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Shiina T, Suzuki Y, Horii K, Sawamura T, Yuki N, Horii Y, Shimizu Y. Purinergic inhibitory regulation of esophageal smooth muscle is mediated by P2Y receptors and ATP-dependent potassium channels in rats. J Physiol Sci 2024; 74:26. [PMID: 38654149 PMCID: PMC11036717 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-024-00916-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Purines such as ATP are regulatory transmitters in motility of the gastrointestinal tract. The aims of this study were to propose functional roles of purinergic regulation of esophageal motility. An isolated segment of the rat esophagus was placed in an organ bath, and mechanical responses were recorded using a force transducer. Exogenous application of ATP (10-100 μM) evoked relaxation of the esophageal smooth muscle in a longitudinal direction under the condition of carbachol (1 μM) -induced precontraction. Pretreatment with a non-selective P2 receptor antagonist, suramin (500 μM), and a P2Y receptor antagonist, cibacron blue F3GA (200 μM), inhibited the ATP (100 μM) -induced relaxation, but a P2X receptor antagonist, pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2,4-disulfonic acid (50 μM), did not affect it. A blocker of ATP-dependent potassium channels (KATP channels), glibenclamide (200 μM), inhibited the ATP-induced relaxation and application of an opener of KATP channels, nicorandil (50 μM), produced relaxation. The findings suggest that ATP is involved in inhibitory regulation of the longitudinal smooth muscle in the muscularis mucosae of the rat esophagus via activation of P2Y receptors and then opening of KATP channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko Shiina
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Laboratory of Physiology, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Laboratory of Physiology, Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Yuji Suzuki
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Laboratory of Physiology, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Horii
- Division of Biological Principles, Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Tomoya Sawamura
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Laboratory of Physiology, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Natsufu Yuki
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Laboratory of Physiology, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yuuki Horii
- Institute for Glyco-Core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yasutake Shimizu
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Laboratory of Physiology, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Laboratory of Physiology, Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
- Division of Animal Medical Science, Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research (COMIT), Gifu University Institute for Advanced Study, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
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Suzuki Y, Shimizu Y, Shiina T. ATP-Induced Contractile Response of Esophageal Smooth Muscle in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1985. [PMID: 38396664 PMCID: PMC10888660 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25041985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The tunica muscularis of mammalian esophagi is composed of striated muscle and smooth muscle. Contraction of the esophageal striated muscle portion is mainly controlled by cholinergic neurons. On the other hand, smooth muscle contraction and relaxation are controlled not only by cholinergic components but also by non-cholinergic components in the esophagus. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is known to regulate smooth muscle contraction and relaxation in the gastrointestinal tract via purinergic receptors. However, the precise mechanism of purinergic regulation in the esophagus is still unclear. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to clarify the effects of ATP on the mechanical responses of the esophageal muscle in mice. An isolated segment of the mouse esophagus was placed in a Magnus's tube and longitudinal mechanical responses were recorded. Exogenous application of ATP induced contractile responses in the esophageal preparations. Tetrodotoxin, a blocker of voltage-dependent sodium channels in neurons and striated muscle, did not affect the ATP-induced contraction. The ATP-evoked contraction was blocked by pretreatment with suramin, a purinergic receptor antagonist. RT-PCR revealed the expression of mRNA of purinergic receptor genes in the mouse esophageal tissue. The findings suggest that purinergic signaling might regulate the motor activity of mouse esophageal smooth muscle.
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Grants
- 2021 Koshiyama Science & Technology foundation
- 2021 OGAWA Science and Technology Foundation
- 17K08122 Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan
- 20K06409 Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan
- 23K05553 Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Suzuki
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Laboratory of Physiology, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan (Y.S.)
| | - Yasutake Shimizu
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Laboratory of Physiology, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan (Y.S.)
- Division of Animal Medical Science, Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research (COMIT), Gifu University Institute for Advanced Study, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Takahiko Shiina
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Laboratory of Physiology, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan (Y.S.)
