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Zhang S, Zhang B, Wang Z, Zhong S, Zheng Y, Zhang Q, Liu X. Type I arginine methyltransferases play crucial roles in development and pathogenesis of Phytophthora capsici. Int J Biol Macromol 2024:134671. [PMID: 39151856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Phytophthora capsici, a pathogenic oomycete, poses a serious threat to global vegetable production. This study investigated the role of protein arginine methylation, a notable post-translational modification, in the epigenetic regulation of P. capsici. We identified and characterized five protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) in P. capsici, with a focus on four putative type I PRMTs exhibiting similar functional domain. Deletion of PcPRMT3, a homolog of PRMT3, significantly affected mycelial growth, asexual spore development, pathogenicity, and stress responses in P. capsici. Transcriptome analyses indicated that absence of PcPRMT3 disrupted multiple biological pathways. The PcPRMT3 deletion mutant displayed heightened susceptibility to oxidative stress, correlated with the downregulation of genes involved in peroxidase and peroxisome activities. Additionally, PcPRMT3 acted as a negative regulator, modulating the transcription levels of specific elicitins, which in turn affects the defense response of host plant against P. capsici. Furthermore, PcPRMT3 was found to affect global arginine methylation levels in P. capsici, implying potential alterations in the functions of its substrate proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicong Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Borui Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Shan Zhong
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xili Liu
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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2
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Zhang W, Cao Y, Li H, Rasmey AHM, Zhang K, Shi L, Ge B. Membrane protein Bcsdr2 mediates biofilm integrity, hyphal growth and virulence of Botrytis cinerea. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:398. [PMID: 38940906 PMCID: PMC11213811 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13238-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Grey mould caused by Botrytis cinerea is a devastating disease responsible for large losses to agricultural production, and B. cinerea is a necrotrophic model fungal plant pathogen. Membrane proteins are important targets of fungicides and hotspots in the research and development of fungicide products. Wuyiencin affects the permeability and pathogenicity of B. cinerea, parallel reaction monitoring revealed the association of membrane protein Bcsdr2, and the bacteriostatic mechanism of wuyiencin was elucidated. In the present work, we generated and characterised ΔBcsdr2 deletion and complemented mutant B. cinerea strains. The ΔBcsdr2 deletion mutants exhibited biofilm loss and dissolution, and their functional activity was illustrated by reduced necrotic colonisation on strawberry and grape fruits. Targeted deletion of Bcsdr2 also blocked several phenotypic defects in aspects of mycelial growth, conidiation and virulence. All phenotypic defects were restored by targeted gene complementation. The roles of Bcsdr2 in biofilms and pathogenicity were also supported by quantitative real-time RT-PCR results showing that phosphatidylserine decarboxylase synthesis gene Bcpsd and chitin synthase gene BcCHSV II were downregulated in the early stages of infection for the ΔBcsdr2 strain. The results suggest that Bcsdr2 plays important roles in regulating various cellular processes in B. cinerea. KEY POINTS: • The mechanism of wuyiencin inhibits B. cinerea is closely associated with membrane proteins. • Wuyiencin can downregulate the expression of the membrane protein Bcsdr2 in B. cinerea. • Bcsdr2 is involved in regulating B. cinerea virulence, growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
- Qian Xinan Branch of Guizhou Provincial Tobacco Company, 60 Ruijin Southern Road, Xingyi, 562499, China
| | - Yi Cao
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, 29 Longtanba Road, Guiyang, 550081, China
| | - Hua Li
- School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, 11 & 33 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Abdel-Hamied M Rasmey
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez University, Elsalam 1, Cairo-Suez Road, Suez, 43221, Egypt
| | - Kecheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Liming Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Beibei Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China.
