The inability to belch syndrome: A study using concurrent high-resolution manometry and impedance monitoring

Hypnosis in the treatment of retrograde cricopharyngeus dysfunction: A case report

Retrograde cricopharyngeus dysfunction (R-CPD) causes an inability to belch. This case report describes the successful treatment of R-CPD with the use of hypnosis. Thereafter, the patient was able to burp small amounts of air, and was encouraged to continue his use of hypnosis as needed. Hypnosis and possibly other noninvasive treatments should be used for R-CPD before employment of more invasive and costly treatments such as botulinum toxin administration.

Diagnosis and Management of Retrograde Cricopharyngeal Dysfunction: A Systematic Review

Objective

Retrograde cricopharyngeal dysfunction (R-CPD) is a syndrome with rapidly increasing awareness since being first described in March 2019. As such, few cases of R-CPD are currently reported in the literature. The goal of this study is to provide a comprehensive systematic review of the available literature on R-CPD, including patient characteristics, diagnosis, and management.

Data Sources

PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE.

Review Methods

A systematic review of the available English literature was conducted using the data sources PubMed, Scopus, and EMBASE. Studies with original data of patients experiencing classic symptoms of R-CPD were included. Independent abstract screening followed by full-text screening was performed to assess study eligibility. Data extraction of patient demographics, symptoms, treatment, and follow-up were subsequently performed.

Results

Common presentations of R-CPD include abelchia (100%), abdominal bloating (83%), and gurgling noises (75%). 554 (86.9%) patients had improved symptoms after initial treatment with BTX. The most common initial dose was 50 units in 204 (37.3%) patients. Subsequent BTX injections resolved symptoms in 40 (80%) patients. Six patients ultimately received CP myotomy for recurrent symptoms, resulting in long-term resolution in 4 (67%) patients.

Conclusion

R-CPD is a newly recognized syndrome with effective treatment options including botulinum toxin injections and cricopharyngeal myotomy, where appropriate. Diagnostic modalities including esophageal manometry may aid in the initial work up of R-CPD, however further studies are required to assess its diagnostic utility.

Drugs in focus: Botulinum toxin in the therapy of gastrointestinal disorders in children

What is Known

What is New

Retrograde cricopharyngeal dysfunction (R-CPD): What do we know so far?

Objective

This comprehensive review aims to explain the disease pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management options.

Methods

A review was carried out in the following databases: Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane. The following terms were used alone and combined: Retrograde, Cricopharyngeus muscle, Dysfunction, Abelchia, and inability to burp.

Results

A total of 68 articles were identified, and only 11 were found to be relevant and included in writing this review. Retrograde cricopharyngeal dysfunction (R-CPD) is a relatively new disease entity that has recently been described in clinical literature. It is caused by the inability of the cricopharyngeus muscle to relax. Unlike cricopharyngeal dysfunction (CPD), which is well-known and characterized by dysphagia, R-CPD is characterized by the inability to belch in almost all patients, which is considered diagnostic for the condition.

Conclusions

High-resolution manometry (HRM) is the definitive diagnostic modality. Most patients reported in the literature responded well to treatment with botulinum toxin injection.

Retrograde cricopharyngeal dysfunction and treatment with botulinum toxin: a systematic review

PURPOSE

Retrograde cricopharyngeal dysfunction (RCPD) is a disease first described systematically in 2019. The main symptom is inability to belch due to cricopharyngeal muscle dysfunction. Other symptoms include gurgling noises, chest pain, bloating, and excessive flatulence. This paper aims to describe RCPD, the aetiology and diagnosis, treatment options, follow-up, and treatment with botulinum toxin (BT).

METHODS

A systematic review was done according to the PRISMA guidelines, using the databases PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane at 8/3/2024. The search combined BT with different descriptions of RCPD. All papers were screened by two authors.