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Babou Kammoe RB, Sévigny J. Extracellular nucleotides in smooth muscle contraction. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 220:116005. [PMID: 38142836 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.116005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides are crucial signalling molecules, eliciting diverse biological responses in almost all organs and tissues. These molecules exert their effects by activating specific nucleotide receptors, which are finely regulated by ectonucleotidases that break down their ligands. In this comprehensive review, we aim to elucidate the relevance of extracellular nucleotides as signalling molecules in the context of smooth muscle contraction, considering the modulatory influence of ectonucleotidases on this intricate process. Specifically, we provide a detailed examination of the involvement of extracellular nucleotides in the contraction of non-vascular smooth muscles, including those found in the urinary bladder, the airways, the reproductive system, and the gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, we present a broader overview of the role of extracellular nucleotides in vascular smooth muscle contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romuald Brice Babou Kammoe
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
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King BF. P2X3 receptors participate in purinergic inhibition of gastrointestinal smooth muscle. Auton Neurosci 2021; 234:102830. [PMID: 34116466 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2021.102830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The ATP analogue α,β-meATP is a potent relaxant of gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but its molecular target is uncertain inside the gut. α,β-meATP relaxed the carbachol-precontracted guinea-pig taenia coli in a concentration-dependent manner (EC50, 2.0 ± 0.1 μM). A luciferase-based assay confirmed that α,β-meATP solutions were minimally contaminated with ATP. α,β-meATP-evoked relaxations were inhibited by the competitive P2Y1 antagonist MRS2179 (pA2 = 5.36), but also by the competitive P2X3 antagonist, A-317491 (pA2 = 5.51). When MRS2179 and A-317491 were applied together, residual α,β-meATP responses converted from brief to prolonged relaxations. Sodium nitroprusside (a nitric oxide donor) also caused prolonged relaxations. Immunohistochemistry revealed that P2X3 receptors were present in myenteric ganglion cells and their varicose nerve terminals. The amplitude of α,β-meATP responses was not inhibited by TTX (NaV channel blocker) and ωCgTx (N-type CaV channel blocker). However, responses to α,β-meATP were inhibited by TEA (non-selective K+-channel blocker), indicating that relaxations involved opening K+-channels. The findings of this study are consistent with the conclusion that α,β-meATP stimulates Ca2+-permeable P2X3 receptors on varicose nerve terminals to release inhibitory nucleotides: 1) ATP and β-NAD release results in P2Y1-mediated brief relaxations; 2) another released transmitter (possibly NO) results in prolonged relaxations. Prejunctional P2X3 receptors represent a purinergic feed-forward mechanism to augment the action of inhibitory nerves on gut motility. This positive feed-forward mechanism may counter-balance the known negative feedback mechanism caused by adenosine and prejunctional A1 receptors on inhibitory motor nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian F King
- University College London (UCL), Research Department of Neuroscience, Pharmacology & Physiology (NPP), Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
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Giuliani AL, Sarti AC, Di Virgilio F. Extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides as signalling molecules. Immunol Lett 2018; 205:16-24. [PMID: 30439478 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides, mainly ATP, but also ADP, UTP, UDP and UDP-sugars, adenosine, and adenine base participate in the "purinergic signalling" pathway, an ubiquitous system of cell-to-cell communication. Fundamental pathophysiological processes such as tissue homeostasis, wound healing, neurodegeneration, immunity, inflammation and cancer are modulated by purinergic signalling. Nucleotides can be released from cells via unspecific or specific mechanisms. A non-regulated nucleotide release can occur from damaged or dying cells, whereas exocytotic granules, plasma membrane-derived microvesicles, membrane channels (connexins, pannexins, calcium homeostasis modulator (CALHM) channels and P2X7 receptor) or specific ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters are involved in the controlled release. Four families of specific receptors, i.e. nucleotide P2X and P2Y receptors, adenosine P1 receptors, and the adenine-selective P0 receptor, and several ecto- nucleotidases are essential components of the "purinergic signalling" pathway. Thanks to the activity of ecto-nucleotidases, ATP (and possibly other nucleotides) are degraded into additional messenger molecules with specific action. The final biological effects depend on the type and amount of released nucleotides, their modification by ecto-nucleotidases, and their possible cellular re-uptake. Overall, these processes confer a remarkable level of selectivity and plasticity to purinergic signalling that makes this network one of the most relevant extracellular messenger systems in higher organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lisa Giuliani
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferarra, Italy
| | - Alba Clara Sarti
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferarra, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Virgilio
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferarra, Italy.
