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Zhang X, Chen Z, Xiong Y, Zhou Q, Zhu LQ, Liu D. The emerging role of nitric oxide in the synaptic dysfunction of vascular dementia. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:402-415. [PMID: 38819044 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
With an increase in global aging, the number of people affected by cerebrovascular diseases is also increasing, and the incidence of vascular dementia-closely related to cerebrovascular risk-is increasing at an epidemic rate. However, few therapeutic options exist that can markedly improve the cognitive impairment and prognosis of vascular dementia patients. Similarly in Alzheimer's disease and other neurological disorders, synaptic dysfunction is recognized as the main reason for cognitive decline. Nitric oxide is one of the ubiquitous gaseous cellular messengers involved in multiple physiological and pathological processes of the central nervous system. Recently, nitric oxide has been implicated in regulating synaptic plasticity and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of vascular dementia. This review introduces in detail the emerging role of nitric oxide in physiological and pathological states of vascular dementia and summarizes the diverse effects of nitric oxide on different aspects of synaptic dysfunction, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and blood-brain barrier dysfunction that underlie the progress of vascular dementia. Additionally, we propose that targeting the nitric oxide-sGC-cGMP pathway using certain specific approaches may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for vascular dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province, China
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province, China
- Center for Cognitive Science and Transdisciplinary Studies, Jiujiang University, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Zhiying Chen
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yinyi Xiong
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province, China
- Department of Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Ling-Qiang Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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Song J. BDNF Signaling in Vascular Dementia and Its Effects on Cerebrovascular Dysfunction, Synaptic Plasticity, and Cholinergic System Abnormality. J Lipid Atheroscler 2024; 13:122-138. [PMID: 38826183 PMCID: PMC11140249 DOI: 10.12997/jla.2024.13.2.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD) is the second most common type of dementia and is characterized by memory impairment, blood-brain barrier disruption, neuronal cell loss, glia activation, impaired synaptic plasticity, and cholinergic system abnormalities. To effectively prevent and treat VaD a good understanding of the mechanisms underlying its neuropathology is needed. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is an important neurotrophic factor with multiple functions in the systemic circulation and the central nervous system and is known to regulate neuronal cell survival, synaptic formation, glia activation, and cognitive decline. Recent studies indicate that when compared with normal subjects, patients with VaD have low serum BDNF levels and that BDNF deficiency in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid is an important indicator of VaD. Here, we review current knowledge on the role of BDNF signaling in the pathology of VaD, such as cerebrovascular dysfunction, synaptic dysfunction, and cholinergic system impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
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Cai H, Pang Y, Ren Z, Fu X, Jia L. Delivering synaptic protein mRNAs via extracellular vesicles ameliorates cognitive impairment in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. BMC Med 2024; 22:138. [PMID: 38528511 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-024-03359-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synaptic dysfunction with reduced synaptic protein levels is a core feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Synaptic proteins play a central role in memory processing, learning, and AD pathogenesis. Evidence suggests that synaptic proteins in plasma neuronal-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are reduced in patients with AD. However, it remains unclear whether levels of synaptic proteins in EVs are associated with hippocampal atrophy of AD and whether upregulating the expression of these synaptic proteins has a beneficial effect on AD. METHODS In this study, we included 57 patients with AD and 56 healthy controls. We evaluated their brain atrophy through magnetic resonance imaging using the medial temporal lobe atrophy score. We measured the levels of four synaptic proteins, including synaptosome-associated protein 25 (SNAP25), growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43), neurogranin, and synaptotagmin 1 in both plasma neuronal-derived EVs and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We further examined the association of synaptic protein levels with brain atrophy. We also evaluated the levels of these synaptic proteins in the brains of 5×FAD mice. Then, we loaded rabies virus glycoprotein-engineered EVs with messenger RNAs (mRNAs) encoding GAP43 and SNAP25 and administered these EVs to 5×FAD mice. After treatment, synaptic proteins, dendritic density, and cognitive function were evaluated. RESULTS The results showed that GAP43, SNAP25, neurogranin, and synaptotagmin 1 were decreased in neuronal-derived EVs but increased in CSF in patients with AD, and the changes corresponded to the severity of brain atrophy. GAP43 and SNAP25 were decreased in the brains of 5×FAD mice. The engineered EVs efficiently and stably delivered these synaptic proteins to the brain, where synaptic protein levels were markedly upregulated. Upregulation of synaptic protein expression could ameliorate cognitive impairment in AD by promoting dendritic density. This marks the first successful delivery of synaptic protein mRNAs via EVs in AD mice, yielding remarkable therapeutic effects. CONCLUSIONS Synaptic proteins are closely related to AD processes. Delivery of synaptic protein mRNAs via EVs stands as a promising effective precision treatment strategy for AD, which significantly advances the current understanding of therapeutic approaches for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Cai
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, 45 Changchun St., Beijing, 100053, China
- Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yana Pang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, 45 Changchun St., Beijing, 100053, China
- Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziye Ren
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, 45 Changchun St., Beijing, 100053, China
- Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Fu
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, 45 Changchun St., Beijing, 100053, China
- Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Longfei Jia
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, 45 Changchun St., Beijing, 100053, China.
- Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Saunders TS, Gadd DA, Spires‐Jones TL, King D, Ritchie C, Muniz‐Terrera G. Associations between cerebrospinal fluid markers and cognition in ageing and dementia: A systematic review. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:5650-5713. [PMID: 35338546 PMCID: PMC9790745 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A biomarker associated with cognition in neurodegenerative dementias would aid in the early detection of disease progression, complement clinical staging and act as a surrogate endpoint in clinical trials. The current systematic review evaluates the association between cerebrospinal fluid protein markers of synapse loss and neuronal injury and cognition. We performed a systematic search which revealed 67 studies reporting an association between cerebrospinal fluid markers of interest and neuropsychological performance. Despite the substantial heterogeneity between studies, we found some evidence for an association between neurofilament-light and worse cognition in Alzheimer's diseases, frontotemporal dementia and typical cognitive ageing. Moreover, there was an association between cerebrospinal fluid neurogranin and cognition in those with an Alzheimer's-like cerebrospinal fluid biomarker profile. Some evidence was found for cerebrospinal fluid neuronal pentraxin-2 as a correlate of cognition across dementia syndromes. Due to the substantial heterogeneity of the field, no firm conclusions can be drawn from this review. Future research should focus on improving standardization and reporting as well as establishing the importance of novel markers such as neuronal pentraxin-2 and whether such markers can predict longitudinal cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler S. Saunders
- UK Dementia Research InstituteThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK,Center for Discovery Brain SciencesThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK,Center for Clinical Brain SciencesThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK,Center for Dementia PreventionThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Danni A. Gadd
- Center for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Tara L. Spires‐Jones
- UK Dementia Research InstituteThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK,Center for Discovery Brain SciencesThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Declan King
- UK Dementia Research InstituteThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK,Center for Discovery Brain SciencesThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Craig Ritchie
- Center for Clinical Brain SciencesThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK,Center for Dementia PreventionThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Graciela Muniz‐Terrera
- Center for Clinical Brain SciencesThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK,Center for Dementia PreventionThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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Xia H, Wang H, Li Y, Luo Y, Liu Y, Wang F. Study on the Function of miR-134 on Cognitive Function of Vascular Dementia (VD) Rats and Mechanism About Oxidative Stress and Autophagy and Cofilin 2 Level. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2022.3153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To discuss the mechanism of miR-134 in improving cognitive function of VD rats through regulating the oxidative stress and autophagy and reducing the expression of Cofilin 2. VD rats was established. They were disposed with miR-134 antagonist. The cerebral regulatory capacity was observed
through ethology. The pathological change in CAI area of hippocampus and cerebral cortex was observed with HE staining method. The regulation of miR-134 targeting downstream was analyzed through bioinformatics. The presentation level of SOD, GSH, ROS and MDA was detected. The expression of
LC1/LC-3 and p62 was detected with Western Blot assay. There was visible activated microglial cells and gliocyte proliferation in VD rat’s model. The myelination was weakened. They were improved notably through the treatment with miR-134 antagonist. The expression of MDA and ROS could
be restrained by miR-134 antagonist through reducing the expression of Cofilin 2. The expression of SOD and GSH could be increased and oxidative stress could be reduced. The level of autophagy could be decreased. The cognitive function of VD rats could be improved by miR-134 antagonist through
regulating the oxidative stress and autophagy and reducing presentation of Cofilin 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haimiao Xia
- The First Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar City, 161000, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Haipeng Wang
- The Third Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar City, 161000, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yue Li
- The First Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar City, 161000, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Ye Luo
- The First Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar City, 161000, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yuxiang Liu
- The First Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar City, 161000, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Feng Wang
- The First Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar City, 161000, Heilongjiang Province, China
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Han Y, Chen L, Liu J, Chen J, Wang C, Guo Y, Yu X, Zhang C, Chu H, Ma H. A Class I HDAC Inhibitor Rescues Synaptic Damage and Neuron Loss in APP-Transfected Cells and APP/PS1 Mice through the GRIP1/AMPA Pathway. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134160. [PMID: 35807406 PMCID: PMC9268711 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
As a neurodegenerative disease, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) seriously affects the health of older people. Changes in synapses occur first over the course of the disease, perhaps even before the formation of Aβ plaques. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) mediates the damage of Aβ oligomers to dendritic spines. Therefore, we examined the relationship between HDAC activity and synaptic defects using an HDAC inhibitor (HDACI), BG45, in the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line with stable overexpression of Swedish mutant APP (APPsw) and in APP/PS1 transgenic mice during this study. The cells were treated with 15 μM BG45 and the APP/PS1 mice were treated with 30 mg/kg BG45. We detected the levels of synapse-related proteins, HDACs, tau phosphorylation, and amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors using Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. We also measured the expression of cytoskeletal proteins in the cell model. The mRNA levels of the glutamate ion receptor alginate subunit 2 (GRIK2), sodium voltage-gated channel beta subunit (SCN3B), synaptophysin (SYP), Grm2 (the gene encoding glutamate receptor subunit 2 (GluR2)), Grid2IP, glutamate receptor interacting protein 1 (GRIP1), and GRIP2 were detected to explore the effects of the HDACI on regulating the expression of synaptic proteins and AMPA receptors. According to our studies, the expressions of HDAC1, HDAC2, and HDAC3 were increased, which were accompanied by the downregulation of the synapse-related proteins SYP, postsynaptic dendritic protein (PSD-95), and spinophilin as early as 24 h after transfection with the APPsw gene. BG45 upregulated the expression of synapse-related proteins and repaired cytoskeletal damage. In vivo, BG45 alleviated the apoptosis-mediated loss of hippocampal neurons, upregulated synapse-related proteins, reduced Aβ deposition and phosphorylation of tau, and increased the levels of the synapse-related genes GRIK2, SCN3B, SYP, Grm2, and Grid2IP. BG45 increased the expression of the AMPA receptor subunits GluA1, GluA2, and GluA3 on APPsw-transfected cells and increased GRIP1 and GRIP2 expression and AMPA receptor phosphorylation in vivo. Based on these results, HDACs are involved in the early process of synaptic defects in AD models, and BG45 may rescue synaptic damage and the loss of hippocampal neurons by specifically inhibiting HDAC1, HDAC2, and HDAC3, thereby modulating AMPA receptor transduction, increasing synapse-related gene expression, and finally enhancing the function of excitatory synapses. BG45 may be considered a potential drug for the treatment of early AD in further studies.