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3
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Fang S, Wang H, Qiu K, Pang Y, Li C, Liang X. The fungicide pyraclostrobin affects gene expression by altering the DNA methylation pattern in Magnaporthe oryzae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1391900. [PMID: 38745924 PMCID: PMC11091397 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1391900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Rice blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae has long been the main cause of rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield reduction worldwide. The quinone external inhibitor pyraclostrobin is widely used as a fungicide to effectively control the spread of pathogenic fungi, including M. oryzae. However, M. oryzae can develop resistance through multiple levels of mutation, such as target protein cytb mutation G143A/S, leading to a decrease in the effectiveness of the biocide after a period of application. Therefore, uncovering the possible mutational mechanisms from multiple perspectives will further provide feasible targets for drug development. Methods In this work, we determined the gene expression changes in M. oryzae in response to pyraclostrobin stress and their relationship with DNA methylation by transcriptome and methylome. Results The results showed that under pyraclostrobin treatment, endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis were enhanced, suggesting that more aberrant proteins may be generated that need to be cleared. DNA replication and repair processes were inhibited. Glutathione metabolism was enhanced, while lipid metabolism was impaired. The number of alternative splicing events increased. These changes may be related to the elevated methylation levels of cytosine and adenine in gene bodies. Both hypermethylation and hypomethylation of differentially methylated genes (DMGs) mainly occurred in exons and promoters. Some DMGs and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were annotated to the same pathways by GO and KEGG, including protein processing in the ER, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, RNA transport and glutathione metabolism, suggesting that pyraclostrobin may affect gene expression by altering the methylation patterns of cytosine and adenine. Discussion Our results revealed that 5mC and 6mA in the gene body are associated with gene expression and contribute to adversity adaptation in M. oryzae. This enriched the understanding for potential mechanism of quinone inhibitor resistance, which will facilitate the development of feasible strategies for maintaining the high efficacy of this kind of fungicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Fang
- Heilongjiang Plant Growth Regulator Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Recycling of Argo-Waste in Cold Region, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Hanxin Wang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Recycling of Argo-Waste in Cold Region, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Kaihua Qiu
- Heilongjiang Plant Growth Regulator Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Pang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Recycling of Argo-Waste in Cold Region, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Chen Li
- Heilongjiang Plant Growth Regulator Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Xilong Liang
- Heilongjiang Plant Growth Regulator Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
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Zhu Z, Zou G, Chai S, Xiao M, Wang Y, Wang P, Zhou Z. The protein methyltransferase TrSAM inhibits cellulase gene expression by interacting with the negative regulator ACE1 in Trichoderma reesei. Commun Biol 2024; 7:375. [PMID: 38548869 PMCID: PMC10978942 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06072-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein methylation is a commonly posttranslational modification of transcriptional regulators to fine-tune protein function, however, whether this regulation strategy participates in the regulation of lignocellulase synthesis and secretion in Trichoderma reesei remains unexplored. Here, a putative protein methyltransferase (TrSAM) is screened from a T. reesei mutant with the ability to express heterologous β-glucosidase efficiently even under glucose repression. The deletion of its encoding gene trsam causes a significant increase of cellulase activities in all tested T. reesei strains, including transformants of expressing heterologous genes using cbh1 promotor. Further investigation confirms that TrSAM interacts with the cellulase negative regulator ACE1 via its amino acid residue Arg383, which causes a decrease in the ACE1-DNA binding affinity. The enzyme activity of a T. reesei strain harboring ACE1R383Q increases by 85.8%, whereas that of the strains with trsam or ace1 deletion increases by more than 100%. By contrast, the strain with ACE1R383K shows no difference to the parent strain. Taken together, our results demonstrate that TrSAM plays an important role in regulating the expression of cellulase and heterologous proteins initiated by cbh1 promotor through interacting with ACE1R383. Elimination and mutation of TrSAM and its downstream ACE1 alleviate the carbon catabolite repression (CCR) in expressing cellulase and heterologous protein in varying degrees. This provides a new solution for the exquisite modification of T. reesei chassis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Zhu
