in The Affiliated First Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC). A total of 361 patients were included and divided into early-onset PJP, late-onset PJP and non-PJP groups. The characteristics of each group and related risk factors for the late-onset patients were investigated. RESULTS Some patients developed PJP 9 months later with a second higher occurrence between month 10 and 15 after transplantation. Compared with non-PJP, ABO-incompatible and cytomegalovirus (CMV) viremia were significantly associated with late onset of PJP in multivariate analysis. The use of tacrolimus, CMV viremia, elevated CD8(+) T cell percent and hypoalbuminemia were risk factors for late PJP. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated that a combination of those factors could increase the sensitivity of prediction remarkably, with an area under the curve of 0.82, a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 83%. CONCLUSIONS PJP could occur months after kidney transplantation. ABO-incompatible transplant recipients are at high risk of PJP. In the later stages of transplantation, CMV viremia, T lymphocyte subsets percentage and serum albumin levels should be monitored in patients using tacrolimus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Zhu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Mengshu Xie
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Jiaqi Fan
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Bei Geng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Guangru Fei
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Qianqian Zhou
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Huimei Wu
- Anhui Geriatric Institute, Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xuehan Liu
- Core Facility Center for Medical Sciences, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei, China
| | - Xuqin Jiang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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Chen RY, Li DW, Wang JY, Zhuang SY, Wu HY, Wu JJ, Qu JW, Sun N, Zhong C, Zhu C, Zhang M, Yu YT, Yuan XD. Prophylactic effect of low-dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in adult recipients of kidney transplantation: a real-world data study. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 125:209-215. [PMID: 36243280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the efficacy and safety of low-dose trimethoprim (TMP)-sulfamethoxazole (SMX) (TMP-SMX) as the primary prophylaxis for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) in adult recipients of kidney transplantation. METHODS Three kinds of prescriptions in kidney recipients were documented, including 20 mg TMP/100 mg SMX oral daily, 20 mg TMP/100 mg SMX oral every other day, and nonprophylaxis. The primary outcome was the incidence of PJP in the first 180 days of follow-up after kidney transplantation. The secondary outcomes were changes in renal and liver function. RESULTS Among the 1469 recipients, 1066 (72.56%) received 20 mg TMP/100 mg SMX daily, 127 (8.65%) received 20 mg TMP/100 mg SMX every other day, and 276 (18.79%) did not have prophylaxis prescription. The 276 recipients in the nonprophylaxis group had 124.92 person-years of follow-up, during which PJP occurred in 29 patients, for an incidence rate of 23.21 (95% confidence interval 15.76-32.72) per 100 person-years. The TMP-SMX daily group and the TMP-SMX every other day group had 524.89 and 62.07 person-years of follow-up, respectively, with no occurrence of PJP. There was no significant difference among the three groups in changes in renal and liver function (P >0.05, respectively). A total of 111 recipients in each group were enrolled in the propensity score matching analysis. It was revealed that the 111 nonprophylaxis recipients had 51.27 person-years of follow-up and 10 PJP cases. Prophylaxis was considered effective because there was a significant difference between the three groups (P <0.001). CONCLUSION Low-dose TMP-SMX prophylaxis significantly reduces the incidence of PJP within 6 months after kidney transplantation and has a favorable safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Yang Chen
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Da-Wei Li
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie-Ying Wang
- Department of Clinical Research Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shao-Yong Zhuang
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao-Yu Wu
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Jin Wu
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Wen Qu
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Sun
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Zhong
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Department of Disease Prevention and Control, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yue-Tian Yu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiao-Dong Yuan
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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