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Saenno R, Dornlakorn O, Anosri T, Kaewngam S, Sirichoat A, Aranarochana A, Pannangrong W, Wigmore P, Welbat JU. Caffeic Acid Alleviates Memory and Hippocampal Neurogenesis Deficits in Aging Rats Induced by D-Galactose. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14102169. [PMID: 35631310 PMCID: PMC9145046 DOI: 10.3390/nu14102169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal neurogenesis occurs throughout life, but it declines with age. D-galactose (D-gal) enhances cellular senescence through oxidative stress leading to neurodegeneration and memory impairment. Caffeic acid (CA) acts as an antioxidant via decreasing brain oxidative stress. This study aims to investigate the advantages of CA in alleviating the loss of memory and neurogenesis production in the hippocampus in aged rats activated by D-gal. Fifty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were unpredictably arranged into six groups. In the D-gal group, rats were administered D-gal (50 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. For the CA groups, rats received 20 or 40 mg/kg CA by oral gavage. In the co-treated groups, rats received D-gal (50 mg/kg) and CA (20 or 40 mg/kg) for eight weeks. The results of novel object location (NOL) and novel object recognition (NOR) tests showed memory deficits. Moreover, a decline of neurogenesis in the hippocampus was detected in rats that received D-gal by detecting rat endothelial cell antigen-1 (RECA-1)/Ki-67, 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU)/neuronal nuclear protein (NeuN), doublecortin (DCX) by means of staining to evaluate blood vessel associated proliferating cells, neuronal cell survival and premature neurons, respectively. By contrast, CA attenuated these effects. Our results postulate that CA attenuated the impairment of memory in D-gal-stimulated aging by up-regulating levels of hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasa Saenno
- Neurogenesis Research Group, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (R.S.); (O.D.); (T.A.); (S.K.); (A.S.); (A.A.); (W.P.)
| | - Oabnithi Dornlakorn
- Neurogenesis Research Group, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (R.S.); (O.D.); (T.A.); (S.K.); (A.S.); (A.A.); (W.P.)
| | - Tanaporn Anosri
- Neurogenesis Research Group, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (R.S.); (O.D.); (T.A.); (S.K.); (A.S.); (A.A.); (W.P.)
| | - Soraya Kaewngam
- Neurogenesis Research Group, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (R.S.); (O.D.); (T.A.); (S.K.); (A.S.); (A.A.); (W.P.)
| | - Apiwat Sirichoat
- Neurogenesis Research Group, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (R.S.); (O.D.); (T.A.); (S.K.); (A.S.); (A.A.); (W.P.)
| | - Anusara Aranarochana
- Neurogenesis Research Group, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (R.S.); (O.D.); (T.A.); (S.K.); (A.S.); (A.A.); (W.P.)
| | - Wanassanun Pannangrong
- Neurogenesis Research Group, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (R.S.); (O.D.); (T.A.); (S.K.); (A.S.); (A.A.); (W.P.)
| | - Peter Wigmore
- School of Life Sciences, Medical School, Queen’s Medical Centre, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK;
| | - Jariya Umka Welbat
- Neurogenesis Research Group, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (R.S.); (O.D.); (T.A.); (S.K.); (A.S.); (A.A.); (W.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-84-667-6105
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Arjunan A, Sah DK, Jung YD, Song J. Hepatic Encephalopathy and Melatonin. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050837. [PMID: 35624703 PMCID: PMC9137547 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a severe metabolic syndrome linked with acute/chronic hepatic disorders. HE is also a pernicious neuropsychiatric complication associated with cognitive decline, coma, and death. Limited therapies are available to treat HE, which is formidable to oversee in the clinic. Thus, determining a novel therapeutic approach is essential. The pathogenesis of HE has not been well established. According to various scientific reports, neuropathological symptoms arise due to excessive accumulation of ammonia, which is transported to the brain via the blood–brain barrier (BBB), triggering oxidative stress and inflammation, and disturbing neuronal-glial functions. The treatment of HE involves eliminating hyperammonemia by enhancing the ammonia scavenging mechanism in systemic blood circulation. Melatonin is the sole endogenous hormone linked with HE. Melatonin as a neurohormone is a potent antioxidant that is primarily synthesized and released by the brain’s pineal gland. Several HE and liver cirrhosis clinical studies have demonstrated impaired synthesis, secretion of melatonin, and circadian patterns. Melatonin can cross the BBB and is involved in various neuroprotective actions on the HE brain. Hence, we aim to elucidate how HE impairs brain functions, and elucidate the precise molecular mechanism of melatonin that reverses the HE effects on the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Arjunan
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea;
| | - Dhiraj Kumar Sah
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea;
| | - Young Do Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea;
- Correspondence: (Y.D.J.); (J.S.); Tel.: +82-61-379-2706 (J.S.)
| | - Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea;
- BioMedical Sciences Graduate Program (BMSGP), Chonnam National University, 264 Seoyangro, Hwasun 58128, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.D.J.); (J.S.); Tel.: +82-61-379-2706 (J.S.)
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Zhou H, Gao F, Yang X, Lin T, Li Z, Wang Q, Yao Y, Li L, Ding X, Shi K, Liu Q, Bao H, Long Z, Wu Z, Vassar R, Cheng X, Li R, Shen Y. Endothelial BACE1 Impairs Cerebral Small Vessels via Tight Junctions and eNOS. Circ Res 2022; 130:1321-1341. [PMID: 35382554 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.320183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral small vessel injury, including loss of endothelial tight junctions, endothelial dysfunction, and blood-brain barrier breakdown, is an early and typical pathology for Alzheimer disease, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and hypertension-related cerebral small vessel disease. Whether there is a common mechanism contributing to these cerebrovascular alterations remains unclear. Studies have shown an elevation of BACE1 (β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1) in cerebral vessels from cerebral amyloid angiopathy or Alzheimer disease patients, suggesting that vascular BACE1 may involve in cerebral small vessel injury. METHODS To understand the contribution of vascular BACE1 to cerebrovascular impairments, we combined cellular and molecular techniques, mass spectrometry, immunostaining approaches, and functional testing to elucidate the potential pathological mechanisms. RESULTS We observe a 3.71-fold increase in BACE1 expression in the cerebral microvessels from patients with hypertension. Importantly, we discover that an endothelial tight junction protein, occludin, is a completely new substrate for endothelial BACE1. BACE1 cleaves occludin with full-length occludin reductions and occludin fragment productions. An excessive cleavage by elevated BACE1 induces membranal accumulation of caveolin-1 and subsequent caveolin-1-mediated endocytosis, resulting in lysosomal degradation of other tight junction proteins. Meanwhile, membranal caveolin-1 increases the binding to eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase), together with raised circulating Aβ (β-amyloid peptides) produced by elevated BACE1, leading to an attenuation of eNOS activity and resultant endothelial dysfunction. Furthermore, the initial endothelial damage provokes chronic reduction of cerebral blood flow, blood-brain barrier leakage, microbleeds, tau hyperphosphorylation, synaptic loss, and cognitive impairment in endothelial-specific BACE1 transgenic mice. Conversely, inhibition of aberrant BACE1 activity ameliorates tight junction loss, endothelial dysfunction, and memory deficits. CONCLUSIONS Our findings establish a novel and direct relationship between endothelial BACE1 and cerebral small vessel damage, indicating that abnormal elevation of endothelial BACE1 is a new mechanism for cerebral small vessel disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyue Zhou
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC and Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei. (H.Z., F.G., X.Y., T.L., Z. Li, Q.W., H.B., Z. Long, Z.W., Y.S.)
| | - Feng Gao
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC and Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei. (H.Z., F.G., X.Y., T.L., Z. Li, Q.W., H.B., Z. Long, Z.W., Y.S.)
| | - Xiaoli Yang
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC and Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei. (H.Z., F.G., X.Y., T.L., Z. Li, Q.W., H.B., Z. Long, Z.W., Y.S.)
| | - Tingting Lin
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC and Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei. (H.Z., F.G., X.Y., T.L., Z. Li, Q.W., H.B., Z. Long, Z.W., Y.S.)
| | - Zhenxing Li
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC and Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei. (H.Z., F.G., X.Y., T.L., Z. Li, Q.W., H.B., Z. Long, Z.W., Y.S.)
| | - Qiong Wang
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC and Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei. (H.Z., F.G., X.Y., T.L., Z. Li, Q.W., H.B., Z. Long, Z.W., Y.S.)
| | - Yang Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei. (Y.Y.)
| | - Lei Li
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany (L.L., X.D.)
| | - Xinxin Ding
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany (L.L., X.D.).,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (X.D.)
| | - Kaibin Shi
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, China (K.S., Q.L.)
| | - Qiang Liu
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, China (K.S., Q.L.)
| | - Hong Bao
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC and Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei. (H.Z., F.G., X.Y., T.L., Z. Li, Q.W., H.B., Z. Long, Z.W., Y.S.)
| | - Zhenyu Long
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC and Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei. (H.Z., F.G., X.Y., T.L., Z. Li, Q.W., H.B., Z. Long, Z.W., Y.S.)
| | - Zujun Wu
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC and Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei. (H.Z., F.G., X.Y., T.L., Z. Li, Q.W., H.B., Z. Long, Z.W., Y.S.)
| | - Robert Vassar
- Department of Cell Biology, Medical School, Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (R.V.)
| | - Xin Cheng
- Department of Neurology, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (X.C.)
| | - Rena Li
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, China. (R.L.).,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, China. (R.L.).,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, China. (R.L.)
| | - Yong Shen
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC and Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei. (H.Z., F.G., X.Y., T.L., Z. Li, Q.W., H.B., Z. Long, Z.W., Y.S.).,Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (Y.S.)
