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Koss KM, Son T, Li C, Hao Y, Cao J, Churchward MA, Zhang ZJ, Wertheim JA, Derda R, Todd KG. Toward discovering a novel family of peptides targeting neuroinflammatory states of brain microglia and astrocytes. J Neurochem 2024; 168:3386-3414. [PMID: 37171455 PMCID: PMC10640667 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are immune-derived cells critical to the development and healthy function of the brain and spinal cord, yet are implicated in the active pathology of many neuropsychiatric disorders. A range of functional phenotypes associated with the healthy brain or disease states has been suggested from in vivo work and were modeled in vitro as surveying, reactive, and primed sub-types of primary rat microglia and mixed microglia/astrocytes. It was hypothesized that the biomolecular profile of these cells undergoes a phenotypical change as well, and these functional phenotypes were explored for potential novel peptide binders using a custom 7 amino acid-presenting M13 phage library (SX7) to identify unique peptides that bind differentially to these respective cell types. Surveying glia were untreated, reactive were induced with a lipopolysaccharide treatment, recovery was modeled with a potent anti-inflammatory treatment dexamethasone, and priming was determined by subsequently challenging the cells with interferon gamma. Microglial function was profiled by determining the secretion of cytokines and nitric oxide, and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase. After incubation with the SX7 phage library, populations of SX7-positive microglia and/or astrocytes were collected using fluorescence-activated cell sorting, SX7 phage was amplified in Escherichia coli culture, and phage DNA was sequenced via next-generation sequencing. Binding validation was done with synthesized peptides via in-cell westerns. Fifty-eight unique peptides were discovered, and their potential functions were assessed using a basic local alignment search tool. Peptides potentially originated from proteins ranging in function from a variety of supportive glial roles, including synapse support and pruning, to inflammatory incitement including cytokine and interleukin activation, and potential regulation in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Koss
- Comprehensive Transplant Center and Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Illinois, Chicago, USA
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Arizona, Tucson, USA
| | - T Son
- Comprehensive Transplant Center and Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Illinois, Chicago, USA
| | - C Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Y Hao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - J Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
- 48Hour Discovery Inc, 11421 Saskatchewan Dr NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - M A Churchward
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Concordia University of Edmonton, Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Z J Zhang
- Comprehensive Transplant Center and Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Illinois, Chicago, USA
| | - J A Wertheim
- Comprehensive Transplant Center and Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Illinois, Chicago, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Arizona, Tucson, USA
| | - R Derda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
- 48Hour Discovery Inc, 11421 Saskatchewan Dr NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - K G Todd
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Lim KY, Kim SI, Kim H, Kang J, Park JW, Won JK, Shin DY, Park SH. Toxic leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids caused by chemotherapeutic drugs other than methotrexate. BMC Neurol 2022; 22:288. [PMID: 35922754 PMCID: PMC9347126 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-022-02818-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this report is to share the clinicopathological features of chemotherapy-induced toxic leukoencephalopathy, which is a rare and under-recognized disease, clinically characterized by rapidly progressive cognitive loss that often leads to sudden death. CASE PRESENTATION A 64-year-old woman and a 63-year-old man, who had both suffered from a rapid deterioration of consciousness, were autopsied under the clinical impressions of either the central nervous system graft versus host disease (CNS-GVHD), infectious encephalitis, or autoimmune encephalitis. Both patients had been treated with multiple chemotherapy regimens, including adriamycin, cytarabine arabinoside, daunorubicin, fludarabine, azacitidine, and allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation to treat hematological malignancies (acute myelogenous leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome). Neuropathological findings at autopsy revealed rarefaction and vacuolar changes of the white matter with axonal spheroids, reactive gliosis, and foamy macrophage infiltration, predominantly in the visual pathways of the occipital and temporal lobes. Damaged axons exhibited immunoreactivity to beta-amyloid, consistent with axonopathy. However, there was no lymphocyte infiltration that suggested CNS-GVHD or any type of encephalitis. CONCLUSION The neuropathology found in the presented cases had the characteristic features of toxic leukoencephalopathy (chemobrain). Our cases showed that toxic leukoencephalopathy can also be caused by chemotherapy drugs other than methotrexate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Young Lim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Ik Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunhee Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongwan Kang
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woo Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kyung Won
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Yeop Shin
- Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hye Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea. .,Institute of Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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Jellinger KA. Pallidal degenerations and related disorders: an update. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 129:521-543. [PMID: 34363531 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02392-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders involving preferentially the globus pallidus, its efferet and afferent circuits and/or related neuronal systems are rare. They include a variety of both familial and sporadic progressive movement disorders, clinically manifesting as choreoathetosis, dystonia, Parkinsonism, akinesia or myoclonus, often associated with seizures, mental impairment and motor or cerebellar symptoms. Based on the involved neuronal systems, this heterogenous group has been classified into several subgroups: "pure" pallidal atrophy (PPA) and extended forms, pallidonigral and pallidonigrospinal degeneration (PND, PNSD), pallidopyramidal syndrome (PPS), a highly debatable group, pallidopontonigral (PPND), nigrostriatal-pallidal-pyramidal degeneration (NSPPD) (Kufor-Rakeb syndrome /KRS), pallidoluysian degeneration (PLD), pallidoluysionigral degeneration (PLND), pallidoluysiodentate atrophy (PLDA), the more frequent dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA), and other hereditary multisystem disorders affecting these systems, e.g., neuroferritinopathy (NF). Some of these syndromes are sporadic, others show autosomal recessive or dominant heredity, and for some specific gene mutations have been detected, e.g., ATP13A2/PARK9 (KRS), FTL1 or ATP13A2 (neuroferritinopathy), CAG triple expansions in gene ATN1 (DRPLA) or pA152T variant in MAPT gene (PNLD). One of the latter, and both PPND and DRPLA are particular subcortical 4-R tauopathies, related to progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), corticobasal degeneration (CBD) and frontotemporal lobe degeneration-17 (FTLD-17), while others show additional 3-R and 4-R tauopathies or TDP-43 pathologies. The differential diagnosis includes a large variety of neurodegenerations ranging from Huntington and Joseph-Machado disease, tauopathies (PSP), torsion dystonia, multiple system atrophy, neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA), and other extrapyramidal disorders. Neuroimaging data and biological markers have been published for only few syndromes. In the presence of positive family histories, an early genetic counseling may be effective. The etiology of most phenotypes is unknown, and only for some pathogenic mechanisms, like polyglutamine-induced oxidative stress and autophagy in DRPLA, mitochondrial dysfunction induced by oxidative stress in KRS or ferrostasis/toxicity and protein aggregation in NF, have been discussed. Currently no disease-modifying therapy is available, and symptomatic treatment of hypo-, hyperkinetic, spastic or other symptoms may be helpful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Jellinger
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, Alberichgasse 5/13, 1150, Vienna, Austria.
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