RESULTS

120 papers were identified in the search. After screening 13 papers describing 472 patients in total were included. Mean age was 29.3 years with 51.1% men. Diagnosis was established in 82.4% of the cases by symptomatology, 2.1% by high-resolution manometry, and 15.3% by oesophagoscopy. The mean amount of BT was 66 units (U). Mean follow-up time was 13 months. After 1-4 weeks 93.7% had an effect post-treatment and 81.0% after 6 months. Common symptoms were inability to belch (99.8%), chest pain and/or bloating (95.4%), gurgling noises (84.9%), and excessive flatulence (75.9%). Common complications were mild and transient dysphagia (59.4%) and reflux (35.4%).

CONCLUSION

The accumulated numbers of patients with RCPD indicates a growing attention to the plausible condition. Injection with BT is a good and safe treatment of RCPD. Most patients only experience mild and transient complications to the treatment. Much is still unknown about RCPD and conditions for setting the diagnosis needs to be evaluated and established internationally.

Cricopharyngeus muscle dysfunction: a poorly defined disorder from diagnosis to treatment

PURPOSE

Cricopharyngeus muscle dysfunction (CPMD) is a common clinical occurrence with very few clear diagnostic criteria and multiple pathways for treatment. Incidence of CPMD is not known, but some data suggest around 25% of people with dysphagia experience some degree of CPMD, which negatively impacts swallowing safety and efficiency. Workup and treatment of CPMD can require multidisciplinary collaboration across laryngologists, speech-language pathologists with training in dysphagia management, and gastroenterologists. The purpose of this paper is to review what is known about CPMD and identify areas of future research in CPMD diagnosis and treatment.

METHODS

An overview of CPMD, relative treatments and disorders, and a discussion of future areas of research needed to improve clinical care of CPMD.

RESULTS

Details regarding historical background, pathophysiology and treatment practiced for CPMD are included.

CONCLUSION

In summary, CPMD is a poorly defined disease due to a lack of understanding of its pathophysiology and the lack of consensus diagnostic criteria. Well-designed, prospective clinical trials are necessary to develop a better understanding of clinical incidence of CPMD, impact of the disorder on oropharyngeal swallowing, and how to approach treatment of the disorder surgically or in conjunction with therapy directed by a specialized speech-language pathologist.

Upper Esophageal Sphincter and Esophageal Motility Pathology on Manometry in Retrograde Cricopharyngeal Dysfunction

OBJECTIVE

There exists a paucity of data regarding the mechanism and manometric findings in retrograde cricopharyngeal dysfunction (RCPD). In this study, we aimed to compare esophageal physiologic findings between patients with RCPD compared to an asymptomatic cohort.

STUDY DESIGN

Case-control study.

SETTING

Tertiary Care Center.

METHODS

Esophageal high-resolution impedance manometry was completed preoperatively in patients diagnosed with RCPD. Manometric data were compared between the RCPD and asymptomatic cohorts. A 2:1 age-sex-matched asymptomatic cohort was used as the control group. Treatment response was assessed among the RCPD cohort.

RESULTS

Thirty-nine patients are included: 13 RCPD [mean age: 31.1 (SD: 12.6) years, female sex: 11 (85%)] and 26 asymptomatic [mean age: 32.1 (SD: 1.5) years, female sex: 22 (85%)]. The RCPD cohort, compared to the asymptomatic cohort, exhibited significantly greater upper esophageal sphincter (UES) length [4.5 (SD: 0.7) vs 3.7 (0.9) cm, P = .01] and higher UES basal pressures [91.9 (35.0) vs 49.7 (25.5) mm Hg, P = .002]. Patients with RCPD demonstrated higher rates of ineffective swallows [70.0% (31.6%) vs 15.4% (21.6%), P < .001] and incomplete bolus clearance [81% (22.0%) vs 21.8% (30.0%), P < .001]. All patients who underwent cricopharyngeal botulinum injections experienced initial improvement of symptoms with 3 patients requiring repeat intervention.

CONCLUSION

RCPD is associated with a longer UES, elevated UES basal pressures, and an increased incidence of ineffective esophageal motility. This study is the first to compare preoperative manometry results among patients with RCPD to those of an asymptomatic cohort, providing insights into the mechanism of RCPD.

Inability to belch syndrome: what the gastroenterologist needs to know

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

To review recent publications on the inability to belch syndrome.