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10
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Costa AS, Ferri E, Guerini FR, Rossi PD, Arosio B, Clerici M. VAMP2 Expression and Genotype Are Possible Discriminators in Different Forms of Dementia. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:858162. [PMID: 35360211 PMCID: PMC8964122 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.858162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular alterations often overlap with neurodegeneration, resulting in mixed forms of dementia (MD) that are hard to differentiate from Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). The 26 bp intergenic polymorphism of VAMP2, a key component of SNARE complex, as well as its mRNA and protein levels are associated with neurological diseases. We evaluated ApoE4 and VAMP2 26 bp Ins/Del genotype distribution in 177 AD, 132 MD, 115 Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and 250 individuals without cognitive decline (CT), as well as VAMP2 gene expression in a subset of 73 AD, 122 MD, 103 MCI and 140 CT. Forty-two MCI evolved to AD (22 MCI-AD) or MD (20 MCI-MD) over time. VAMP2 mRNA was higher in MD compared to AD (p = 0.0013) and CT (p = 0.0017), and in MCI-MD compared to MCI-AD (p < 0.001) after correcting for age, gender, MMSE and ApoE4 +/− covariates (pc = 0.004). A higher VAMP2 expression was observed in subjects carrying the minor allele Del compared to those carrying the Ins/Ins genotype (p = 0.012). Finally, Del/Del genotype was more frequently carried by MD/MCI-MD compared to CT (pc = 0.036). These results suggest that VAMP2 mRNA expression can discriminate mixed form of dementia from AD, possibly being a biomarker of AD evolution in MCI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evelyn Ferri
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Franca Rosa Guerini
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Franca Rosa Guerini,
| | - Paolo Dionigi Rossi
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Beatrice Arosio
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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11
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Tianma Formula Alleviates Dementia via ACER2-Mediated Sphingolipid Signaling Pathway Involving A β. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2021:6029237. [PMID: 35069753 PMCID: PMC8357478 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6029237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objective To reveal the molecular mechanism of the antagonistic effect of traditional Chinese medicine Tianma formula (TF) on dementia including vascular dementia (VaD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) and to provide a scientific basis for the study of traditional Chinese medicine for prevention and treatment of dementia. Method The TF was derived from the concerted application of traditional Chinese medicine. We detected the pharmacological effect of TF in VaD rats. The molecular mechanism of TF was examined by APP/PS1 mice in vivo, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) in vitro, ELISA, pathological assay via HE staining, and transcriptome. Based on RNA-seq analysis in VaD rats, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and then verified by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and ELISA. The molecular mechanisms of TF on dementia were further confirmed by network pharmacology and molecular docking finally. Results The Morris water maze showed that TF could improve the cognitive memory function of the VaD rats. The ELISA and histological analysis suggested that TF could protect the hippocampus via reducing tau and IL-6 levels and increasing SYN expression. Meanwhile, it could protect the neurological function by alleviating Aβ deposition in APP/PS1 mice and C. elegans. In the RNA-seq analysis, 3 sphingolipid metabolism pathway-related genes, ADORA3, FCER1G, and ACER2, and another 5 nerve-related genes in 45 key DEGs were identified, so it indicated that the protection mechanism of TF was mainly associated with the sphingolipid metabolism pathway. In the qPCR assay, compared with the model group, the mRNA expressions of the 8 genes mentioned above were upregulated, and these results were consistent with RNA-seq. The protein and mRNA levels of ACER2 were also upregulated. Also, the results of network pharmacology analysis and molecular docking were consistent with those of RNA-seq analysis. Conclusion TF alleviates dementia by reducing Aβ deposition via the ACER2-mediated sphingolipid signaling pathway.
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12
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Poh L, Sim WL, Jo DG, Dinh QN, Drummond GR, Sobey CG, Chen CLH, Lai MKP, Fann DY, Arumugam TV. The role of inflammasomes in vascular cognitive impairment. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:4. [PMID: 35000611 PMCID: PMC8744307 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00506-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing prevalence of Vascular Cognitive Impairment (VCI) worldwide, and several studies have suggested that Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion (CCH) plays a critical role in disease onset and progression. However, there is a limited understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of VCI, especially in relation to CCH. Neuroinflammation is a significant contributor in the progression of VCI as increased systemic levels of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) has been extensively reported in VCI patients. Recently it has been established that CCH can activate the inflammasome signaling pathways, involving NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes that critically regulate IL-1β production. Given that neuroinflammation is an early event in VCI, it is important that we understand its molecular and cellular mechanisms to enable development of disease-modifying treatments to reduce the structural brain damage and cognitive deficits that are observed clinically in the elderly. Hence, this review aims to provide a comprehensive insight into the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of CCH-induced inflammasome signaling in VCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luting Poh
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Liang Sim
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Quynh Nhu Dinh
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC Australia
| | - Grant R. Drummond
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC Australia
| | - Christopher G. Sobey
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC Australia
| | - Christopher Li-Hsian Chen
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mitchell K. P. Lai
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David Y. Fann
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Healthy Longevity, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thiruma V. Arumugam
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC Australia
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13
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Habituation of Somatosensory Evoked Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease and Those with Vascular Dementia. Medicina (B Aires) 2021; 57:medicina57121364. [PMID: 34946308 PMCID: PMC8708528 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57121364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The most prevalent dementia are Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. There is evidence that cortical synaptic function may differ in these two conditions. Habituation of cortical responses to repeated stimuli is a well-preserved phenomenon in a normal brain cortex, related to an underlying mechanism of synaptic efficacy regulation. Lack of habituation represents a marker of synaptic dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to assess the habituation of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) in 29 patients affected by mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease (AD-type) or vascular (VD-type) dementia. Materials and Methods: All patients underwent a clinical history interview, neuropsychological evaluation, and neuroimaging examination. SEPs were elicited by electrical stimulation of the right median nerve at the wrist. Six-hundred stimuli were delivered, and cortical responses divided in three blocks of 200. Habituation was calculated by measuring changes of N20 amplitude from block 1 to block 3. SEP variables recorded in patients were compared with those recorded in 15 age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers. Results: SEP recordings showed similar N20 amplitudes in AD-type and VD-type patients in block 1, that were higher than those recorded in controls. N20 amplitude decreased from block 1 to block 3 (habituation) in normal subjects and in VD-type patients, whereas in AD-type patients it remained unchanged (lack of habituation). Conclusions: The findings suggest that neurophysiologic mechanisms of synaptic efficacy that underneath habituation are impaired in patients with AD-type dementia but not in patients with VD-type dementia. SEPs habituation may contribute to early distinction of Alzheimer’s disease vs. vascular dementia.
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14
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Curran OE, Qiu Z, Smith C, Grant SGN. A single-synapse resolution survey of PSD95-positive synapses in twenty human brain regions. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:6864-6881. [PMID: 32492218 PMCID: PMC7615673 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mapping the molecular composition of individual excitatory synapses across the mouse brain reveals high synapse diversity with each brain region showing a distinct composition of synapse types. As a first step towards systematic mapping of synapse diversity across the human brain, we have labelled and imaged synapses expressing the excitatory synapse protein PSD95 in twenty human brain regions, including 13 neocortical, two subcortical, one hippocampal, one cerebellar and three brainstem regions, in four phenotypically normal individuals. We quantified the number, size and intensity of individual synaptic puncta and compared their regional distributions. We found that each region showed a distinct signature of synaptic puncta parameters. Comparison of brain regions showed that cortical and hippocampal structures are similar, and distinct from those of cerebellum and brainstem. Comparison of synapse parameters from human and mouse brain revealed conservation of parameters, hierarchical organization of brain regions and network architecture. This work illustrates the feasibility of generating a systematic single-synapse resolution atlas of the human brain, a potentially significant resource in studies of brain health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olimpia E Curran
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Zhen Qiu
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Colin Smith
- Academic Neuropathology, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Seth G N Grant
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain (SIDB), Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, UK
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15
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Martins-Filho RK, Zotin MC, Rodrigues G, Pontes-Neto O. Biomarkers Related to Endothelial Dysfunction and Vascular Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2021; 49:365-374. [PMID: 33045717 DOI: 10.1159/000510053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The damage in the endothelium and the neurovascular unit appears to play a key role in the pathogenesis of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). Although there have been many advances in understanding the physiopathology of this disease, several questions remain unanswered. The association with other degenerative diseases and the heterogeneity of its clinical spectrum establish a diagnostic problem, compromising a better comprehension of the pathology and halting the development of effective treatments. The investigation of biomarkers is an important movement to the development of novel explicative models and treatment targets involved in VCI. METHODS We searched MEDLINE considering the original research based on VCI biomarkers in the past 20 years, following prespecified selection criteria, data extraction, and qualitative synthesis. RESULTS We reviewed 42 articles: 16 investigated plasma markers, 17 analyzed neuropathological markers, 4 studied CSF markers, 4 evaluated neuroimaging markers (ultrasound and MRI), and 1 used peripheral Doppler perfusion imaging. CONCLUSIONS The biomarkers in these studies suggest an intrinsic relationship between endothelial dysfunction and VCI. Nonetheless, there is still a need for identification of a distinctive set of markers that can integrate the clinical approach of VCI, improve diagnostic accuracy, and support the discovery of alternative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Kleber Martins-Filho
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioural Sciences, Hospital das Clínicas - Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil,
| | - Maria Clara Zotin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radiology Division, Hospital das Clínicas - Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Rodrigues
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioural Sciences, Hospital das Clínicas - Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Octavio Pontes-Neto
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioural Sciences, Hospital das Clínicas - Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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16
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Effects of imperatorin on apoptosis and synaptic plasticity in vascular dementia rats. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8590. [PMID: 33883654 PMCID: PMC8060272 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88206-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In view of the complicated pathophysiological process of vascular dementia (VD), drugs for the clinical treatment of VD mainly target related risk factors, while drugs with excellent efficacy in cognitive function are still relatively lacking. Imperatorin (IMP), an active constituent extracted from angelica dahuricae and notopterygium Notopterygii, which has anti-inflammatory, vasodilator, anticoagulant, block calcium channel, anticonvulsant, and anti oxygen free radical injury properties. Therefore,the present study examined its effects on VD rats and the underlying molecular mechanisms, in order to provide promising therapeutic methods. VD was established by modified ligation of perpetual two-vessel occlusion (2VO). After 2VO surgery, IMP (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg) was administered by intraperitoneal injection for 12 consecutive weeks to evaluate therapeutic effects. Cognitive function was verified by the Morris water maze. The neuronal morphological changes were examined via Hematoxylin-Eosin staining. Real-Time PCR and Western blot were used for detecting pro- and antiapoptotic biomarkers, and the hippocampus synaptic damage was examined by Transmission electron microscope. We revealed that 2VO-induced cognitive impairment, hippocampus CA1 neuron damage, apoptosis and synaptic damage. IMP-treatment significantly improved 2VO-induced cognitive deficits and hippocampus neuron damage. Molecular analysis revealed that IMP inhibited apoptosis through the down regulation of Bax, Caspase-3 and upregulation of Bcl-2. Meanwhile, IMP-treatment markedly improved synaptic ultrastructure morphology, increased the SAZ length, PSD thickness and up-regulated PSD-95 expression. Collectively, our findings demonstrated that IMP was effective in the treatment of 2VO-induced VD via inhibiting apoptosis of hippocampus neurons and reducing the synaptic plasticity destroy.
