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Salari M, Etemadifar M, Rashedi R, Mardani S. A Review of Ocular Movement Abnormalities in Hereditary Cerebellar Ataxias. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 23:702-721. [PMID: 37000369 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-023-01554-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxias are a wide heterogeneous group of disorders that may present with fine motor deficits as well as gait and balance disturbances that have a significant influence on everyday activities. To review the ocular movements in cerebellar ataxias in order to improve the clinical knowledge of cerebellar ataxias and related subtypes. English papers published from January 1990 to May 2022 were selected by searching PubMed services. The main search keywords were ocular motor, oculomotor, eye movement, eye motility, and ocular motility, along with each ataxia subtype. The eligible papers were analyzed for clinical presentation, involved mutations, the underlying pathology, and ocular movement alterations. Forty-three subtypes of spinocerebellar ataxias and a number of autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive ataxias were discussed in terms of pathology, clinical manifestations, involved mutations, and with a focus on the ocular abnormalities. A flowchart has been made using ocular movement manifestations to differentiate different ataxia subtypes. And underlying pathology of each subtype is reviewed in form of illustrated models to reach a better understanding of each disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehri Salari
- Neurology Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Etemadifar
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ronak Rashedi
- Neurology Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sayna Mardani
- Neurology Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Gyening YK, Boris K, Cyril M, Brush RS, Nassogne MC, Agbaga MP. A novel ELOVL4 variant, L168S, causes early childhood-onset Spinocerebellar ataxia-34 and retinal dysfunction: a case report. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:131. [PMID: 37568198 PMCID: PMC10416515 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01628-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia 34 (SCA34) is an autosomal dominant inherited disease characterized by age-related cerebellar degeneration and ataxia caused by mutations in the Elongation of Very Long Chain Fatty Acid-4 (ELOVL4) gene. The ELOVL4 enzyme catalyzes the biosynthesis of both very long chain saturated fatty acids (VLC-SFA) and very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC-PUFA) that are important for neuronal, reproductive, and skin function. Several variants in ELOVL4 have been shown to cause different tissue-specific disorders including SCA34 with or without Erythrokeratodermia Variabilis (EKV), a skin condition characterized by dry, scaly skin, Autosomal Dominant Stargardt-Like Macular Dystrophy (STGD3), and seizures associated with neuro-ichthyotic disorders. What is puzzling is how different mutations in the same gene seem to cause different tissue-specific disorders. To date, no SCA34 patients have presented with both SCA34 and STGD3 pathology that is caused by ELOVL4 variants that cause truncation of ELOVL4. Here, we report a novel case of an early childhood onset and rapidly progressive cerebellar degeneration and retinal dysfunction in a Belgian-Italian girl who developed severe dysarthria and gait problems starting at about 3.5 years of age and progressed to immobility by 4.5 years of age. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed progressive vermian, cerebellar, cortical atrophy, progressive corpus callosum slimming, and hot cross bun sign visible on the MRI. Ophthalmological examinations also revealed progressive macular dysfunction as measured by electroretinography. Using exome sequencing, we identified a novel heterozygous ELOVL4 variant, c.503 T > C (p. L168S) in the patient. To understand the enzymatic function of this novel ELOVL4 variant and how it alters the levels of VLC-PUFA and VLC-SFA biosynthesis to contribute to cerebellar and retinal dysfunction, we expressed wild-type ELOVL4 or the L168S ELOVL4 variant in cell culture and supplemented the cultures with VLC-PUFA or VLC-SFA precursors. We showed that the L168S ELOVL4 variant is deficient in the biosynthesis of VLC-SFA and VLC-PUFA. Our work suggests that differential depletion of these fatty acids may be a contributing factor to the pathogenic mechanism of SCA34 with or without EKV. Further studies will help further define how the different ELOVL4 variants cause different tissue-specific disorders with variable ages of onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeboah Kofi Gyening
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, DMEI 423 Parke Pavilion, 608 Stanton L. Young Boulevard, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA
- Unité Déficiences Intellectuelles/Troubles du, Développement, Service de Génétique Clinique et Médicale, AP-HP. Sorbonne Université -Hôpital de La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Keren Boris
- UF de Génomique du Développement, Centre de Génétique Moléculaire et Chromosomique, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université - Hôpital de La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Unité Déficiences Intellectuelles/Troubles du, Développement, Service de Génétique Clinique et Médicale, AP-HP. Sorbonne Université -Hôpital de La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Mignot Cyril
- Unité Déficiences Intellectuelles/Troubles du, Développement, Service de Génétique Clinique et Médicale, AP-HP. Sorbonne Université -Hôpital de La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme - Service de NeurologiePédiatrique, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc -UCLouvain, Avenue Hippocrate, 10, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Richard S Brush
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, DMEI 423 Parke Pavilion, 608 Stanton L. Young Boulevard, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA
- Unité Déficiences Intellectuelles/Troubles du, Développement, Service de Génétique Clinique et Médicale, AP-HP. Sorbonne Université -Hôpital de La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Cécile Nassogne
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme - Service de NeurologiePédiatrique, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc -UCLouvain, Avenue Hippocrate, 10, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Martin-Paul Agbaga
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, DMEI 423 Parke Pavilion, 608 Stanton L. Young Boulevard, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology and Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA.