RECENT FINDINGS

Five recent retrospective case series indicate that the inability to belch syndrome usually starts in early childhood and is often accompanied by gurgling noises in the chest, pain in the chest or upper abdomen, bloating, and excessive flatulence. Currently, the vast majority of patients who have been identified with inability to belch have self-diagnosed the syndrome on the basis of information available on the internet. A favorable response to injection of botulinum toxin in the cricopharyngeus muscle is regarded as confirmation of the diagnosis. In a mechanistic study in eight patients, absence of reflexogenic relaxation of the upper esophageal sphincter upon rapid gaseous esophageal distension was confirmed to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of the syndrome.

SUMMARY

The inability to belch syndrome, caused by failure of the upper esophageal sphincter to relax when the esophageal body is distended, clearly exists and may not be as rare as thought hitherto. However, overdiagnosis is also likely to occur because the diagnosis is usually made on the basis of symptoms only. The efficacy of botulinum toxin injection in the upper sphincter needs to be assessed in double-blind placebo-controlled studies.

The inability to belch: a neglected disease in the era of high-resolution esophageal manometry

Retrograde upper esophageal sphincter dysfunction (R-UESD) is characterized by the inability to belch. Evidence of using high-resolution manometry (HRM) in diagnosing R-UESD has emerged in recent years. We describe the clinical picture and HRM patterns of two patients with R-UESD. Case 1: A 23-year-old female presented with a two-year complaint of inability to belch. We performed HRM with a belch provocation test for which the patient drank 500 ml of carbonated water. The study revealed increased esophageal pressure, an absence of UES relaxation and secondary peristalsis once the patient mentioned the need to belch. Case 2: A 21-year-old male presented to our medical office with a history of an incapacity to belch during the last three years. We performed HRM with a belch provocation test. During the study, he reported an incapacity to belch and his symptoms coincided with increased esophageal pressure, an absence of UES relaxation, and secondary peristalsis. Retrograde upper esophageal sphincter dysfunction is a rare condition characterized by a lack of UES relaxation during esophageal distension. The incapacity to belch is the hallmark of the disease. We encourage the use of HRM, looking for an increase in esophageal pressure to the level of gastric pressure, failure of UES relaxation with consequently no venting of air across the UES, and secondary peristalsis. In conclusion, diverse R-UESD clinical presentations represent a diagnostic challenge for physicians. This case series highlights the need to actively search for typical HRM findings when encountering patients referring an incapacity to belch.

Experiences of Patients Living with Retrograde Cricopharyngeal Dysfunction

OBJECTIVES

Retrograde cricopharyngeal dysfunction (RCPD) is a newly described condition resulting from failure of cricopharyngeal sphincter relaxation during periods of esophageal distension that results in the inability to burp. Patients' perspectives on symptom experiences, barriers to care, and treatment benefits were investigated.

STUDY DESIGN

Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with patients diagnosed with RCPD who had been treated with botulinum toxin injection into the cricopharyngeus muscle. Interview questions centered on their experience living with RCPD. Conventional content analysis was performed on interview transcripts.

RESULTS

Thematic saturation was reached with 13 participants. All participants were diagnosed with RCPD by an otolaryngologist and underwent botulinum toxin injection into the cricopharyngeus muscle with or without dilation of the upper esophageal sphincter in the operating room. Participants described having no memories of ever being able to burp, and all started experiencing RCPD symptoms during adolescence. Patients with RCPD experienced increased social isolation, lost productivity, and worsened mental health. Unanimously, participants first learned about RCPD on social media. All patients were seen by physicians in non-otolaryngology specialties regarding their symptoms prior to learning about their RCPD diagnosis and undergoing treatment by an otolaryngologist. Dilation and chemodenervation resulted in complete resolution of RCPD symptoms for 84.6% of participants. Participants emphasized a desire for more health providers to learn about RCPD and the impact it has on quality-of-life.