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17
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Xu MS, Yin LM, Cheng AF, Zhang YJ, Zhang D, Tao MM, Deng YY, Ge LB, Shan CL. Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Is Associated With Upregulation of Cofilin-1 in the Motor Cortex. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:634347. [PMID: 33777942 PMCID: PMC7991082 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.634347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is one of the leading causes of death. Reperfusion is a critical stage after thrombolysis or thrombectomy, accompanied by oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and defects in synapse structure. The process is closely related to the dephosphorylation of actin-binding proteins (e.g., cofilin-1) by specific phosphatases. Although studies of the molecular mechanisms of the actin cytoskeleton have been ongoing for decades, limited studies have directly investigated reperfusion-induced reorganization of actin-binding protein, and little is known about the gene expression of actin-binding proteins. The exact mechanism is still uncertain. The motor cortex is very important to save nerve function; therefore, we chose the penumbra to study the relationship between cerebral ischemia-reperfusion and actin-binding protein. After transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and reperfusion, we confirmed reperfusion and motor function deficit by cerebral blood flow and gait analysis. PCR was used to screen the high expression mRNAs in penumbra of the motor cortex. The high expression of cofilin in this region was confirmed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot (WB). The change in cofilin-1 expression appears at the same time as gait imbalance, especially maximum variation and left front swing. It is suggested that cofilin-1 may partially affect motor cortex function. This result provides a potential mechanism for understanding cerebral ischemia-reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Shu Xu
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei-Miao Yin
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ai-Fang Cheng
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Jie Zhang
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Miao-Miao Tao
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun-Yi Deng
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin-Bao Ge
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun-Lei Shan
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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18
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Liu H, Zhang Z, Zang C, Wang L, Yang H, Sheng C, Shang J, Zhao Z, Yuan F, Yu Y, Yao X, Bao X, Zhang D. GJ-4 ameliorates memory impairment in focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion of rats via inhibiting JAK2/STAT1-mediated neuroinflammation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 267:113491. [PMID: 33091490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis (Fructus Gardenia) is a traditional Chinese medicine with diverse pharmacological functions, such as anti-inflammation, anti-depression, as well as improvement of cognition and ischemia brain injury. GJ-4 is a natural extract from Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis (Fructus Gardenia) and has been proved to improve memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse model in our previous studies. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of GJ-4 on vascular dementia (VD) and explore the potential mechanisms. MATERIAL AND METHODS In our experiment, a focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion rat model was successfully developed by the middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R). GJ-4 (10 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg) and nimodipine (10 mg/kg) were orally administered to rats once a day for consecutive 12 days. Learning and memory behavioral performance was assayed by step-down test and Morris water maze test. The neurological scoring test was performed to evaluate the neurological function of rats. 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining and Nissl staining were respectively employed to determine the infarct condition and neuronal injury of the brain. Iba1 immunohistochemistry was used to show the activation of microglia. Moreover, the synaptic damage and inflammatory level were detected by Western blot. RESULTS GJ-4 could significantly improve memory impairment, cerebral infraction, as well as neurological deficits of VD rats induced by MCAO/R. Further research indicated VD-induced neuronal injury was alleviated by GJ-4. In addition, GJ-4 could protect synapse of VD rats by upregulating synaptophysin (SYP) expression, post synaptic density 95 protein (PSD95) expression, and downregulating N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor 1 (NMDAR1) expression. Subsequent investigation of the underlying mechanisms identified that GJ-4 could suppress neuroinflammatory responses, supported by inhibited activation of microglia and reduced expression of inflammatory proteins, which ultimately exerted neuroprotective effects on VD. Further mechanistic study indicated that janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) pathway was inhibited by GJ-4 treatment. CONCLUSION These results suggested that GJ-4 might serve as a potential drug to improve VD. In addition, our study indicated that inhibition of neuroinflammation might be a promising target to treat VD.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/enzymology
- Brain/pathology
- Brain/physiopathology
- Dementia, Vascular/enzymology
- Dementia, Vascular/etiology
- Dementia, Vascular/prevention & control
- Dementia, Vascular/psychology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- Gardenia
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/complications
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/drug therapy
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/enzymology
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/physiopathology
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Janus Kinase 2/metabolism
- Male
- Memory/drug effects
- Memory Disorders/enzymology
- Memory Disorders/etiology
- Memory Disorders/prevention & control
- Memory Disorders/psychology
- Microglia/drug effects
- Microglia/metabolism
- Microglia/pathology
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Nootropic Agents/pharmacology
- Plant Extracts/pharmacology
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Reperfusion Injury/enzymology
- Reperfusion Injury/etiology
- Reperfusion Injury/physiopathology
- Reperfusion Injury/prevention & control
- STAT1 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Synapses/drug effects
- Synapses/metabolism
- Synapses/pathology
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Zihong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Caixia Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Hanyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Chanjuan Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Junmei Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Fangyu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Institute of TCM, Natural Products College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xinsheng Yao
- Institute of TCM, Natural Products College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiuqi Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing, 100050, China.
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19
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McGrowder DA, Miller F, Vaz K, Nwokocha C, Wilson-Clarke C, Anderson-Cross M, Brown J, Anderson-Jackson L, Williams L, Latore L, Thompson R, Alexander-Lindo R. Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives. Brain Sci 2021; 11:215. [PMID: 33578866 PMCID: PMC7916561 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive, clinically heterogeneous, and particularly complex neurodegenerative disease characterized by a decline in cognition. Over the last two decades, there has been significant growth in the investigation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. This review presents current evidence from many clinical neurochemical studies, with findings that attest to the efficacy of existing core CSF biomarkers such as total tau, phosphorylated tau, and amyloid-β (Aβ42), which diagnose Alzheimer's disease in the early and dementia stages of the disorder. The heterogeneity of the pathophysiology of the late-onset disease warrants the growth of the Alzheimer's disease CSF biomarker toolbox; more biomarkers showing other aspects of the disease mechanism are needed. This review focuses on new biomarkers that track Alzheimer's disease pathology, such as those that assess neuronal injury (VILIP-1 and neurofilament light), neuroinflammation (sTREM2, YKL-40, osteopontin, GFAP, progranulin, and MCP-1), synaptic dysfunction (SNAP-25 and GAP-43), vascular dysregulation (hFABP), as well as CSF α-synuclein levels and TDP-43 pathology. Some of these biomarkers are promising candidates as they are specific and predict future rates of cognitive decline. Findings from the combinations of subclasses of new Alzheimer's disease biomarkers that improve their diagnostic efficacy in detecting associated pathological changes are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donovan A. McGrowder
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (K.V.); (J.B.); (L.A.-J.); (L.L.); (R.T.)
| | - Fabian Miller
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, The Mico University College, 1A Marescaux Road, Kingston 5, Jamaica;
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica;
| | - Kurt Vaz
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (K.V.); (J.B.); (L.A.-J.); (L.L.); (R.T.)
| | - Chukwuemeka Nwokocha
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (C.N.); (C.W.-C.); (R.A.-L.)
| | - Cameil Wilson-Clarke
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (C.N.); (C.W.-C.); (R.A.-L.)
| | - Melisa Anderson-Cross
- School of Allied Health and Wellness, College of Health Sciences, University of Technology, Kingston 7, Jamaica;
| | - Jabari Brown
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (K.V.); (J.B.); (L.A.-J.); (L.L.); (R.T.)
| | - Lennox Anderson-Jackson
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (K.V.); (J.B.); (L.A.-J.); (L.L.); (R.T.)
| | - Lowen Williams
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica;
| | - Lyndon Latore
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (K.V.); (J.B.); (L.A.-J.); (L.L.); (R.T.)
| | - Rory Thompson
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (K.V.); (J.B.); (L.A.-J.); (L.L.); (R.T.)
| | - Ruby Alexander-Lindo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (C.N.); (C.W.-C.); (R.A.-L.)
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Wang L, Qiao P, Yue L, Sun R. Is Qi Fu Yin effective in clinical treatment of dementia?: A meta-analysis of 697 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24526. [PMID: 33592906 PMCID: PMC7870270 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dementia, a kind of acquired and progressive intelligence-damaging syndrome, is induced by cerebral dysfunction. Ancient records show that Qi Fu Yin (QFY) has the advantages in age-related dementia treatment. This study aims to evaluate therapeutic efficacy of QFY on dementia through meta-analysis. METHODS We comprehensively reviewed articles from various databases, including China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang, VIP, Chinese Biomedical Literature (CBM), PubMed, and Web of Science published before June 2020, for all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on dementia treatment with QFY. Then, we selected eligible literatures, extracted related data, and assessed risk of bias. Forest plots of total clinical effective rate, MMSE score, HDS score and ADL score illustrated the difference between the experimental group (treatment with QFY alone or combined with routine western medicine) and the control group (treatment with routine western medicine only). Random effects model and fixed effects model were adopted. Finally, publication bias was further analyzed using funnel plot, sensitivity analysis, Begg and Egger test. RESULTS Finally, 9 RCTs, involving 697 patients, were included in this study. The results revealed that the total clinical effective rate of the experimental group was obviously higher than that of the control group (OR = 0.33, 95% CI [0.22, 0.50], P < .001). In comparison with the control group, the experimental group showed higher MMSE score (WMD = 2.60, 95% CI [2.16, 3.03], P < .001) and HDS score (WMD = 1.51, 95%CI [1.10, 1.92], P < .001). Due to few included studies, there were no statistically significance between experimental and control groups (WMD = -9.90, 95%CI [-26.09, 6.30], P = .231) regarding ADL score. In addition, there is no publication bias towards clinical effective rate and MMDE score. CONCLUSIONS QFY only or combined with western medicine therapy can significantly improve cognitive ability compared with only western medicine therapy in dementia. However, multiple samples, RCTs of high quality are still needed to verify our conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan
- Institute of Pharmacology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian
| | - Pengli Qiao
- Institute of Pharmacology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian
| | - Lulu Yue
- Institute of Pharmacology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian
| | - Rong Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan
- Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences
- The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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21
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Garcez ML, Cassoma RCS, Mina F, Bellettini-Santos T, da Luz AP, Schiavo GL, Medeiros EB, Campos ACBF, da Silva S, Rempel LCT, Steckert AV, Barichello T, Budni J. Folic acid prevents habituation memory impairment and oxidative stress in an aging model induced by D-galactose. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:213-224. [PMID: 33219893 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00647-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of folic acid treatment in an animal model of aging induced by D-galactose (D-gal). For this propose, adult male Wistar rats received D-gal intraperitoneally (100 mg/kg) and/or folic acid orally (5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg) for 8 weeks. D-gal caused habituation memory impairment, and folic acid (10 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) reversed this effect. However, folic acid 50 mg/kg per se caused habituation memory impairment. D-gal increased the lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage to proteins in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus from rats. Folic acid (5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, or 50 mg/kg) partially reversed the oxidative damage to lipids in the hippocampus, but not in the prefrontal cortex, and reversed protein oxidative damage in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. D-gal induced synaptophysin and BCL-2 decrease in the hippocampus and phosphorylated tau increase in the prefrontal cortex. Folic acid was able to reverse these D-gal-related alterations in the protein content. The present study shows folic acid supplementation as an alternative during the aging to prevent cognitive impairment and brain alterations that can cause neurodegenerative diseases. However, additional studies are necessary to elucidate the effect of folic acid in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Lima Garcez
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Chiengo Sapalo Cassoma
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Francielle Mina
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Tatiani Bellettini-Santos
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Aline Pereira da Luz
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Luis Schiavo
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Eduarda Behenck Medeiros
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Brunatto Falchetti Campos
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Sabrina da Silva
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Lisienny Campoli Tono Rempel
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Amanda Valnier Steckert
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
- Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Josiane Budni
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil.