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 FengLin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Gen Zou
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 FengLin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Science, 1000 Jinqi Rd, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Shunxing Chai
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 FengLin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Meili Xiao
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 FengLin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yinmei Wang
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 FengLin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Pingping Wang
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 FengLin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhihua Zhou
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 FengLin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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5
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Bühring S, Brunner A, Heeb K, Mergard MP, Schmauck G, Jacob S. An array of signal-specific MoYpd1 isoforms determines full virulence in the pathogenic fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Commun Biol 2024; 7:265. [PMID: 38438487 PMCID: PMC10912366 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05941-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Magnaporthe oryzae is placed first on a list of the world's top ten plant pathogens with the highest scientific and economic importance. The locus MGG_07173 occurs only once in the genome of M. oryzae and encodes the phosphotransfer protein MoYpd1p, which plays an important role in the high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) signaling pathway for osmoregulation. Originating from this locus, at least three MoYPD1 isoforms are produced in a signal-specific manner. The transcript levels of these MoYPD1-isoforms were individually affected by external stress. Salt (KCI) stress raised MoYPD1_T0 abundance, whereas osmotic stress by sorbitol elevates MoYPD1_T1 levels. In line with this, signal-specific nuclear translocation of green fluorescent protein-fused MoYpd1p isoforms in response to stress was observed. Mutant strains that produce only one of the MoYpd1p isoforms are less virulent, suggesting a combination thereof is required to invade the host successfully. In summary, we demonstrate signal-specific production of MoYpd1p isoforms that individually increase signal diversity and orchestrate virulence in M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Bühring
- Institute of Biotechnology and Drug Research gGmbH (IBWF), Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Antonia Brunner
- Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Microbiology and Biotechnology at the Institute of Molecular Physiology, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Klemens Heeb
- Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Microbiology and Biotechnology at the Institute of Molecular Physiology, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marius-Peter Mergard
- Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Microbiology and Biotechnology at the Institute of Molecular Physiology, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Greta Schmauck
- Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Microbiology and Biotechnology at the Institute of Molecular Physiology, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Jacob
- Institute of Biotechnology and Drug Research gGmbH (IBWF), Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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Mei J, Li Z, Zhou S, Chen XL, Wilson RA, Liu W. Effector secretion and stability in the maize anthracnose pathogen Colletotrichum graminicola requires N-linked protein glycosylation and the ER chaperone pathway. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:1449-1466. [PMID: 37598305 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
N-linked protein glycosylation is a conserved and essential modification mediating protein processing and quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), but how this contributes to the infection cycle of phytopathogenic fungi is largely unknown. In this study, we discovered that inhibition of protein N-glycosylation severely affected vegetative growth, hyphal tip development, conidial germination, appressorium formation, and, ultimately, the ability of the maize (Zea mays) anthracnose pathogen Colletotrichum graminicola to infect its host. Quantitative proteomics analysis showed that N-glycosylation can coordinate protein O-glycosylation, glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor modification, and endoplasmic reticulum quality control (ERQC) by directly targeting the proteins from the corresponding pathway in the ER. We performed a functional study of the N-glycosylation pathway-related protein CgALG3 and of the ERQC pathway-related protein CgCNX1, which demonstrated that N-glycosylation of ER chaperone proteins is essential for effector stability, secretion, and pathogenicity of C. graminicola. Our study provides concrete evidence for the regulation of effector protein stability and secretion by N-glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Mei
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shaoqun Zhou