- Unité Déficiences Intellectuelles/Troubles du, Développement, Service de Génétique Clinique et Médicale, AP-HP. Sorbonne Université -Hôpital de La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
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3
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Saucier J, Al-Qadi M, Amor MB, Ishikawa K, Chamard-Witkowski L. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 31: A clinical and radiological literature review. J Neurol Sci 2023; 444:120527. [PMID: 36563608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 31 (SCA31) is an autosomal dominant disease, classified amongst pure cerebellar ataxias (ADCA type 3). While SCA31 is the third most prevalent autosomal dominant ataxia in Japan, it is extremely rare in other countries. A literature review was conducted on PubMed, where we included all case reports and studies describing the clinical presentation of original SCA31 cases. The clinical and radiological features of 374 patients issued from 25 studies were collected. This review revealed that the average age of onset was 59.1 ± 3.3 years, with symptoms of slowly progressing ataxia and dysarthria. Other common clinical features were oculomotor dysfunction (38.8%), dysphagia (22.1%), hypoacousia (23.3%), vibratory hypoesthesia (24.3%), and dysreflexia (41.6%). Unfrequently, abnormal movements (7.4%), extrapyramidal symptoms (4.5%) and cognitive impairment (6.9%) may be observed. Upon radiological examination, clinicians can expect a high prevalence of cerebellar atrophy (78.7%), occasionally accompanied by brainstem (9.1%) and cortical (9.1%) atrophy. Although SCA31 is described as a slowly progressive pure cerebellar syndrome characterized by cerebellar signs such as ataxia, dysarthria and oculomotor dysfunction, this study evaluated a high prevalence of extracerebellar manifestations. Extracerebellar signs were observed in 52.5% of patients, primarily consisting of dysreflexia, vibratory hypoesthesia and hypoacousia. Nonetheless, we must consider the old age and longstanding disease course of patients as a confounding factor for extracerebellar sign development, as some may not be directly attributable to SCA31. Clinicians should consider SCA31 in patients with a hereditary, pure cerebellar syndrome and in patients with extracerebellar signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Saucier
- Centre de formation médicale du Nouveau-Brunswick, Université de Sherbrooke, Moncton, NB, Canada..