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22
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Pang R, Wang X, Pei F, Zhang W, Shen J, Gao X, Chang C. Regular Exercise Enhances Cognitive Function and Intracephalic GLUT Expression in Alzheimer's Disease Model Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 72:83-96. [PMID: 31561359 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Brain energy metabolic impairment is one of the main features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is considered an underlying factor involved in cognitive impairment. Therefore, brain energy metabolism may represent a new therapeutic target for AD medical interventions. Among nutrients providing energy, glucose, the primary energy source, cannot cross the blood-brain barrier freely without specific glucose transporters (GLUTs), which are essential for the maintenance of cerebral energy metabolism homeostasis. Several converging lines of evidence suggest that GLUT1 deficiency in mice leads to synapse reduction and dysregulation coupled with mitochondrial morphological changes. In this study, the results revealed that regular exercise (RE) decreased the expression of amyloid-β and phosphorylated tau by western blot, and enhanced the spatial learning and exploration ability of AD model mice as assessed by Morris water maze test. Mitochondrial cristae and edges were clear and intact, ATP production in the brain raised, the number of synapses increased, and GLUT1 and GLUT3 expression levels improved in the central nervous system (CNS) in AD model mice after RE. Changes in GLUT1 and GLUT3 expression at the protein level after RE are an important part of energy metabolic adaptation in AD model mice. Learning and memory improvement are highly associated with mitochondrial integrity and sufficient synapses in the CNS. This research suggests that increased brain energy metabolism attributed to RE exhibits promising therapeutic potential for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Pang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaofan Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Feifei Pei
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weizhe Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiaming Shen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqun Gao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Center of Cerebral Palsy Surgical Research and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Population and Family Planning Science and Technology Research Institute of Henan, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Cheng Chang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Center of Cerebral Palsy Surgical Research and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Population and Family Planning Science and Technology Research Institute of Henan, Zhengzhou, China
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23
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Mazzucchi S, Palermo G, Campese N, Galgani A, Della Vecchia A, Vergallo A, Siciliano G, Ceravolo R, Hampel H, Baldacci F. The role of synaptic biomarkers in the spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases. Expert Rev Proteomics 2020; 17:543-559. [PMID: 33028119 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2020.1831388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The quest for reliable fluid biomarkers tracking synaptic disruption is supported by the evidence of a tight association between synaptic density and cognitive performance in neurodegenerative diseases (NDD), especially Alzheimer's disease (AD). AREAS COVERED Neurogranin (Ng) is a post-synaptic protein largely expressed in neurons involved in the memory networks. Currently, Ng measured in CSF is the most promising synaptic biomarker. Several studies show Ng elevated in AD dementia with a hippocampal phenotype as well as in MCI individuals who progress to AD. Ng concentrations are also increased in Creutzfeldt Jacob Disease where widespread and massive synaptic disintegration takes place. Ng does not discriminate Parkinson's disease from atypical parkinsonisms, nor is it altered in Huntington disease. CSF synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP-25) and synaptotagmin-1 (SYT-1) are emerging candidates. EXPERT OPINION CSF Ng revealed a role as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in NDD. Ng increase seems to be very specific for typical AD phenotype, probably for a prevalent hippocampal involvement. Synaptic biomarkers may serve different context-of-use in AD and other NDD including prognosis, diagnosis, and tracking synaptic damage - a critical pathophysiological mechanism in NDD - thus representing reliable tools for a precision medicine-oriented approach to NDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Mazzucchi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa , Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Palermo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa , Pisa, Italy
| | - Nicole Campese
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa , Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Galgani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa , Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Vergallo
- Sorbonne University, GRC N° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Boulevard de L'hôpital , Paris, France.,Brain & Spine Institute (ICM), INSERM U1127 , Paris, France.,Department of Neurology, Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP , Paris, France
| | - Gabriele Siciliano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa , Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberto Ceravolo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa , Pisa, Italy
| | - Harald Hampel
- Sorbonne University, GRC N° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Boulevard de L'hôpital , Paris, France
| | - Filippo Baldacci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa , Pisa, Italy.,Sorbonne University, GRC N° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Boulevard de L'hôpital , Paris, France
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24
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Simões-Pires EN, Ferreira ST, Linden R. Roles of glutamate receptors in a novel in vitro model of early, comorbid cerebrovascular, and Alzheimer's diseases. J Neurochem 2020; 156:539-552. [PMID: 32683713 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Systemic multimorbidity is highly prevalent in the elderly and, remarkably, coexisting neuropathological markers of Alzheimer's (AD) and cerebrovascular (CVD) diseases are found at autopsy in most brains of patients clinically diagnosed as AD. Little is known on neurodegeneration peculiar to comorbidities, especially at early stages when pathogenesis may propagate at subclinical levels. We developed a novel in vitro model of comorbid CVD/AD in organotypic hippocampal cultures, by combining oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and exposure to amyloid-Aβ oligomers (AβOs), both applied at levels subtoxic to neurons when used in isolation. We focused on synaptic proteins and the roles of glutamate receptors, which have been implicated in many basic and clinical approaches to either CVD or AD. Subtoxic insults by OGD and AβOs synergized to reduce levels of synaptophysin (SYP) and PSD-95 without cell death, while effects of antagonists of either metabotropic or ionotropic glutamate receptors were distinct from reports in models of isolated CVD or AD. In particular, modulation of glutamate receptors differentially impacted SYP and PSD-95, and antagonists of a single receptor subtype had distinct effects when either isolated or combined. Our findings highlight the complexity of CVD/AD comorbidity, help understand variable responses to glutamate receptor antagonists in patients diagnosed with AD and may contribute to future development of therapeutics based on investigation of the pattern of progressive comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergio T Ferreira
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael Linden
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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25
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Kandasamy M, Anusuyadevi M, Aigner KM, Unger MS, Kniewallner KM, de Sousa DMB, Altendorfer B, Mrowetz H, Bogdahn U, Aigner L. TGF-β Signaling: A Therapeutic Target to Reinstate Regenerative Plasticity in Vascular Dementia? Aging Dis 2020; 11:828-850. [PMID: 32765949 PMCID: PMC7390515 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD) is the second leading form of memory loss after Alzheimer's disease (AD). Currently, there is no cure available. The etiology, pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of VaD are extremely heterogeneous, but the impaired cerebral blood flow (CBF) represents a common denominator of VaD. The latter might be the result of atherosclerosis, amyloid angiopathy, microbleeding and micro-strokes, together causing blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and vessel leakage, collectively originating from the consequence of hypertension, one of the main risk factors for VaD. At the histopathological level, VaD displays abnormal vascular remodeling, endothelial cell death, string vessel formation, pericyte responses, fibrosis, astrogliosis, sclerosis, microglia activation, neuroinflammation, demyelination, white matter lesions, deprivation of synapses and neuronal loss. The transforming growth factor (TGF) β has been identified as one of the key molecular factors involved in the aforementioned various pathological aspects. Thus, targeting TGF-β signaling in the brain might be a promising therapeutic strategy to mitigate vascular pathology and improve cognitive functions in patients with VaD. This review revisits the recent understanding of the role of TGF-β in VaD and associated pathological hallmarks. It further explores the potential to modulate certain aspects of VaD pathology by targeting TGF-β signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Kandasamy
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India.
- Faculty Recharge Programme, University Grants Commission (UGC-FRP), New Delhi, India.
| | - Muthuswamy Anusuyadevi
- Molecular Gerontology Group, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidhasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Kiera M Aigner
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University.
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center, Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Michael S Unger
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University.
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center, Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Kathrin M Kniewallner
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University.
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center, Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Diana M Bessa de Sousa
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University.
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center, Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Barbara Altendorfer
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University.
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center, Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Heike Mrowetz
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University.
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center, Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Ulrich Bogdahn
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University.
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center, Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
- Velvio GmbH, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Ludwig Aigner
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University.
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center, Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
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26
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Xu XE, Li MZ, Yao ES, Gong S, Xie J, Gao W, Xie ZX, Li ZF, Bai XJ, Liu L, Liu XH. Morin exerts protective effects on encephalopathy and sepsis-associated cognitive functions in a murine sepsis model. Brain Res Bull 2020; 159:53-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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27
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Vinciguerra L, Lanza G, Puglisi V, Fisicaro F, Pennisi M, Bella R, Cantone M. Update on the Neurobiology of Vascular Cognitive Impairment: From Lab to Clinic. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082977. [PMID: 32340195 PMCID: PMC7215552 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last years, there has been a significant growth in the literature exploring the pathophysiology of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). As an "umbrella term" encompassing any degree of vascular-related cognitive decline, VCI is deemed to be the most common cognitive disorder in the elderly, with a significant impact on social and healthcare expenses. Interestingly, some of the molecular, biochemical, and electrophysiological abnormalities detected in VCI seem to correlate with disease process and progression, eventually promoting an adaptive plasticity in some patients and a maladaptive, dysfunctional response in others. However, the exact relationships between vascular lesion, cognition, and neuroplasticity are not completely understood. Recent findings point out also the possibility to identify a panel of markers able to predict cognitive deterioration in the so-called "brain at risk" for vascular or mixed dementia. This will be of pivotal importance when designing trials of disease-modifying drugs or non-pharmacological approaches, including non-invasive neuromodulatory techniques. Taken together, these advances could make VCI a potentially preventable cause of both vascular and degenerative dementia in late life. This review provides a timely update on the recent serological, cerebrospinal fluid, histopathological, imaging, and neurophysiological studies on this "cutting-edge" topic, including the limitations, future perspectives and translational implications in the diagnosis and management of VCI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Vinciguerra
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit, ASST Cremona, 26100 Cremona, Italy; (L.V.); (V.P.)
| | - Giuseppe Lanza
- Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Department of Neurology IC, Oasi Research Institute – IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-095-3782448
| | - Valentina Puglisi
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit, ASST Cremona, 26100 Cremona, Italy; (L.V.); (V.P.)
| | - Francesco Fisicaro
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.F.); (M.P.)
| | - Manuela Pennisi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.F.); (M.P.)
| | - Rita Bella
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Mariagiovanna Cantone
- Department of Neurology, Sant’Elia Hospital, ASP Caltanissetta, 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy;
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28
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Update on the Neurobiology of Vascular Cognitive Impairment: From Lab to Clinic. Int J Mol Sci 2020. [PMID: 32340195 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082977.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last years, there has been a significant growth in the literature exploring the pathophysiology of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). As an "umbrella term" encompassing any degree of vascular-related cognitive decline, VCI is deemed to be the most common cognitive disorder in the elderly, with a significant impact on social and healthcare expenses. Interestingly, some of the molecular, biochemical, and electrophysiological abnormalities detected in VCI seem to correlate with disease process and progression, eventually promoting an adaptive plasticity in some patients and a maladaptive, dysfunctional response in others. However, the exact relationships between vascular lesion, cognition, and neuroplasticity are not completely understood. Recent findings point out also the possibility to identify a panel of markers able to predict cognitive deterioration in the so-called "brain at risk" for vascular or mixed dementia. This will be of pivotal importance when designing trials of disease-modifying drugs or non-pharmacological approaches, including non-invasive neuromodulatory techniques. Taken together, these advances could make VCI a potentially preventable cause of both vascular and degenerative dementia in late life. This review provides a timely update on the recent serological, cerebrospinal fluid, histopathological, imaging, and neurophysiological studies on this "cutting-edge" topic, including the limitations, future perspectives and translational implications in the diagnosis and management of VCI patients.