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Richard A Wilson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
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Yang C, Sun J, Wu Z, Jiang M, Li D, Wang X, Zhou C, Liu X, Ren Z, Wang J, Sun M, Sun W, Gao J. FoRSR1 Is Important for Conidiation, Fusaric Acid Production, and Pathogenicity in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ginseng. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:1244-1253. [PMID: 36706002 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-22-0372-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The root rot disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ginseng is one of the most destructive diseases of ginseng, an economically important herb. However, little is known about the pathogen's toxin biosynthesis or the molecular mechanisms regulating infection of ginseng. In this study we identified and functionally characterized the FoRSR1 gene that encodes a Ras-related (RSR) small GTPase homologous to yeast Rsr1 in F. oxysporum f. sp. ginseng. Disruption of FoRSR1 resulted in a significant reduction in mycelial dry weight in liquid cultures, although vegetative growth rate was not affected on culture plates. Notably, the Forsr1 mutant exhibited blunted and swollen hyphae with multi-nucleated compartments. It produced fewer and morphologically abnormal conidia and was defective in chlamydospore formation. In infection assays with ginseng roots, the Forsr1 mutant was significantly less virulent and caused only limited necrosis at the wounding sites. Deletion of FoRSR1 also affected pigmentation, autophagy, and production of fusaric acid. Furthermore, the expression of many candidate genes involved in secondary metabolism was significantly downregulated in the mutant, suggesting that FoRSR1 is also important for secondary metabolism. Overall, our results indicated that FoRSR1 plays important roles in conidiation, vacuolar morphology, secondary metabolism, and pathogenesis in F. oxysporum f. sp. ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Jing Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Zhaoqun Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Maozhu Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Dayong Li
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Xinjie Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Chunxiang Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Xuecheng Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Zhiguo Ren
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Manli Sun
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Wenxian Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- College of Plant Protection and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- State-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and Application, Changchun, 130118, China
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8
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Gong Z, Ning N, Li Z, Xie X, Wilson RA, Liu W. Two Magnaporthe appressoria-specific (MAS) proteins, MoMas3 and MoMas5, are required for suppressing host innate immunity and promoting biotrophic growth in rice cells. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:1290-1302. [PMID: 35526236 PMCID: PMC9366069 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the devastating rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, six Magnaporthe appressoria-specific (MAS) proteins are encoded by MoGAS1, MoGAS2 and MoMAS3-MoMAS6. MoGAS1 and MoGAS2 were previously characterized as M. oryzae virulence factors; however, the roles of the other four genes are unknown. Here, we found that, although the loss of any MAS gene did not affect appressorial formation or vegetative growth, ∆Momas3 and ∆Momas5 mutant strains (but not the others) were reduced in virulence on susceptible CO-39 rice seedlings. Focusing on ∆Momas3 and ∆Momas5 mutant strains, we found that they could penetrate host leaf surfaces and fill the first infected rice cell but did not spread readily to neighbouring cells, suggesting they were impaired for biotrophic growth. Live-cell imaging of fluorescently labelled MoMas3 and MoMas5 proteins showed that during biotrophy, MoMas3 localized to the apoplastic compartment formed between fungal invasive hyphae and the plant-derived extra-invasive hyphal membrane while MoMas5 localized to the appressoria and the penetration peg. The loss of either MoMAS3 or MoMAS5 resulted in the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in infected rice cells, resulting in the triggering of plant defences that inhibited mutant growth in planta. ∆Momas3 and ∆Momas5 biotrophic growth could be remediated by inhibiting host NADPH oxidases and suppressing ROS accumulation. Thus, MoMas3 and MoMas5 are novel virulence factors involved in suppressing host plant innate immunity to promote biotrophic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwen Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNebraskaUSA
| | - Na Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyCollege of AgricultureGuizhou UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyCollege of AgricultureGuizhou UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Richard A. Wilson
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNebraskaUSA
| | - Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
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9