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Grusha MM, Romanenko OV. State of Synaptic Inhibition in Smooth Muscles of the Colon of Individuals of Different Ages. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-018-9692-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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He XD, Guo YM, Goyal RK. Effect of Hyperglycemia on Purinergic and Nitrergic Inhibitory Neuromuscular Transmission in the Antrum of the Stomach: Implications for Fast Gastric Emptying. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:1. [PMID: 29410956 PMCID: PMC5787141 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperglycemia has been reported to enhance vagovagal reflex that causes the release of inhibitory neurotransmitter, nitric oxide (NO), at the neuromuscular junction in the antrum to relax the antrum and slow gastric emptying by stimulating glucose-sensitive afferent neurons. However, hyperglycemia has also been reported to cause fast gastric emptying that may be due to suppression of the inhibitory motor neurons. Aims The purpose of the present study was to investigate changes in inhibitory neuromuscular transmission in the gastric antrum due to hyperglycemia. Methods Inhibitory electrical junction potentials were recorded from gastric antral muscle strips, using intracellular electrodes under non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic conditions. Studies were performed in non-hyperglycemic NOD (NH-NOD), NOD mice as they develop hyperglycemia (H-NOD) and their age-matched controls. The purinergic inhibitory junction potential (pIJP) and nitrergic IJP (nIJP) were isolated pharmacologically. Results The control pIJP was large, around −18 mV and nIJP was small, around −9 mV. In NH-NOD the IJPs were not affected, but in H-NOD pIJP was nearly abolished and nIJP was significantly reduced. In H-NOD mice, membrane hyperpolarization caused by exogenous α,β-MeATP or diethylenetriamine NO adduct was similar to that in wild-type controls (P > 0.05). H-NOD smooth muscles were significantly depolarized as compared to NH-NOD smooth muscles. Conclusion These observations show that hyperglycemia causes suppression of purinergic and nitrergic transmission by acting on the motor neurons that form the last neuron in the vagovagal circuit. Moreover, the loss the neurotransmission is due to a defect in neurotransmitter release rather than a defect in signal transduction. Hyperglycemia also causes depolarization of smooth muscles that may increase their excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Dao He
- Department of Medicine VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yan-Mei Guo
- Department of Medicine VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Raj K Goyal
- Department of Medicine VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Gallego D, Mañé N, Gil V, Martínez-Cutillas M, Jiménez M. Mechanisms responsible for neuromuscular relaxation in the gastrointestinal tract. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE ENFERMEDADES DIGESTIVAS 2016; 108:721-731. [DOI: 10.17235/reed.2016.4058/2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Zimmermann H. Extracellular ATP and other nucleotides-ubiquitous triggers of intercellular messenger release. Purinergic Signal 2015; 12:25-57. [PMID: 26545760 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-015-9483-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides, and ATP in particular, are cellular signal substances involved in the control of numerous (patho)physiological mechanisms. They provoke nucleotide receptor-mediated mechanisms in select target cells. But nucleotides can considerably expand their range of action. They function as primary messengers in intercellular communication by stimulating the release of other extracellular messenger substances. These in turn activate additional cellular mechanisms through their own receptors. While this applies also to other extracellular messengers, its omnipresence in the vertebrate organism is an outstanding feature of nucleotide signaling. Intercellular messenger substances released by nucleotides include neurotransmitters, hormones, growth factors, a considerable variety of other proteins including enzymes, numerous cytokines, lipid mediators, nitric oxide, and reactive oxygen species. Moreover, nucleotides activate or co-activate growth factor receptors. In the case of hormone release, the initially paracrine or autocrine nucleotide-mediated signal spreads through to the entire organism. The examples highlighted in this commentary suggest that acting as ubiquitous triggers of intercellular messenger release is one of the major functional roles of extracellular nucleotides. While initiation of messenger release by nucleotides has been unraveled in many contexts, it may have been overlooked in others. It can be anticipated that additional nucleotide-driven messenger functions will be uncovered with relevance for both understanding physiology and development of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Zimmermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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King BF. Purinergic signalling in the enteric nervous system (An overview of current perspectives). Auton Neurosci 2015; 191:141-7. [PMID: 26049261 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Purinergic Signalling in