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Yan ML, Zhang S, Zhao HM, Xia SN, Jin Z, Xu Y, Yang L, Qu Y, Huang SY, Duan MJ, Mao M, An XB, Mishra C, Zhang XY, Sun LH, Ai J. MicroRNA-153 impairs presynaptic plasticity by blocking vesicle release following chronic brain hypoperfusion. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:57. [PMID: 32252776 PMCID: PMC7137307 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00551-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic brain hypoperfusion (CBH) is closely related to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD). Meanwhile, synaptic pathology plays a prominent role in the initial stage of AD and VaD. However, whether and how CBH impairs presynaptic plasticity is currently unclear. Methods In the present study, we performed a battery of techniques, including primary neuronal culture, patch clamp, stereotaxic injection of the lentiviral vectors, morris water maze (MWM), dual luciferase reporter assay, FM1–43 fluorescence dye evaluation, qRT-PCR and western blot, to investigate the regulatory effect of miR-153 on hippocampal synaptic vesicle release both in vivo and in vitro. The CBH rat model was generated by bilateral common carotid artery ligation (2VO). Results Compared to sham rats, 2VO rats presented decreased field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) amplitude and increased paired-pulse ratios (PPRs) in the CA3-CA1 pathway, as well as significantly decreased expression of multiple vesicle fusion-related proteins, including SNAP-25, VAMP-2, syntaxin-1A and synaptotagmin-1, in the hippocampi. The levels of microRNA-153 (miR-153) were upregulated in the hippocampi of rats following 2VO surgery, and in the plasma of dementia patients. The expression of the vesicle fusion-related proteins affected by 2VO was inhibited by miR-153, elevated by miR-153 inhibition, and unchanged by binding-site mutation or miR masks. FM1–43 fluorescence images showed that miR-153 blunted vesicle exocytosis, but this effect was prevented by either 2′-O-methyl antisense oligoribonucleotides to miR-153 (AMO-153) and miR-masking of the miR-153 binding site in the 3′ untranslated region (3’UTR) of the Snap25, Vamp2, Stx1a and Syt1 genes. Overexpression of miR-153 by lentiviral vector-mediated miR-153 mimics (lenti-pre-miR-153) decreased the fEPSP amplitude and elevated the PPR in the rat hippocampus, whereas overexpression of the antisense molecule (lenti-AMO-153) reversed these changes triggered by 2VO. Furthermore, lenti-AMO-153 attenuated the cognitive decline of 2VO rats. Conclusions Overexpression of miR-153 controls CBH-induced presynaptic vesicle release impairment by posttranscriptionally regulating the expression of four vesicle release-related proteins by targeting the 3’UTRs of the Stx1a, Snap25, Vamp2 and Syt1 genes. These findings identify a novel mechanism of presynaptic plasticity impairment during CBH, which may be a new drug target for prevention or treatment of AD and VaD. Video Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Yan
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Hong-Mei Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Sheng-Nan Xia
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Zhuo Jin
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yang Qu
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Si-Yu Huang
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Ming-Jing Duan
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Meng Mao
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xiao-Bin An
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Chandan Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xin-Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Li-Hua Sun
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jing Ai
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China.
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Ye Q, Zeng C, Luo C, Wu Y. Ferrostatin-1 mitigates cognitive impairment of epileptic rats by inhibiting P38 MAPK activation. Epilepsy Behav 2020; 103:106670. [PMID: 31864943 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Evidence indicates that ferrostain-1 (Fer-1), a specific inhibitor of ferroptosis, could ameliorate cognitive dysfunction of rats with kainic acid (KA)-induced temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) by suppressing ferroptosis processes. Recent studies suggest that P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway could be mediated by ferroptosis processes. The activation of P38 MAPK results in cognitive impairment by suppressing the expression of synaptic plasticity-related proteins. However, it is unclear whether Fer-1 can mitigate cognitive impairment of rats with KA-induced TLE by inhibiting P38 MAPK activation. In the present study, treatment with Fer-1 blocked the activation of P38 MAPK, which resulted in an increased expression of synaptophysin (SYP) and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) in the hippocampus of rats with KA-induced TLE, hence, ameliorating their cognitive impairment. Also, P38 MAPK activation in the hippocampus of the rats reduced the expression of both PSD-95 and SYP proteins. Treatment of the rats with SB203580, a P38 MAPK-specific inhibitor, prevented the activation of P38 MAPK, which resulted in an increase in SYP and PSD95 protein levels in the hippocampus. These results suggest that Fer-1 could mitigate the cognitive impairment by suppressing P38 MAPK activation thus restoring the expression of synaptic proteins. Ferroptosis processes might be involved in suppressing synaptic protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ye
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6th Shuangyong Road, Nanning, China; Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, 69th Chuanshan Road, Hengyang, China
| | - Chunmei Zeng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6th Shuangyong Road, Nanning, China
| | - Chun Luo
- Department of Neurology, Minzu Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 262th East Mingxiu Road, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuan Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6th Shuangyong Road, Nanning, China.
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Cifelli JL, Berg KR, Yang J. Benzothiazole amphiphiles promote RasGRF1-associated dendritic spine formation in human stem cell-derived neurons. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 10:386-395. [PMID: 31943943 PMCID: PMC7050256 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic dysfunction has been implicated as an early cause of cognitive decline in neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods to slow down or reverse the loss of functional synapses, therefore, represent a promising avenue to explore for treating NDDs. We have previously reported the development of a class of benzothiazole amphiphiles (BAMs) that exhibited the capability to improve memory and learning both in wild‐type mice and in an AD rodent model, putatively through promoting RasGRF1‐associated formation of dendritic spines in hippocampal neurons. While these results represent a good first step in exploring a new approach to treating NDDs, the capability of these compounds to increase spine density has not been previously examined in a human neuronal model. Here, we found that neurons derived from differentiated human induced pluripotent stem cells exhibited both an increase in RasGRF1 expression and a phenotypic increase in the density of postsynaptic density protein 95‐positive puncta (which we use to provide an estimate of dendritic spine density) in BAM‐treated vs. control neurons. These results demonstrate that the previously observed spinogenic effects of BAMs in rodent neurons can be recapitulated in a human neuronal model, which further supports the potential utility of BAM agents for treating human diseases associated with spine deficits such as AD or other NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Cifelli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kyle R Berg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jerry Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Moxibustion therapy improving delayed memory deficits via promoting neurogenesis and angiogenesis of hippocampus in a vascular dementia rat model. JOURNAL OF ACUPUNCTURE AND TUINA SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11726-019-1140-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bang J, Kim MS, Jeon WK. Mumefural Ameliorates Cognitive Impairment in Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion via Regulating the Septohippocampal Cholinergic System and Neuroinflammation. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112755. [PMID: 31766248 PMCID: PMC6893811 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) causes cognitive impairment and neurogenic inflammation by reducing blood flow. We previously showed that Fructus mume (F. mume) improves cognitive impairment and inhibits neuroinflammation in a CCH rat model. One of the components of F. mume, Mumefural (MF), is known to improve blood flow and inhibit platelet aggregation. Whether MF affects cerebral and cognitive function remains unclear. We investigated the effects of MF on cognitive impairment and neurological function-related protein expression in the rat CCH model, established by bilateral common carotid arterial occlusion (BCCAo). Three weeks after BCCAo, MF (20, 40, or 80 mg/kg) was orally administrated once a day for 42 days. Using Morris water maze assessment, MF treatment significantly improved cognitive impairment. MF treatment also inhibited cholinergic system dysfunction, attenuated choline acetyltransferase-positive cholinergic neuron loss, and regulated cholinergic system-related protein expressions in the basal forebrain and hippocampus. MF also inhibited myelin basic protein degradation and increased the hippocampal expression of synaptic markers and cognition-related proteins. Moreover, MF reduced neuroinflammation, inhibited gliosis, and attenuated the activation of P2X7 receptor, TLR4/MyD88, NLRP3, and NF-κB. This study indicates that MF ameliorates cognitive impairment in BCCAo rats by enhancing neurological function and inhibiting neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Bang
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054; Korea; (J.B.); (M.-S.K.)
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Min-Soo Kim
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054; Korea; (J.B.); (M.-S.K.)
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Won Kyung Jeon
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054; Korea; (J.B.); (M.-S.K.)