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Jeon J, Kim KT, Choi J, Cheong K, Ko J, Choi G, Lee H, Lee GW, Park SY, Kim S, Kim ST, Min CW, Kang S, Lee YH. Alternative splicing diversifies the transcriptome and proteome of the rice blast fungus during host infection. RNA Biol 2022; 19:373-385. [PMID: 35311472 PMCID: PMC8942408 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2022.2043040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) contributes to diversifying and regulating cellular responses to environmental conditions and developmental cues by differentially producing multiple mRNA and protein isoforms from a single gene. Previous studies on AS in pathogenic fungi focused on profiling AS isoforms under a limited number of conditions. We analysed AS profiles in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, a global threat to rice production, using high-quality transcriptome data representing its vegetative growth (mycelia) and multiple host infection stages. We identified 4,270 AS isoforms derived from 2,413 genes, including 499 genes presumably regulated by infection-specific AS. AS appears to increase during infection, with 32.7% of the AS isoforms being produced during infection but absent in mycelia. Analysis of the isoforms observed at each infection stage showed that 636 AS isoforms were more abundant than corresponding annotated mRNAs, especially after initial hyphal penetration into host cell. Many such dominant isoforms were predicted to encode regulatory proteins such as transcription factors and phospho-transferases. We also identified the genes encoding distinct proteins via AS and confirmed the translation of some isoforms via a proteomic analysis, suggesting potential AS-mediated neo-functionalization of some genes during infection. Comprehensive profiling of the pattern of genome-wide AS during multiple stages of rice-M. oryzae interaction established a foundational resource that will help investigate the role and regulation of AS during rice infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongbum Jeon
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Korea Bioinformation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ki-Tae Kim
- Department of Agricultural Life Science, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Choi
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Kyeongchae Cheong
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaeho Ko
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gobong Choi
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunjun Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Sook-Young Park
- Department of Agricultural Life Science, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Korea
| | - Seongbeom Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Tae Kim
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
- Life and Energy Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Cheol Woo Min
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Seogchan Kang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Ning N, Xie X, Yu H, Mei J, Li Q, Zuo S, Wu H, Liu W, Li Z. Plant Peroxisome-Targeting Effector MoPtep1 Is Required for the Virulence of Magnaporthe oryzae. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2515. [PMID: 35269662 PMCID: PMC8910473 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the most serious fungous diseases in rice. In the past decades, studies have reported that numerous M. oryzae effectors were secreted into plant cells to facilitate inoculation. Effectors target host proteins to assist the virulence of pathogens via the localization of specific organelles, such as the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplast, etc. However, studies on the pathogenesis of peroxisome-targeting effectors are still limited. In our previous study, we analyzed the subcellular localization of candidate effectors from M. oryzae using the agrobacterium-mediated transient expression system in tobacco and found that MoPtep1 (peroxisomes-targeted effector protein 1) localized in plant peroxisomes. Here, we proved that MoPtep1 was induced in the early stage of the M. oryzae infection and positively regulated the pathogenicity, while it did not affect the vegetative growth of mycelia. Subcellular localization results showed that MoPtep1 was localized in the plant peroxisomes with a signal peptide and a cupredoxin domain. Sequence analysis indicated that the homologous protein of MoPtep1 in plant-pathogenic fungi was evolutionarily conserved. Furthermore, MoPtep1 could suppress INF1-induced cell death in tobacco, and the targeting host proteins were identified using the Y2H system. Our results suggested that MoPtep1 is an important pathogenic effector in rice blast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Ning
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (N.N.); (X.X.)
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Y.); (J.M.); (H.W.)
| | - Xin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (N.N.); (X.X.)
| | - Haiyue Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Y.); (J.M.); (H.W.)
| | - Jie Mei
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Y.); (J.M.); (H.W.)
| | - Qianqian Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China;
| | - Shimin Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
| | - Hanxiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Y.); (J.M.); (H.W.)
| | - Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Y.); (J.M.); (H.W.)
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Y.); (J.M.); (H.W.)