the Enteric Nervous System involves the regulated release of ATP (or a structurally-related nucleotide) which activates an extensive suite of membrane-inserted receptors (P2X and P2Y subtypes) on a variety of cell types in the gastrointestinal tract. P2X receptors are gated ion-channels permeable to sodium, potassium and calcium. They depolarise cells, act as a pathway for calcium influx to activate calcium-dependent processes and initiate gene transcription, interact at a molecular level as a form of self-regulation with lipids within the cell wall (e.g. PIP2) and cross-react with other membrane-inserted receptors to regulate their activity (e.g. nAChRs). P2Y receptors are metabotropic receptors that couple to G-proteins. They may release calcium ions from intracellular stores to activate calcium-dependent processes, but also may activate calcium-independent signalling pathways and influence gene transcription. Originally ATP was a candidate only for NANC neurotransmission, for inhibitory motoneurons supplying the muscularis externa of the gastrointestinal tract and bringing about the fast IJP. Purinergic signalling later included neuron-neuron signalling in the ENS, via the production of either fast or slow EPSPs. Later still, purinergic signalling included the neuro-epithelial synapse-for efferent signalling to epithelia cells participating in secretion and absorption, and afferent signalling for chemoreception and mechanoreception at the surface of the mucosa. Many aspects of purinergic signalling have since been addressed in a series of highly-focussed and authoritative reviews. In this overview however, the current focus is on key aspects of purinergic signalling where there remains uncertainty and ambiguity, with the view to stimulating further research in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian F King
- University College London (UCL), Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology (NPP), Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, Hampstead, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom.
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Li JP, Wang XY, Gao CJ, Liao YH, Qu J, He ZY, Zhang T, Wang GD, Li YQ. Neurochemical phenotype and function of endomorphin 2-immunopositive neurons in the myenteric plexus of the rat colon. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:149. [PMID: 25565974 PMCID: PMC4267282 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution and activity of endomorphins (EMs), which are endogenous μ-opioid receptor (MOR) ligands in the gastrointestinal tract (GI), are yet to be elucidated. The current study aimed to shed light on this topic. EM2 was expressed in the enteric neurons in the myenteric plexus of the mid-colon. Of the EM2-immunoreactive (EM2-IR) neurons, 53 ± 4.6%, 26 ± 4.5%, 26 ± 2.8% and 49 ± 4.2% displayed immunopositive staining for choline acetyl transferase (ChAT), substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and nitric oxide synthetase (NOS), respectively. A bath application of EM2 (2 μM) enhanced spontaneous contractile amplitude and tension, which were reversed by β-FNA (an antagonist of MOR) but not NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ether (L-NAME, a non-selective inhibitor of NOS) or VIP6-28 (an antagonist of the VIP receptor) in the colonic strips. EM2 significantly suppressed inhibitory junction potentials (IJPs) in 14 of the 17 examined circular muscle cells, and this effect was not antagonized by preincubation in L-NAME. EM2 was widely expressed in interneurons and motor neurons in the myenteric plexus and presynaptically inhibited fast IJPs, thereby enhancing spontaneous contraction and tension in the colonic smooth muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ping Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi’an, China
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Ningxia Medical UniversityYinchuan, China
| | - Xi-Yu Wang
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Medical Center, Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
| | - Chang-Jun Gao
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi’an, China
| | - Yong-Hui Liao
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi’an, China
| | - Juan Qu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi’an, China
| | - Zhong-Yi He
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Ningxia Medical UniversityYinchuan, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi’an, China
| | - Guo-Du Wang
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Medical Center, Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
| | - Yun-Qing Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi’an, China