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-868-9505
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Liu X, Zhang R, Wu Z, Si W, Ren Z, Zhang S, Zhou J, Chen D. miR‑134‑5p/Foxp2/Syn1 is involved in cognitive impairment in an early vascular dementia rat model. Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:1729-1740. [PMID: 31545395 PMCID: PMC6777691 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box P2 (Foxp2) is a transcription factor involved in vocal learning. However, the number of previous studies that have investigated the role of Foxp2 in early vascular dementia (VD) is limited. The aim of the present study was to determine whether microRNA (miR)‑134‑5p/Foxp2 contributes to cognitive impairment in a chronic ischemia‑induced early VD model. miR‑134‑5p was found to be significantly increased in the cortex in a rat VD model. Intracerebroventricular injection of miR‑134‑5p antagomir into VD rats prevented the loss of synaptic proteins and the development of cognitive impairment phenotypes. Histopathological analysis revealed that miR‑134‑5p aggravated cognitive impairment in VD rats through damage to cortical neurons and loss of synaptic proteins. Bioinformatics analysis predicted that miR‑134‑5p targets Foxp2 mRNA. Dual luciferase analysis and western blotting supported the prediction that miR‑134‑5p targets Foxp2. Furthermore, the silencing of Foxp2 significantly inhibited the effect of miR‑134‑5p on synaptic protein loss. Chromatin immunoprecipitation‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated that Foxp2 binds to the synapsin I (Syn1) promoter at ‑400/‑600 bp upstream of the transcription start site. In conclusion, the miR‑134‑5p/Foxp2/Syn1 axis was found to contribute to cognitive impairment in a chronic ischemia‑induced early VD model, which may enable the development of new therapeutic strategies for the prevention and treatment of VD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Department of Anatomy, The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Ruilin Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Zimei Wu
- Department of Anatomy, The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Wenwen Si
- Department of Anatomy, The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Zhenxing Ren
- Department of Anatomy, The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Saixia Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Jianhong Zhou
- Department of Anatomy, The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Dongfeng Chen
- Department of Anatomy, The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
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Liu B, Liu J, Zhang J, Mao W, Li S. Effects of autophagy on synaptic-plasticity-related protein expression in the hippocampus CA1 of a rat model of vascular dementia. Neurosci Lett 2019; 707:134312. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chang W, Huang D, Lo YM, Tee Q, Kuo P, Wu JS, Huang W, Shen S. Protective Effect of Caffeic Acid against Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis via Modulating Cerebral Insulin Signaling, β-Amyloid Accumulation, and Synaptic Plasticity in Hyperinsulinemic Rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:7684-7693. [PMID: 31203623 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the alleviative effect of caffeic acid (CA) on Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis and associated mechanisms in high-fat (HF) diet-induced hyperinsulinemic rats. The results of a Morris water maze indicated that, by administrating CA (30 mg/kg b.w./day) for 30 weeks, the memory and learning impairments in HF-induced hyperinsulinemic rats were significantly ameliorated. CA also enhanced superoxide dismutase and glutathione free radical scavenger activity in hyperinsulinemic rats. The Western blot data further confirmed that protein expressions of phosphorylated-glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) were significantly increased, whereas the expression of phosphorylated-tau protein decreased in the hippocampus of rats administered with CA in comparison with the HF group. Moreover, the expression of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and β-site APP cleaving enzyme were attenuated, subsequently lowering the level of β-amyloid 1-42 (Aβ 1-42) in the hippocampus of CA-treated hyperinsulinemic rats. CA also significantly increased the expression of synaptic proteins in HF rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchang Chang
- Department of Food Science , National Chiayi University , No. 300, Syuefu Road , Chiayi City 60004 , Taiwan
| | - Dawei Huang
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology , Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology , No. 1, Nan-Tai Street , Yungkang District, Tainan City 710 , Taiwan
| | - Y Martin Lo
- Institute for Advanced Study , Shenzhen University , 3688 Nanhai Blvd , Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518060 , China
| | - Qinqiao Tee
- Graduate Program of Nutrition Science , National Taiwan Normal University , No. 162, Sec. 1, Heping East Road , Taipei 10610 , Taiwan
| | - Poling Kuo
- Graduate Program of Nutrition Science , National Taiwan Normal University , No. 162, Sec. 1, Heping East Road , Taipei 10610 , Taiwan
| | - James Swibea Wu
- Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology , National Taiwan University , P.O. Box 23-14, Taipei 10672 , Taiwan
| | - Wenchung Huang
- Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology , Chang Gung University of Science and Technology , No. 261, Wenhua First Road , Guishan District, Taoyuan 33303 , Taiwan
| | - Szuchuan Shen
- Graduate Program of Nutrition Science , National Taiwan Normal University , No. 162, Sec. 1, Heping East Road , Taipei 10610 , Taiwan
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Qi G, Mi Y, Fan R, Li R, Liu Z, Liu X. Nobiletin Protects against Systemic Inflammation-Stimulated Memory Impairment via MAPK and NF-κB Signaling Pathways. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:5122-5134. [PMID: 30995031 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation has been intensively demonstrated to be related to various neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Alzheimer's disease (AD). A natural polymethoxylated flavone, nobiletin (NOB) has been reported to alleviate oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and obesity. In this study, we evaluated the protection effects of NOB on neuroinflammation and memory deficit. Three-month mice were administrated with NOB by oral gavage every day for 6 weeks (100 mg/kg/day); subsequently mice were injected intraperitoneally with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 7 days. Results of behavioral tests revealed that NOB dramatically ameliorated LPS-triggered memory deficit regarding synaptic dysfunctions and neuronal loss. Also, NOB suppressed the microglial activation and proinflammatory cytokine secretion, such as COX-2, IL-1β, TNF-α, and iNOS. Similarly, upon LPS stimulation, pretreatment NOB diminished the secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines in BV-2 microglia cells by exposure to LPS via modulating MAPKs, PI3K/AKT, and NF-κB signaling pathways. In addition, NOB alleviated LPS-amplified redox imbalance, disturbance of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and dampening of the expression of protein related to mitochondrial respiration. The present study provides compelling evidence that NOB decreased LPS-stimulated neuroinflammation and memory impairment through maintaining cellular oxidative balance and blocking the NF-κB transcriptional pathway, illustrating that the nutritional compound NOB may serve as a potential approach to alleviate neuroinflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyuan Qi
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yashi Mi
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Fan
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences , University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln , Nebraska 68583 , United States
| | - Runnan Li
- Department of Animal and Food Science , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40506 , United States
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xuebo Liu
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , People's Republic of China
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Synaptic loss in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis and systematic review of synaptic protein and mRNA measures. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:549-561. [PMID: 29511299 PMCID: PMC6004314 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0041-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although synaptic loss is thought to be core to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, the nature, consistency and magnitude of synaptic protein and mRNA changes has not been systematically appraised. Our objective was thus to systematically review and meta-analyse findings. The entire PubMed database was searched for studies from inception date to the 1st of July 2017. We selected case-control postmortem studies in schizophrenia quantifying synaptic protein or mRNA levels in brain tissue. The difference in protein and mRNA levels between cases and controls was extracted and meta-analysis conducted. Among the results, we found a significant reduction in synaptophysin in schizophrenia in the hippocampus (effect size: -0.65, p < 0.01), frontal (effect size: -0.36, p = 0.04), and cingulate cortices (effect size: -0.54, p = 0.02), but no significant changes for synaptophysin in occipital and temporal cortices, and no changes for SNAP-25, PSD-95, VAMP, and syntaxin in frontal cortex. There were insufficient studies for meta-analysis of complexins, synapsins, rab3A and synaptotagmin and mRNA measures. Findings are summarised for these, which generally show reductions in SNAP-25, PSD-95, synapsin and rab3A protein levels in the hippocampus but inconsistency in other regions. Our findings of moderate-large reductions in synaptophysin in hippocampus and frontal cortical regions, and a tendency for reductions in other pre- and postsynaptic proteins in the hippocampus are consistent with models that implicate synaptic loss in schizophrenia. However, they also identify potential differences between regions and proteins, suggesting synaptic loss is not uniform in nature or extent.
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Wang F, Cao Y, Ma L, Pei H, Rausch WD, Li H. Dysfunction of Cerebrovascular Endothelial Cells: Prelude to Vascular Dementia. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:376. [PMID: 30505270 PMCID: PMC6250852 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD) is the second most common type of dementia after Alzheimer's disease (AD), characterized by progressive cognitive impairment, memory loss, and thinking or speech problems. VaD is usually caused by cerebrovascular disease, during which, cerebrovascular endothelial cells (CECs) are vulnerable. CEC dysfunction occurs before the onset of VaD and can eventually lead to dysregulation of cerebral blood flow and blood-brain barrier damage, followed by the activation of glia and inflammatory environment in the brain. White matter, neuronal axons, and synapses are compromised in this process, leading to cognitive impairment. The present review summarizes the mechanisms underlying CEC impairment during hypoperfusion and pathological role of CECs in VaD. Through the comprehensive examination and summarization, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)/nitric oxide (NO) signaling pathway, Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA) signaling pathway, and CEC-derived caveolin-1 (CAV-1) are proposed to serve as targets of new drugs for the treatment of VaD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feixue Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lina Ma
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Pei
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wolf Dieter Rausch
- Department for Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Rakic S, Hung YMA, Smith M, So D, Tayler HM, Varney W, Wild J, Harris S, Holmes C, Love S, Stewart W, Nicoll JAR, Boche D. Systemic infection modifies the neuroinflammatory response in late stage Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:88. [PMID: 30193587 PMCID: PMC6127939 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0592-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies indicate that systemic infections accelerate cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease. Animal models suggest that this may be due to enhanced pro-inflammatory changes in the brain. We have performed a post-mortem human study to determine whether systemic infection modifies the neuropathology and in particular, neuroinflammation, in the late-stage of the disease. Sections of cerebral cortex and underlying white matter from controls and Alzheimer's patients who died with or without a terminal systemic infection were immunolabelled and quantified for: (i) Αβ and phosphorylated-tau; (ii) the inflammation-related proteins Iba1, CD68, HLA-DR, FcγRs (CD64, CD32a, CD32b, CD16), CHIL3L1, IL4R and CCR2; and (iii) T-cell marker CD3. In Alzheimer's disease, the synaptic proteins synaptophysin and PSD-95 were quantified by ELISA, and the inflammatory proteins and mRNAs by MesoScale Discovery Multiplex Assays and qPCR, respectively. Systemic infection in Alzheimer's disease was associated with decreased CD16 (p = 0.027, grey matter) and CD68 (p = 0.015, white matter); increased CD64 (p = 0.017, white matter) as well as increased protein expression of IL6 (p = 0.047) and decreased IL5 (p = 0.007), IL7 (p = 0.002), IL12/IL23p40 (p = 0.001), IL15 (p = 0.008), IL16 (p < 0.001) and IL17A (p < 0.001). Increased expression of anti-inflammatory genes CHI3L1 (p = 0.012) and IL4R (p = 0.004) were detected in this group. T-cell recruitment to the brain was reduced when systemic infection was present. However, exposure to systemic infection did not modify the pathology. In Alzheimer's disease, CD68 (p = 0.026), CD64 (p = 0.002), CHI3L1 (p = 0.016), IL4R (p = 0.005) and CCR2 (p = 0.010) were increased independently of systemic infection. Our findings suggest that systemic infections modify neuroinflammatory processes in Alzheimer's disease. However, rather than promoting pro-inflammatory changes, as observed in experimental models, they seem to promote an anti-inflammatory, potentially immunosuppressive, environment in the human brain.
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Wang S, Zhang J, Pan T. APOE ε4 is associated with higher levels of CSF SNAP-25 in prodromal Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 2018; 685:109-113. [PMID: 30144541 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The underlying mechanism of apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE ε4) in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains elusive. We hypothesize that synaptic function is differentially affected by APOE isoforms. Levels of CSF SNAP-25 were compared between APOE ε4 carriers and noncarriers in 55 participants with normal cognition, 75 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 16 patients with mild AD dementia. We investigated relationships between SNAP-25 levels and age, gender, education, CSF Aβ42, and tau protein. We found that levels of SNAP-25 in CSF were substantially greater in APOE ε4 carriers compared to noncarriers with MCI. There was no significant difference in SNAP-25 levels between APOE ε4 carriers and noncarriers with normal cognition or AD. CSF SNAP-25 levels were associated with MMSE and CSF Aβ and tau levels. In summary, APOE ε4 may affect CSF SNAP levels in MCI patients, suggesting an important role of APOE ε4 in synaptic dysfunction leading to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Tengwei Pan
- Department of Neurology, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China.