CONCLUSION(S)

The lived experience of patients with RCPD significantly impacts quality of life and is often met with diagnostic barriers in the medical community. Although social media plays a significant role in increasing awareness of RCPD, physician education about the impact of RCPD is essential to improve diagnosis and treatment.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

4 Laryngoscope, 134:2136-2143, 2024.

Pediatric retrograde cricopharyngeal dysfunction diagnosed by high-resolution impedance manometry

OBJECTIVES

The inability to burp, known as retrograde cricopharyngeal dysfunction (R-CPD), was initially described in adults. The proposed clinical diagnostic criteria for R-CPD include belching inability, abdominal bloating and discomfort/nausea, postprandial chest pain, and involuntary noises. Botulinum toxin injection to the cricopharyngeal muscle has been reported to be beneficial. High-resolution esophageal impedance-manometry (HRIM) features in adolescent patients with R-CPD have not been described yet.  The aim of our study was to describe the clinical and HRIM findings of pediatric patients with R-CPD.

METHODS

Clinical and manometric features of five pediatric patients diagnosed with R-CPD were reviewed. HRIM study protocol was modified to include the consumption of carbonated drink to provoke symptoms and distinctive manometric features.

RESULTS

We report five female patients aged 15-20 years who presented with an inability to burp and involuntary throat sounds. HRIM revealed normal upper esophageal sphincter (UES) relaxation during swallowing, but abnormal UES relaxation with concurrent high esophageal impedance reflecting air entrapment and secondary peristalsis following the carbonated drink challenge. Four patients exhibited esophageal motility disorder. All patients reported improvement or resolution of symptoms after botulinum toxin injection to the cricopharyngeus muscle.

CONCLUSIONS

Adolescents with an inability to burp, reflux-like symptoms, bloating, and involuntary throat noises should be assessed for R-CPD by pediatric gastroenterologists with HRIM. The relatively recent recognition of this novel condition is the likely reason for its under- and misdiagnosis in children.

Retrograde Cricopharyngeus Dysfunction, a New Motility Disorder: Single Center Case Series and Treatment Results

Background/Aims

Retrograde cricopharyngeus dysfunction (R-CPD) is a new clinical entity characterized by inability to belch and associated symptoms of loud gurgling noises, chest and/or abdominal pressure, abdominal bloating, and excessive flatulence. R-CPD can be treated with botulinum toxin (BT) injection in the upper esophageal sphincter. We hereby report patient demographics, symptomatology, and treatment results of a series of consecutive patients who presented at our center.

Methods

Data on 50 consecutive patients presenting with R-CPD were prospectively collected using a standardized questionnaire prior to, 1 month after treatment and at the end of follow-up. All patients were diagnosed using a set of clinical symptoms.

Results

Fifty patients (26 females) were included, median age was 27.5 years (range, 17-65). Median body mass index was 22.7 kg/m2 (range, 16.6-37.5). Inability to belch was present in all patients, > 90% of patients experienced gurgling noises and abdominal/chest discomfort as result of their condition. One month after injection of BT, 40.8% of patients experienced complete relief of symptoms, 24.5% good symptom improvement, 24.5% some symptom improvement and 10.2% no improvement. At median follow-up of 29 months (range, 3-50) post-treatment, 51.3% (n = 20/39) of patients reported persistent complete relief of symptoms, 12.8% good improvement of symptoms (n = 5/39), in 15.4% some improvement (6/39) and 20.5% loss of or no response (n = 8/39). Only minor and transient side effects were reported.

Conclusions

Our case series of 50 patients with R-CPD shows very good short-term and good long-term improvement of symptoms after injection of BT. These results are in line with previous studies.

[Help, I can't burp! A brief overview and case discussion of retrograde cricopharyngeal dysfunction]

In this short communication, we discuss the recently described syndrome of retrograde cricopharyngeal dysfunction (R-CPD) with its first description in 2019 by the laryngologist Dr. Bastian. Diagnosis is generally based on typical clinical symptoms, e.g., the inability to belch, a bloated abdomen and retrosternal gurgling noises. We also describe high-resolution esophageal manometry as a new tool to further secure the diagnosis of R‑CPD, as well as therapeutic options such as botulinum toxin injections in the cricopharyngeal muscle or cricopharyngeal myotomy and the published data thereon.

Retrograde cricopharyngeus dysfunction: How does the inability to burp affect daily life?