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Mañé N, Gil V, Martínez-Cutillas M, Clavé P, Gallego D, Jiménez M. Differential functional role of purinergic and nitrergic inhibitory cotransmitters in human colonic relaxation. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 212:293-305. [PMID: 25327170 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM ATP and nitric oxide (NO) are released from enteric inhibitory motor neurones and are responsible for colonic smooth muscle relaxation. However, how frequency of neural stimulation affects this cotransmission process and the post-junctional responses has not been systematically characterized in the human colon. METHODS The dynamics of inhibitory cotransmission were studied using different protocols of electrical field stimulation (EFS) to characterize the inhibitory junction potentials (IJP) and the corresponding relaxation in colonic strips obtained from 36 patients. RESULTS Single pulses elicited a fast IJP (IJPf(MAX) = -27.6 ± 1.6 mV), sensitive to the P2Y1 antagonist MRS2500 1 μm, that ran down with frequency increase leaving a residual hyperpolarization at high frequencies (IJPf∞ = -3.7 ± 0.6 mV). Accordingly, low frequencies of EFS caused purinergic transient relaxations that cannot be maintained at high frequencies. Addition of the P2Y1 agonist MRS2365 10 μm during the purinergic rundown did not cause any hyperpolarization. Protein kinase C (PKC), a putative P2Y1 desensitizator, was able to reduce the amplitude of the IJPf when activated, but the rundown was not modified by PKC inhibitors. Frequencies higher than 0.60 ± 0.15 Hz were needed to evoke a sustained nitrergic hyperpolarization that progressively increased reaching IJPs∞ = -13 ± 0.4 mV at high frequencies and leading to a sustained inhibition of spontaneous motility. CONCLUSION Changes in frequency of stimulation possibly mimicking neuronal firing will post-junctionally determine purinergic vs. nitrergic responses underlying different functional roles. NO will be responsible for sustained relaxations needed in physiological processes such as storage, while purinergic neurotransmission evoking sharp transient relaxations will be dominant in processes such as propulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Mañé
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology and Neuroscience Institute; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - V. Gil
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology and Neuroscience Institute; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - M. Martínez-Cutillas
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology and Neuroscience Institute; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - P. Clavé
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Barcelona Spain
| | - D. Gallego
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Barcelona Spain
| | - M. Jiménez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology and Neuroscience Institute; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Barcelona Spain
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Mutafova-Yambolieva VN, Durnin L. The purinergic neurotransmitter revisited: a single substance or multiple players? Pharmacol Ther 2014; 144:162-91. [PMID: 24887688 PMCID: PMC4185222 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The past half century has witnessed tremendous advances in our understanding of extracellular purinergic signaling pathways. Purinergic neurotransmission, in particular, has emerged as a key contributor in the efficient control mechanisms in the nervous system. The identity of the purine neurotransmitter, however, remains controversial. Identifying it is difficult because purines are present in all cell types, have a large variety of cell sources, and are released via numerous pathways. Moreover, studies on purinergic neurotransmission have relied heavily on indirect measurements of integrated postjunctional responses that do not provide direct information for neurotransmitter identity. This paper discusses experimental support for adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) as a neurotransmitter and recent evidence for possible contribution of other purines, in addition to or instead of ATP, in chemical neurotransmission in the peripheral, enteric and central nervous systems. Sites of release and action of purines in model systems such as vas deferens, blood vessels, urinary bladder and chromaffin cells are discussed. This is preceded by a brief discussion of studies demonstrating storage of purines in synaptic vesicles. We examine recent evidence for cell type targets (e.g., smooth muscle cells, interstitial cells, neurons and glia) for purine neurotransmitters in different systems. This is followed by brief discussion of mechanisms of terminating the action of purine neurotransmitters, including extracellular nucleotide hydrolysis and possible salvage and reuptake in the cell. The significance of direct neurotransmitter release measurements is highlighted. Possibilities for involvement of multiple purines (e.g., ATP, ADP, NAD(+), ADP-ribose, adenosine, and diadenosine polyphosphates) in neurotransmission are considered throughout.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonie Durnin
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, United States
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Sayre NL, Chen Y, Sifuentes M, Stoveken B, Lechleiter JD. Purinergic receptor stimulation decreases ischemic brain damage by energizing astrocyte mitochondria. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 11:121-50. [PMID: 25236727 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-08894-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