| | - Mohammad Al-Qadi
- Centre de formation médicale du Nouveau-Brunswick, Université de Sherbrooke, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Mouna Ben Amor
- Centre de formation médicale du Nouveau-Brunswick, Université de Sherbrooke, Moncton, NB, Canada.; Department of Genetic Medicine, Dr. Georges-L.-Dumont University Hospital Centre, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Kinya Ishikawa
- The Center for Personalized Medecine for Healthy Aging, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8519 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ludivine Chamard-Witkowski
- Centre de formation médicale du Nouveau-Brunswick, Université de Sherbrooke, Moncton, NB, Canada.; Department of Neurology, Dr. Georges-L.-Dumont University Hospital Centre, Moncton, NB, Canada
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Iwabuchi K, Koyano S, Yagishita S. Simple and clear differentiation of spinocerebellar degenerations: Overview of macroscopic and low-power view findings. Neuropathology 2022; 42:379-393. [PMID: 35859519 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar degenerations (SCDs) are a diverse group of rare and slowly progressive neurological diseases that include spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1), SCA2, SCA3, SCA6, SCA7, dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA) and multiple system atrophy (MSA). They are often inherited, and affect the cerebellum and related pathways. The combination of clinical findings and lesion distribution has been the gold-standard for classifying SCDs. This conventional approach has not been very successful in providing a solid framework shared among researchers because their points of views have been quite variable. After identification of genetic abnormalities, classification was overwhelmed by genotyping, replacing the conventional approach far behind. In this review, we describe a stepwise operational approach that we constructed based only on macroscopic findings without microscopy to classify SCDs into three major groups: pure cerebellar type for SCA6 and SCA31; olivopontocerebellar (OPC) type for SCA1, SCA2, SCA7 and MSA; and dentatorubral-pallidoluysian (DRPL) type for SCA1, SCA3, DRPLA and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). Spinocerebellar tract involvement distinguishes SCA1 and SCA3 from DRPLA. Degeneration of the internal segment of the pallidum is accentuated in SCA3 and PSP, while degeneration of the external segment is accentuated in SCA1 and DRPLA. These contrasts are helpful in subdividing OPC and DRPL types to predict their genotypes. Lesion distribution represents disease-specific selective vulnerability, which is readily differentiated macroscopically using our stepwise operational approach. Precise prediction of the major genotypes will provide a basis to understand how genetic abnormalities lead to corresponding phenotypes through disease-specific selective vulnerabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shigeru Koyano
- Department of Neurology, Yokohama Minami Kyosai Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Saburo Yagishita
- Department of Pathology, Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan
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Li M, Liu F, Hao X, Fan Y, Li J, Hu Z, Shi J, Fan L, Zhang S, Ma D, Guo M, Xu Y, Shi C. Rare KCND3 Loss-of-Function Mutation Associated With the SCA19/22. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:919199. [PMID: 35813061 PMCID: PMC9261871 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.919199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia 19/22 (SCA19/22) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations of the KCND3 gene, which encodes the Kv4. 3 protein. Currently, only 22 KCND3 single-nucleotide mutation sites of SCA19/22 have been reported worldwide, and detailed pathogenesis remains unclear. In this study, Sanger sequencing was used to screen 115 probands of cerebellar ataxia families in 67 patients with sporadic cerebellar ataxia and 200 healthy people to identify KCND3 mutations. Mutant gene products showed pathogenicity damage, and the polarity was changed. Next, we established induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from SCA19/22 patients. Using a transcriptome sequencing technique, we found that protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum was significantly enriched in SCA19/22-iPS-derived neurons and was closely related to endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and apoptosis. In addition, Western blotting of the SCA19/22-iPS-derived neurons showed a reduction in Kv4.3; but, activation of transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and C/EBP homologous protein was increased. Therefore, the c.1130 C>T (p.T377M) mutation of the KCND3 gene may mediate misfold and aggregation of Kv4.3, which activates the ERS and further induces neuron apoptosis involved in SCA19/22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fen Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Hao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu Fan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiadi Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhengwei Hu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Shi
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Basic Medical College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liyuan Fan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dongrui Ma
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengnan Guo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuming Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Basic Medical College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- The Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Hereditary Neurodegenerative Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases Prevention and Treatment, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Changhe Shi
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- The Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Hereditary Neurodegenerative Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases Prevention and Treatment, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Changhe Shi
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Kovacs GG, Ghetti B, Goedert M. Classification of Diseases with Accumulation of Tau Protein. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2022; 48:e12792. [PMID: 35064600 PMCID: PMC9352145 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabor G Kovacs