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Muzafar S, Sharma RD, Chauhan N, Prasad R. Intron distribution and emerging role of alternative splicing in fungi. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 368:6414529. [PMID: 34718529 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnab135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spliceosomal introns are noncoding sequences that are spliced from pre-mRNA. They are ubiquitous in eukaryotic genomes, although the average number of introns per gene varies considerably between different eukaryotic species. Fungi are diverse in terms of intron numbers ranging from 4% to 99% genes with introns. Alternative splicing is one of the most common modes of posttranscriptional regulation in eukaryotes, giving rise to multiple transcripts from a single pre-mRNA and is widespread in metazoans and drives extensive proteome diversity. Earlier, alternative splicing was considered to be rare in fungi, but recently, increasing numbers of studies have revealed that alternative splicing is also widespread in fungi and has been implicated in the regulation of fungal growth and development, protein localization and the improvement of survivability, likely underlying their unique capacity to adapt to changing environmental conditions. However, the role of alternative splicing in pathogenicity and development of drug resistance is only recently gaining attention. In this review, we describe the intronic landscape in fungi. We also present in detail the newly discovered functions of alternative splicing in various cellular processes and outline areas particularly in pathogenesis and clinical drug resistance for future studies that could lead to the development of much needed new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraya Muzafar
- Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University Gurgaon, Gurgaon 122413, Haryana, India
| | - Ravi Datta Sharma
- Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University Gurgaon, Gurgaon 122413, Haryana, India
| | - Neeraj Chauhan
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University Gurgaon, Gurgaon 122413, Haryana, India
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Arginine Methyltransferase PeRmtC Regulates Development and Pathogenicity of Penicilliumexpansum via Mediating Key Genes in Conidiation and Secondary Metabolism. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7100807. [PMID: 34682229 PMCID: PMC8537047 DOI: 10.3390/jof7100807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Penicillium expansum is one of the most common and destructive post-harvest fungal pathogens that can cause blue mold rot and produce mycotoxins in fruit, leading to significant post-harvest loss and food safety concerns. Arginine methylation by protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) modulates various cellular processes in many eukaryotes. However, the functions of PRMTs are largely unknown in post-harvest fungal pathogens. To explore their roles in P. expansum, we identified four PRMTs (PeRmtA, PeRmtB, PeRmtC, and PeRmt2). The single deletion of PeRmtA, PeRmtB, or PeRmt2 had minor or no impact on the P. expansum phenotype while deletion of PeRmtC resulted in decreased conidiation, delayed conidial germination, impaired pathogenicity and pigment biosynthesis, and altered tolerance to environmental stresses. Further research showed that PeRmtC could regulate two core regulatory genes, PeBrlA and PeAbaA, in conidiation, a series of backbone genes in secondary metabolism, and affect the symmetric ω-NG, N’G-dimethylarginine (sDMA) modification of proteins with molecular weights of primarily 16–17 kDa. Collectively, this work functionally characterized four PRMTs in P. expansum and showed the important roles of PeRmtC in the development, pathogenicity, and secondary metabolism of P. expansum.
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Bühring S, Yemelin A, Michna T, Tenzer S, Jacob S. Evidence of a New MoYpd1p Phosphotransferase Isoform in the Multistep Phosphorelay System of Magnaporthe oryzae. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7050389. [PMID: 34063560 PMCID: PMC8156605 DOI: 10.3390/jof7050389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Different external stimuli are perceived by multiple sensor histidine kinases and transmitted by phosphorylation via the phosphotransfer protein Ypd1p in the multistep phosphorelay system of the high osmolarity glycerol signaling pathway of filamentous fungi. How the signal propagation takes place is still not known in detail since multiple sensor histidine kinase genes in most filamentous fungi are coded in the genome, whereas only one gene for Ypd1p exists. That raises the hypothesis that various Ypd1p isoforms are produced from a single gene sequence, perhaps by alternative splicing, facilitating a higher variability in signal transduction. We found that the mRNA of MoYPD1 in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae is subjected to an increased structural variation and amplified putative isoforms on a cDNA level. We then generated mutant strains overexpressing these isoforms, purified the products, and present here one previously unknown MoYpd1p isoform on a proteome level. Alternative splicing was found to be a valid molecular mechanism to increase the signal diversity in eukaryotic multistep phosphorelay systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Bühring
- Institute for Biotechnology and Drug Research gGmbH, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (S.B.); (A.Y.)
| | - Alexander Yemelin
- Institute for Biotechnology and Drug Research gGmbH, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (S.B.); (A.Y.)