As a leading cause of death in the world, cerebral ischemic stroke has limited treatment options. The lack of glucose and oxygen after stroke is particularly harmful in the brain because neuronal metabolism accounts for significantly more energy consumption per gram of body weight compared to other organs. Our laboratory has identified mitochondrial metabolism of astrocytes to be a key target for pharmacologic intervention, not only because astrocytes play a central role in regulating brain metabolism, but also because they are essential for neuronal health and support. Here we review current literature pertaining to the pathobiology of stroke, along with the role of astrocytes and metabolism in stroke. We also discuss our research, which has revealed that pharmacologic stimulation of metabotropic P2Y1 receptor signaling in astrocytes can increase mitochondrial energy production and also reduce damage after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi L Sayre
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
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Jiménez M, Clavé P, Accarino A, Gallego D. Purinergic neuromuscular transmission in the gastrointestinal tract; functional basis for future clinical and pharmacological studies. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:4360-75. [PMID: 24910216 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve-mediated relaxation is necessary for the correct accomplishment of gastrointestinal (GI) motility. In the GI tract, NO and a purine are probably released by the same inhibitory motor neuron as inhibitory co-transmitters. The P2Y1 receptor has been recently identified as the receptor responsible for purinergic smooth muscle hyperpolarization and relaxation in the human gut. This finding has been confirmed in P2Y1 -deficient mice where purinergic neurotransmission is absent and transit time impaired. However, the mechanisms responsible for nerve-mediated relaxation, including the identification of the purinergic neurotransmitter(s) itself, are still debatable. Possibly different mechanisms of nerve-mediated relaxation are present in the GI tract. Functional demonstration of purinergic neuromuscular transmission has not been correlated with structural studies. Labelling of purinergic neurons is still experimental and is not performed in routine pathology studies from human samples, even when possible neuromuscular impairment is suspected. Accordingly, the contribution of purinergic neurotransmission in neuromuscular diseases affecting GI motility is not known. In this review, we have focused on the physiological mechanisms responsible for nerve-mediated purinergic relaxation providing the functional basis for possible future clinical and pharmacological studies on GI motility targeting purine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Jiménez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Neurosciences Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
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Martínez-Cutillas M, Gil V, Gallego D, Mañé N, Clavé P, Martín MT, Jiménez M. α,β-meATP mimics the effects of the purinergic neurotransmitter in the human and rat colon. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 740:442-54. [PMID: 24998877 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The purine receptor involved in inhibitory responses in the gastrointestinal tract has been recently identified. P2Y1 receptor activation mediates the fast component of the inhibitory junction potential (IJPf) and the non-nitrergic relaxation. The aim of the present work has been to investigate which purinergic agonist better mimics endogenous responses. We used different agonist and antagonist of P2 receptors. Contractility and microelectrode experiments were used to compare the effects of exogenously added purines and electrical field stimulation (EFS)-induced nerve mediated effects in rat and human colonic strips. In rat colon, the IJPf and EFS-induced inhibition of contractions were concentration-dependently inhibited by the P2Y1 antagonist MRS2500 but not by iso-PPADS or NF023 (P2X antagonists) up to 1 μM. In samples from human colon, EFS-induced inhibition of contractions was inhibited by either MRS2500 or apamin (1 μM) but not by iso-PPADS. In both species, α,β-meATP, a stable analog of ATP, caused inhibition of spontaneous contractions. α,β-meATP effect was concentration-dependent (EC50: 2.7 μM rat, 4.4 μM human) and was antagonized by either MRS2500 or apamin but unaffected by P2X antagonists. ATP, ADP, β-NAD and ADP-ribose inhibited spontaneous contractions but did not show the same sensitivity profile to purine receptor antagonists as EFS-induced inhibition of contractions. The effect of α,β-meATP is due to P2Y1 receptor activation leading the opening of sKca channels. Accordingly, α,β-meATP mimics the endogenous purinergic mediator. In contrast, exogenously added putative neurotransmitters do not exactly mimic the endogenous mediator. Quick degradation by ecto-nuclease or different distribution of receptors (junctionally vs extrajunctionally) might explain these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Míriam Martínez-Cutillas
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Víctor Gil
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diana Gallego
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noemí Mañé
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Clavé
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Fundació de Gastroenterologia Dr Vilardell and Department of Surgery, Hospital de Mataró, Mataró, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Teresa Martín
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcel Jiménez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.