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Laboratory Medicine Program & Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bernardino Ghetti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana, USA
| | - Michel Goedert
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, UK
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Norioka R, Sugaya K, Murayama A, Kawazoe T, Tobisawa S, Kawata A, Takahashi K. Midbrain atrophy related to parkinsonism in a non-coding repeat expansion disorder: five cases of spinocerebellar ataxia type 31 with nigrostriatal dopaminergic dysfunction. CEREBELLUM & ATAXIAS 2021; 8:11. [PMID: 33785066 PMCID: PMC8010976 DOI: 10.1186/s40673-021-00134-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Spinocerebellar ataxia type 31 (SCA31) is caused by non-coding pentanucleotide repeat expansions in the BEAN1 gene. Clinically, SCA31 is characterized by late adult-onset, pure cerebellar ataxia. To explore the association between parkinsonism and SCA31, five patients with SCA31 with concomitant nigrostriatal dopaminergic dysfunction (NSDD) development, including three cases of L-DOPA responsive parkinsonism, were analyzed. Methods To assess regional brain atrophy, cross-sectional and longitudinal imaging analyses were retrospectively performed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) planimetry. The midbrain-to-pons (M/P) area ratio and cerebellar area were measured on midsagittal T1-weighted MRI in five patients with SCA31 with concomitant NSDD (NSDD(+)), 14 patients with SCA31 without NSDD (NSDD(−)), 32 patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD), and 15 patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). Longitudinal changes in the M/P area ratio were assessed by serial MRI of NSDD(+) (n = 5) and NSDD(−) (n = 9). Results The clinical characteristics assessed in the five patients with NSDD were as follows: the mean age at NSDD onset (72.0 ± 10.8 years), prominence of bradykinesia/akinesia (5/5), rigidity (4/5), tremor (2/5), dysautonomia (0/5), vertical gaze limitation (1/5), and abnormalities on 123I-ioflupane dopamine transporter scintigraphy (3/3) and 3-Tesla neuromelanin MRI (4/4). A clear reduction in the midbrain area and the M/P area ratio was observed in the NSDD(+) group (p < 0.05) while there was no significant difference in disease duration or in the pons area among the NSDD(+), NSDD(−), and PD groups. There was also a significant difference in the midbrain and pons area between NSDD(+) and PSP (p < 0.05). Thus, mild but significant midbrain atrophy was observed in NSDD(+). A faster rate of decline in the midbrain area and the M/P area ratio was evident in NSDD(+) (p < 0.05). Conclusion The clinical characteristics of the five patients with SCA31 with concomitant NSDD, together with the topographical pattern of atrophy, were inconsistent with PD, PSP, and multiple system atrophy, suggesting that SCA31 may manifest NSDD in association with the pathomechanisms underlying SCA31. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40673-021-00134-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Norioka
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, 2-6-1 Musashidai, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-0042, Japan
| | - Keizo Sugaya
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, 2-6-1 Musashidai, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-0042, Japan.
| | - Aki Murayama
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, 2-6-1 Musashidai, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-0042, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kawazoe
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, 2-6-1 Musashidai, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-0042, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Tobisawa
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, 2-6-1 Musashidai, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-0042, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kawata
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, 2-6-1 Musashidai, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-0042, Japan
| | - Kazushi Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, 2-6-1 Musashidai, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-0042, Japan
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Mulroy E, Jaunmuktane Z, Balint B, Erro R, Latorre A, Bhatia KP. Some New and Unexpected Tauopathies in Movement Disorders. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2020; 7:616-626. [PMID: 32775506 PMCID: PMC7396854 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eoin Mulroy
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology London United Kingdom
| | - Zane Jaunmuktane
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology London United Kingdom.,Division of Neuropathology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery University College London Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust London United Kingdom
| | - Bettina Balint
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology London United Kingdom.,Department of Neurology University Hospital Heidelberg Germany
| | - Roberto Erro
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana," Neuroscience Section University of Salerno Baronissi Italy
| | - Anna Latorre
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology London United Kingdom
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology London United Kingdom
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Toru S, Ishida S, Uchihara T, Hirokawa K, Kitagawa M, Ishikawa K. Comorbid argyrophilic grain disease in an 87-year-old male with spinocerebellar ataxia type 31 with dementia: a case report. BMC Neurol 2020; 20:136. [PMID: 32293309 PMCID: PMC7158122 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-020-01723-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Spinocerebellar ataxia type 31 (SCA31) is not usually associated with dementia, and autopsy in a patient with both conditions is very rare. Case presentation An 87-year-old male patient presented with ataxia and progressive dementia. Genetic testing led to a diagnosis of SCA31. Fifteen years after his initial symptoms of hearing loss and difficulty walking, he died of aspiration pneumonia. A pathological analysis showed cerebellar degeneration consistent with SCA31 and abundant argyrophilic grains in the hippocampal formation and amygdala that could explain his dementia. Conclusions This is the first autopsy report on comorbid argyrophilic grain disease with SCA31.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuta Toru
- Department of Neurology, Nitobe Memorial Nakano General Hospital, 4-59-16 Chuo, Nakano-ku, Tokyo, 164-8607, Japan.