BACKGROUND

Retrograde cricopharyngeus dysfunction (R-CPD), a condition first detailed in 1987 and termed in 2019, refers to the cricopharyngeal muscle's inability to relax to allow the retrograde passage of gas. Limited research exists on the fundamental characteristics of this condition, including its impact on one's life. The purpose of this study is to characterize R-CPD and how the inability to burp affects the social lives of people who suffer from it.

METHODS

A Qualtrics survey was distributed on the subreddit "r/noburp," a community of 26,000 individuals sharing information about R-CPD. Adults aged 18-89 experiencing R-CPD symptoms were invited to participate. Participants reported on their experiences with R-CPD and its effects on social life on a 4-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree to 4 = strongly agree). Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics.

KEY RESULTS

Among the 199 respondents, the mean age was 30.9, and gender identity was 74%/25% female/male. 99% reported inability to burp, 98% reported abdominal bloating, 93% reported socially awkward gurgling noises, 89% reported excessive flatulence, and 55% reported difficulty vomiting. Only half discussed their symptoms with their primary care provider (PCP), and 90% disagreed with receiving adequate help. Average Likert scores indicated embarrassment (3.4), anxiety/depression (3.1), negative impact on relationships (2.6), and work disruption (2.7) due to R-CPD.

CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES

R-CPD is unfamiliar to many healthcare providers, leaving patients underserved. It not only affects daily life but also personal and professional relationships. Raising awareness by understanding disease basic features may increase diagnosis and treatment rates, improving quality of life.

Retrograde Cricopharyngeal Dysfunction: A Review

Retrograde cricopharyngeal dysfunction (RCPD), also referred to as retrograde cricopharyngeus dysfunction, is a condition characterized by the inability to burp. The pathophysiology of this condition is thought to result from failure of cricopharyngeal sphincter relaxation during periods of esophageal distension, which leads to patients' bothersome symptoms. RCPD negatively impacts patients' quality of life and is associated with bloating, gurgling, avoidance of carbonation, self-imposed dietary and lifestyle changes designed to minimize discomfort, and flatulence. Complaints often start during adolescence, and many patients search for a diagnosis for years before obtaining treatment. A recent increase in awareness through patient-led social media discussion boards describing the 'no burp' syndrome is leading to an increasing incidence of presentations, often with patients making a self-diagnosis. The increased incidence of RCPD is fueling a larger case series investigating treatment options and outcomes. In this review, we discuss what is known about the pathophysiology of this condition, the otolaryngologic perspective on diagnosis and treatment, the patients' lived experience of this condition, and the influence of social media on RCPD.

Retrograde Cricopharyngeus Dysfunction effectively treated with low dose botulinum toxin. A case report from Italy

A large constellation of hitherto unexplained symptoms including inability to burp, gurgling noises from the chest and lower neck, abdominal bloating, flatulence, painful hiccups and emetophobia was defined as Retrograde Cricopharyngeus Dysfunction (R-CPD) in 2019. First choice treatment of R-CPD involves injection of botulinum toxin into the cricopharyngeus muscle under local or general anesthesia. This treatment has been found to be effective in the vast majority of subjects, with limited adverse events and prolonged therapeutic effects. Notwithstanding, R-CPD is still a poorly understood and underestimated disease, and a specific therapeutic dosage range of botulinum toxin (BT) has not been yet established. In this report, we describe the first case of R-CPD diagnosed in Italy, successfully treated with unilateral, anesthesia-free injection of 10 units of onabotulinum toxin into the cricopharyngeus muscle, representing the lowest dose reported to date.

Case report: A case of novel treatment for retrograde cricopharyngeal dysfunction

Retrograde cricopharyngeal dysfunction (R-CPD) is a recently described disorder characterized by an inability to belch, excessive flatulence, unpleasant gurgling noises, and discomfort in the lower neck, chest, and abdomen. Herein, we describe a case of R-CPD in a 19-year-old man. The patient suffered from flatulence and was unable to belch since birth; auxiliary examination of his digestive system was normal. He was diagnosed with R-CPD based on clinical manifestations and laboratory results. He received an injection of botulinum toxin to the cricopharyngeal muscle under ultrasound, catheter balloon, and electromyographic guidance. His symptoms completely resolved 1 week after the injection.