| | - Thomas Michna
- Institut für Immunologie, Universitätsmedizin der Johannes-Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (T.M.); (S.T.)
| | - Stefan Tenzer
- Institut für Immunologie, Universitätsmedizin der Johannes-Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (T.M.); (S.T.)
| | - Stefan Jacob
- Institute for Biotechnology and Drug Research gGmbH, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (S.B.); (A.Y.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Ganie SA, Reddy ASN. Stress-Induced Changes in Alternative Splicing Landscape in Rice: Functional Significance of Splice Isoforms in Stress Tolerance. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:309. [PMID: 33917813 PMCID: PMC8068108 DOI: 10.3390/biology10040309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Improvements in yield and quality of rice are crucial for global food security. However, global rice production is substantially hindered by various biotic and abiotic stresses. Making further improvements in rice yield is a major challenge to the rice research community, which can be accomplished through developing abiotic stress-resilient rice varieties and engineering durable agrochemical-independent pathogen resistance in high-yielding elite rice varieties. This, in turn, needs increased understanding of the mechanisms by which stresses affect rice growth and development. Alternative splicing (AS), a post-transcriptional gene regulatory mechanism, allows rapid changes in the transcriptome and can generate novel regulatory mechanisms to confer plasticity to plant growth and development. Mounting evidence indicates that AS has a prominent role in regulating rice growth and development under stress conditions. Several regulatory and structural genes and splicing factors of rice undergo different types of stress-induced AS events, and the functional significance of some of them in stress tolerance has been defined. Both rice and its pathogens use this complex regulatory mechanism to devise strategies against each other. This review covers the current understanding and evidence for the involvement of AS in biotic and abiotic stress-responsive genes, and its relevance to rice growth and development. Furthermore, we discuss implications of AS for the virulence of different rice pathogens and highlight the areas of further research and potential future avenues to develop climate-smart and disease-resistant rice varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anireddy S. N. Reddy
- Department of Biology and Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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15
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Ebbole DJ, Chen M, Zhong Z, Farmer N, Zheng W, Han Y, Lu G, Wang Z. Evolution and Regulation of a Large Effector Family of Pyricularia oryzae. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:255-269. [PMID: 33211639 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-20-0210-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogen effectors play important roles in parasitism, including countering plant immunity. However, investigations of the emergence and diversification of fungal effectors across host-adapted populations has been limited. We previously identified a gene encoding a suppressor of plant cell death in Pyricularia oryzae (syn. Magnaporthe oryzae). Here, we report the gene is one of a 21-member gene family and we characterize sequence diversity in different populations. Within the rice pathogen population, nucleotide diversity is low, however; the majority of gene family members display presence-absence polymorphism or other null alleles. Gene family allelic diversity is greater between host-adapted populations and, thus, we named them host-adapted genes (HAGs). Multiple copies of HAGs were found in some genome assemblies and sequence divergence between the alleles in two cases suggested they were the result of repeat-induced point mutagenesis. Transfer of family members between populations and novel HAG haplotypes resulting from apparent recombination were observed. HAG family transcripts were induced in planta and a subset of HAGs are dependent on a key regulator of pathogenesis, PMK1. We also found differential intron splicing for some HAGs that would prevent ex planta protein expression. For some genes, spliced transcript was expressed in antiphase with an overlapping antisense transcript. Characterization of HAG expression patterns and allelic diversity reveal novel mechanisms for HAG regulation and mechanisms generating sequence diversity and novel allele combinations. This evidence of strong in planta-specific expression and selection operating on the HAG family is suggestive of a role in parasitism.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Ebbole
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, U.S.A
| | - Meilian Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, U.S.A
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Zhenhui Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Nicholas Farmer
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, U.S.A
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yijuan Han
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Guodong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian 350002, China
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian 350002, China
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Fang S, Hou X, Qiu K, He R, Feng X, Liang X. The occurrence and function of alternative splicing in fungi. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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