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42
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Chen R, Shi J, Yin Q, Li X, Sheng Y, Han J, Zhuang P, Zhang Y. Morphological and Pathological Characteristics of Brain in Diabetic Encephalopathy. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 65:15-28. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-180314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiangwei Shi
- Department of Integrated Rehabilitation, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Qingsheng Yin
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaojin Li
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanyuan Sheng
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Juan Han
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Pengwei Zhuang
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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Ge Y, Chen L, Yin Z, Song X, Ruan T, Hua L, Liu J, Wang J, Ning H. Fluoride-induced alterations of synapse-related proteins in the cerebral cortex of ICR offspring mouse brain. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 201:874-883. [PMID: 29567471 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fluoride (F) exposure causes cognitive dysfunction in humans and animals. However, the precise molecular mechanisms by which fluoride exerts its neurotoxic effects are poorly understood. In this study, an animal model of fluoride exposure was created by providing ICR mice were treated with vehicle F at a dose of 0 (control group), 50 (low-fluoride group) or 100 mg/L (high-fluoride group) in water for one month. After the mice mated, parents and offspring were treated and maintained under these conditions. The cognitive abilities of the mice were examined using a Morris water maze test. Results indicated that fluoride exposure significantly prolonged the escape latency period and decreased the number of crossings in a particular zone. Histopathologic analysis revealed the shrinkage and fragmentation of glial cells in the fluoride-treated groups. Pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortices of fluoride-treated groups were fewer than those of the control group. The expression of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) and synaptic proteins of the cerebral cortex in mouse offspring was assayed using RT-PCR and Western blot. Fluoride exposure possibly induced a significantly decreased expression of MAP2, synaptophysin (SYP) and developmentally regulated brain protein (Dbn) at protein and mRNA levels. Glutamate receptor (N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor, NMDAR) was also expressed, and this finding was consistent with the reduced MAP2, SYP and Dbn expression. Therefore, fluoride-mediated reduction in cognitive dysfunction is likely caused by the disruption of the expression of these synapse-associated proteins, resulting in attenuated neuronal functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaming Ge
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, PR China
| | - Lingli Chen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, PR China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, PR China
| | - Zhihong Yin
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, PR China
| | - Xiaochao Song
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, PR China
| | - Tao Ruan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Liushuai Hua
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, PR China
| | - Junwei Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, PR China
| | - Jundong Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, PR China.
| | - Hongmei Ning
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, PR China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, PR China.
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44
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Gao Y, Li W, Liu Y, Wang Y, Zhang J, Li M, Bu M. Effect of Telmisartan on Preventing Learning and Memory Deficits Via Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ in Vascular Dementia Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2018; 27:277-285. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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45
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Dong J, Zhao J, Lin Y, Liang H, He X, Zheng X, Sui M, Zhuang Z, Yan T. Exercise improves recognition memory and synaptic plasticity in the prefrontal cortex for rats modelling vascular dementia. Neurol Res 2017; 40:68-77. [PMID: 29126372 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2017.1398389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juntao Dong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingpu Zhao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiying Liang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, People’s Hospital of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan, China
| | - Xiaokuo He
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Shiyan, China
| | - Xiuyuan Zheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minghong Sui
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanshan Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhuang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tiebin Yan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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46
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Ginsenoside Rg1 Ameliorates Behavioral Abnormalities and Modulates the Hippocampal Proteomic Change in Triple Transgenic Mice of Alzheimer's Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:6473506. [PMID: 29204248 PMCID: PMC5674513 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6473506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases, so far, there are no effective measures to prevent and cure this deadly condition. Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) was shown to improve behavioral abnormalities in AD; however, the potential mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we pretreated 7-month-old 3xTg-AD mice for 6 weeks with Rg1 and evaluated the effects of Rg1 on the behaviors and the protein expression of hippocampal tissues. The behavioral tests showed that Rg1 could improve the memory impairment and ameliorate the depression-like behaviors of 3xTg-AD mice. Proteomic results revealed a total of 28 differentially expressed hippocampal proteins between Rg1-treated and nontreated 3xTg-AD mice. Among these proteins, complexin-2 (CPLX2), synapsin-2 (SYN2), and synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNP25) were significantly downregulated in the hippocampus of 3xTg-AD mice compared with the WT mice, and the treatment of Rg1 modulated the expression of CPLX2 and SNP25 in the hippocampus of 3xTg-AD mice. The expression of CPLX2, SYN2, and SNP25 was further validated by Western blot analysis. Taken together, we concluded that Rg1 could be a potential candidate drug to improve the behavioral deficits in AD via modulating the expression of the proteins (i.e., CPLX2, SYN2, and SNP25).
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Chen L, Ning H, Yin Z, Song X, Feng Y, Qin H, Li Y, Wang J, Ge Y, Wang W. The effects of fluoride on neuronal function occurs via cytoskeleton damage and decreased signal transmission. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 185:589-594. [PMID: 28719878 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.06.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that fluoride exposure may cause serious public health problems, particularly neurotoxicity. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study used Neuro-2A cells to investigate the effects of fluoride on the cytoskeleton. The Neuro-2A cells were exposed to 0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 mM sodium fluoride (NaF) for 24 h. Cell viability and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release were examined. It was observed that exposure to NaF reduced cell viability, disrupted cellular membrane integrity, and high levels of LDH were released. The observed changes occurred in a dose response manner. Morphologic observations showed that cell became rounded and were loosely adherent following exposure to NaF. Axon spines and normal features disappeared with high dose NaF treatment. The expression of MAP2 and synaptophysin decreased, particularly at 4 mM and 6 mM (P < 0.05) for MAP2. These results corroborate the morphologic observations. The content of glutamate and NMDAR (glutamate receptor) protein were assessed to help understand the relationship between synapses and neurotransmitter release using ELISA and Western-blot. Compared with the control, glutamate and NMDAR expression declined significantly at 4 mM and 6 mM (P < 0.05) group. Finally, the ultrastructural changes observed with increasing doses of NaF were: disappearance of synapses, mitochondrial agglutination, vacuole formation, and cellular edema. Taken together, NaF exposure disrupted cellular integrity and suppressed the release of neurotransmitters, thus effecting neuronal function. These findings provide deeper insights into roles of NaF in neuron damage, which could contribute to a better understanding of fluoride-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Chen
- Shanxi Agriculture University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Hongmei Ning
- Shanxi Agriculture University, Taigu, 030801, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
| | - Zhihong Yin
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Xiaochao Song
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Yongchao Feng
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Hao Qin
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Yi Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Jundong Wang
- Shanxi Agriculture University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Yaming Ge
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
| | - Wenkui Wang
- Shanxi Agriculture University, Taigu, 030801, China.
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Zhvania MG, Pochkidze N. Neuronal Porosome Complex: Secretory Machinery at the Nerve Terminal. Discoveries (Craiova) 2017; 5:e77. [PMID: 32309595 PMCID: PMC6941571 DOI: 10.15190/d.2017.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal porosomes are 15 nm cup-shaped lipoprotein secretory machines composed of nearly 30 proteins present at the presynaptic membrane, that have been investigated using multiple imaging modalities, such as electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and solution X-ray. Synaptic vesicles transiently dock and fuse at the base of the porosome cup facing the cytosol, by establishing a fusion pore for neurotransmitter release. Studies on the morphology, dynamics, isolation, composition, and reconstitution of the neuronal porosome complex provide a molecular understanding of its structure and function. In the past twenty years, a large body of evidence has accumulated on the involvement of the neuronal porosome proteins in neurotransmission and various neurological disorders. In light of these findings, this review briefly summarizes our current understanding of the neuronal porosome complex, the secretory nanomachine at the nerve terminal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mzia G. Zhvania
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Ilia State University, 3/5 K. Cholokhashvili Avenue, 0162, Tbilisi, Georgia
- Department of Brain Ultrastructure and Nanoarchitecture, I. Beriitashvili Center of Experimental BioMedicine, 14, Gotua Street, 0160 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nino Pochkidze
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Ilia State University, 3/5 K. Cholokhashvili Avenue, 0162, Tbilisi, Georgia
- Department of Brain Ultrastructure and Nanoarchitecture, I. Beriitashvili Center of Experimental BioMedicine, 14, Gotua Street, 0160 Tbilisi, Georgia
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Abstract
Background: Possession of APOEɛ4 is a strong risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease and is associated with loss of synaptic proteins in the elderly even in the absence of Alzheimer’s disease. Objective: We hypothesized that ɛ4 allele possession in non-demented adults aged under-75 would also be associated with alterations in the levels of synaptic proteins. Methods: We measured synaptophysin, PSD95, drebrin, SNAP-25, and septin 7 by ELISA in hippocampus and superior temporal gyrus from 103 adults aged <75 without dementia. Corresponding gene expression was measured by RT-PCR. Results: There was no evidence that ɛ4 affected levels of the proteins measured. Instead we found an increase in post-synaptic proteins in the hippocampi of those with an ɛ32 genotype. The evidence was strongest for drebrin (p = 0.011). There was some evidence of increased synaptic protein gene expression in ɛ4 carriers. Conclusions: People with an APOEɛ32 genotype have a reduced risk of Alzheimer’s disease. It may be relevant that they have a higher level of post-synaptic proteins in the hippocampus even in earlier adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey I Sinclair
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Clifton, Bristol, UK
| | - Seth Love
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Level 1 Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
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50
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Love S, Miners JS. Small vessel disease, neurovascular regulation and cognitive impairment: post-mortem studies reveal a complex relationship, still poorly understood. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:1579-1589. [PMID: 28667060 DOI: 10.1042/cs20170148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of vascular disease to cognitive impairment is under-recognized and the pathogenesis is poorly understood. This information gap has multiple causes, including a lack of post-mortem validation of clinical diagnoses of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) or vascular dementia (VaD), the exclusion of cases with concomitant neurodegenerative disease when diagnosing VCI/VaD, and a lack of standardization of neuropathological assessment protocols for vascular disease. Other contributors include a focus on end-stage destructive lesions to the exclusion of more subtle types of diffuse brain injury, on structural abnormalities of arteries and arterioles to the exclusion of non-structural abnormalities and capillary damage, and the use of post-mortem sampling strategies that are biased towards the identification of neurodegenerative pathologies. Recent studies have demonstrated the value of detailed neuropathology in characterizing vascular contributions to cognitive impairment (e.g. in diabetes), and highlight the importance of diffuse white matter changes, capillary damage and vasoregulatory abnormalities in VCI/VaD. The use of standardized, evidence-based post-mortem assessment protocols and the inclusion of biochemical as well as morphological methods in neuropathological studies should improve the accuracy of determination of the contribution of vascular disease to cognitive impairment and clarify the relative contribution of different pathogenic processes to the tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Love
- Dementia Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Level 1, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, U.K.
| | - J Scott Miners
- Dementia Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Level 1, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, U.K
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