| | - Shoko Ishida
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Toshiki Uchihara
- Department of Neurology, Nitobe Memorial Nakano General Hospital, 4-59-16 Chuo, Nakano-ku, Tokyo, 164-8607, Japan
| | - Katsuiku Hirokawa
- Department of Pathology, Nitobe Memorial Nakano General Hospital, 4-59-16 Chuo, Nakano-ku, Tokyo, 164-8607, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kitagawa
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Kinya Ishikawa
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
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Abstract
The spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a genetically heterogeneous group of autosomal dominantly inherited progressive disorders, the clinical hallmark of which is loss of balance and coordination accompanied by slurred speech; onset is most often in adult life. Genetically, SCAs are grouped as repeat expansion SCAs, such as SCA3/Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), and rare SCAs that are caused by non-repeat mutations, such as SCA5. Most SCA mutations cause prominent damage to cerebellar Purkinje neurons with consecutive cerebellar atrophy, although Purkinje neurons are only mildly affected in some SCAs. Furthermore, other parts of the nervous system, such as the spinal cord, basal ganglia and pontine nuclei in the brainstem, can be involved. As there is currently no treatment to slow or halt SCAs (many SCAs lead to premature death), the clinical care of patients with SCA focuses on managing the symptoms through physiotherapy, occupational therapy and speech therapy. Intense research has greatly expanded our understanding of the pathobiology of many SCAs, revealing that they occur via interrelated mechanisms (including proteotoxicity, RNA toxicity and ion channel dysfunction), and has led to the identification of new targets for treatment development. However, the development of effective therapies is hampered by the heterogeneity of the SCAs; specific therapeutic approaches may be required for each disease.
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Shindo K, Sato T, Murata H, Ichinose Y, Hata T, Takiyama Y. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 31 associated with REM sleep behavior disorder: a case report. BMC Neurol 2019; 19:9. [PMID: 30634945 PMCID: PMC6329112 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-019-1238-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinocerebellar ataxia type 31 (SCA 31) is a slowly progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by pure cerebellar ataxia. Unlike other CAG repeat diseases, sleep-related problems have not been reported in patients with SCA 31 so far. CASE PRESENTATION A 67-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with dysarthria and gait disturbance after onset age of 62 years. Neurological examination revealed pure cerebellar ataxia. Genetic analysis detected expansion of a TGGAA repeat in the coding region of the BEAN/TK2 gene on chromosome 16p22.1, confirming the diagnosis of SCA 31. One year later, her husband noticed the patient talking loudly during sleep once or twice a week. Overnight polysomnography showed rapid eye movement sleep without atonia. Cardiac scintigraphy with iodine-123-labeled meta-iodobenzylguanidine revealed a low heart/mediastinum ratio, indicating reduced uptake, and a high washout rate. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first report of a patient with SCA 31 associated with rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD). In the future, evaluation of autonomic function, assessment of the frequency of RBD, and performance of cardiac iodine-123-labeled meta-iodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy in a larger number of SCA 31 patients could be useful to resolve important issues regarding the mechanism of RBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Shindo
- Department of Neurology, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokatou, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan.
| | - Tohko Sato
- Department of Neurology, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokatou, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Murata
- Department of Neurology, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokatou, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Yuta Ichinose
- Department of Neurology, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokatou, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Takanori Hata
- Department of Neurology, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokatou, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Takiyama
- Department of Neurology, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokatou, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
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Takahashi Y, Manabe Y, Morihara R, Narai H, Yamashita T, Abe K. Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder Coinciding with Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 31. Case Rep Neurol 2017. [PMID: 28626410 PMCID: PMC5471787 DOI: 10.1159/000475657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the unusual case of a 63-year-old man with spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) type 31 who developed neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) 14 years after the onset of cerebellar symptoms. In addition to cerebellar atrophy, magnetic resonance imaging showed multiple high-intensity areas in the brain and a long thoracic cord lesion from Th1/2 to Th11. The combination of NMOSD and SCA31 is accidental. However, our case suggests that inflammatory processes could be involved in the pathogenesis of NMOSD and SCA31.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Okayama Medical Center, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Manabe
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Okayama Medical Center, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ryuta Morihara
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Okayama Medical Center, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hisashi Narai
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Okayama Medical Center, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toru Yamashita
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Koji Abe
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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