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Gallego D, Malagelada C, Accarino A, De Giorgio R, Malagelada JR, Azpiroz F, Jimenez M. Nitrergic and purinergic mechanisms evoke inhibitory neuromuscular transmission in the human small intestine. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 26:419-29. [PMID: 24372768 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibitory neuromuscular transmission in the human colon is due to nitrergic and purinergic (P2Y1 -mediated) inputs. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanisms of neuromuscular transmission in different regions of the human small intestine. METHODS Ileal (n = 6) and jejunal (n = 6) samples underwent histological examination and were studied using sharp microelectrodes in smooth muscle cells and conventional muscle bath techniques. Electrical field stimulation (EFS) was used to stimulate inhibitory neurons. KEY RESULTS No histological abnormalities were found. Resting membrane potential was -39.7 ± 1.5 and -45.5 ± 2.1 mV in the jejunum and ileum, respectively. Slow waves and spontaneous contractions were recorded at a frequency of about 8-9 and 6-7 cpm in the jejunum and ileum, respectively. In non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic conditions, EFS caused an inhibitory junction potential and mechanical relaxation. Both responses were blocked by tissue incubation with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (Nω-nitro-l-arginine 1 mM) and the P2Y1 receptor blocker 2'-deoxy-N(6) -methyladenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate tetrasodium salt (MRS2179; 10 μM). Both exogenous addition of sodium nitroprusside (1 μM) and the preferential P2Y1 receptor agonist ADPβS (1 μM) hyperpolarized and relaxed smooth muscle cells. MRS2179 (10 μM) blocked ADPβS-induced responses. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Similar to colon, inhibitory neurotransmission in the human small intestine is mainly mediated by purinergic (via P2Y1 receptors) and nitrergic inhibitory neurotransmission. Similar mechanisms of inhibitory neurotransmission are present in different regions of the human intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gallego
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology and Neurosciences Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Burnstock G. Purinergic signalling in the gastrointestinal tract and related organs in health and disease. Purinergic Signal 2014; 10:3-50. [PMID: 24307520 PMCID: PMC3944042 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-013-9397-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signalling plays major roles in the physiology and pathophysiology of digestive organs. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), together with nitric oxide and vasoactive intestinal peptide, is a cotransmitter in non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic inhibitory neuromuscular transmission. P2X and P2Y receptors are widely expressed in myenteric and submucous enteric plexuses and participate in sympathetic transmission and neuromodulation involved in enteric reflex activities, as well as influencing gastric and intestinal epithelial secretion and vascular activities. Involvement of purinergic signalling has been identified in a variety of diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, ischaemia, diabetes and cancer. Purinergic mechanosensory transduction forms the basis of enteric nociception, where ATP released from mucosal epithelial cells by distension activates nociceptive subepithelial primary afferent sensory fibres expressing P2X3 receptors to send messages to the pain centres in the central nervous system via interneurons in the spinal cord. Purinergic signalling is also involved in salivary gland and bile duct secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK,
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Goyal RK, Chaudhury A. Structure activity relationship of synaptic and junctional neurotransmission. Auton Neurosci 2013; 176:11-31. [PMID: 23535140 PMCID: PMC3677731 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chemical neurotransmission may include transmission to local or remote sites. Locally, contact between 'bare' portions of the bulbous nerve terminal termed a varicosity and the effector cell may be in the form of either synapse or non-synaptic contact. Traditionally, all local transmissions between nerves and effector cells are considered synaptic in nature. This is particularly true for communication between neurons. However, communication between nerves and other effectors such as smooth muscles has been described as nonsynaptic or junctional in nature. Nonsynaptic neurotransmission is now also increasingly recognized in the CNS. This review focuses on the relationship between structure and function that orchestrate synaptic and junctional neurotransmissions. A synapse is a specialized focal contact between the presynaptic active zone capable of ultrafast release of soluble transmitters and the postsynaptic density that cluster ionotropic receptors. The presynaptic and the postsynaptic areas are separated by the 'closed' synaptic cavity. The physiological hallmark of the synapse is ultrafast postsynaptic potentials lasting milliseconds. In contrast, junctions are juxtapositions of nerve terminals and the effector cells without clear synaptic specializations and the junctional space is 'open' to the extracellular space. Based on the nature of the transmitters, postjunctional receptors and their separation from the release sites, the junctions can be divided into 'close' and 'wide' junctions. Functionally, the 'close' and the 'wide' junctions can be distinguished by postjunctional potentials lasting ~1s and tens of seconds, respectively. Both synaptic and junctional communications are common between neurons; however, junctional transmission is the rule at many neuro-non-neural effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj K Goyal
- Center for Swallowing and Motility Disorders, GI Division, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
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