1
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Wallner ES, Mair A, Handler D, McWhite C, Xu SL, Dolan L, Bergmann DC. Spatially resolved proteomics of the Arabidopsis stomatal lineage identifies polarity complexes for cell divisions and stomatal pores. Dev Cell 2024; 59:1096-1109.e5. [PMID: 38518768 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Cell polarity is used to guide asymmetric divisions and create morphologically diverse cells. We find that two oppositely oriented cortical polarity domains present during the asymmetric divisions in the Arabidopsis stomatal lineage are reconfigured into polar domains marking ventral (pore-forming) and outward-facing domains of maturing stomatal guard cells. Proteins that define these opposing polarity domains were used as baits in miniTurboID-based proximity labeling. Among differentially enriched proteins, we find kinases, putative microtubule-interacting proteins, and polar SOSEKIs with their effector ANGUSTIFOLIA. Using AI-facilitated protein structure prediction models, we identify potential protein-protein interaction interfaces among them. Functional and localization analyses of the polarity protein OPL2 and its putative interaction partners suggest a positive interaction with mitotic microtubules and a role in cytokinesis. This combination of proteomics and structural modeling with live-cell imaging provides insights into how polarity is rewired in different cell types and cell-cycle stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Sophie Wallner
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA; Gregor Mendel Institute, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Wien, Austria; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Andrea Mair
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Claire McWhite
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Shou-Ling Xu
- Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Carnegie Mass Spectrometry Facility, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Liam Dolan
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Wien, Austria
| | - Dominique C Bergmann
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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2
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Li R, Zhao R, Yang M, Zhang X, Lin J. Membrane microdomains: Structural and signaling platforms for establishing membrane polarity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:2260-2277. [PMID: 37549378 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell polarity results from the asymmetric distribution of cellular structures, molecules, and functions. Polarity is a fundamental cellular trait that can determine the orientation of cell division, the formation of particular cell shapes, and ultimately the development of a multicellular body. To maintain the distinct asymmetric distribution of proteins and lipids in cellular membranes, plant cells have developed complex trafficking and regulatory mechanisms. Major advances have been made in our understanding of how membrane microdomains influence the asymmetric distribution of proteins and lipids. In this review, we first give an overview of cell polarity. Next, we discuss current knowledge concerning membrane microdomains and their roles as structural and signaling platforms to establish and maintain membrane polarity, with a special focus on the asymmetric distribution of proteins and lipids, and advanced microscopy techniques to observe and characterize membrane microdomains. Finally, we review recent advances regarding membrane trafficking in cell polarity establishment and how the balance between exocytosis and endocytosis affects membrane polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruili Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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3
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Wallner ES, Dolan L, Bergmann DC. Arabidopsis stomatal lineage cells establish bipolarity and segregate differential signaling capacity to regulate stem cell potential. Dev Cell 2023; 58:1643-1656.e5. [PMID: 37607546 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Cell polarity combined with asymmetric cell divisions (ACDs) generates cellular diversity. In the Arabidopsis stomatal lineage, a single cortical polarity domain marked by BASL orients ACDs and is segregated to the larger daughter to enforce cell fate. We discovered a second, oppositely positioned polarity domain defined by OCTOPUS-LIKE (OPL) proteins, which forms prior to ACD and is segregated to the smaller (meristemoid) daughter. Genetic and misexpression analyses show that OPLs promote meristemoid-amplifying divisions and delay stomatal fate progression. Polarity mediates OPL segregation into meristemoids but is not required for OPL function. OPL localization and activity are largely independent of other stomatal polarity genes and of the brassinosteroid signaling components associated with OPLs in other contexts. While OPLs are unique to seed plants, ectopic expression in the liverwort Marchantia suppressed epidermal fate progression, suggesting that OPLs engage ancient and broadly conserved pathways to regulate cell division and cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Sophie Wallner
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA; Gregor Mendel Institute, Dr.-Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Wien, Austria; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Liam Dolan
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Dr.-Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Wien, Austria
| | - Dominique C Bergmann
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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4
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Gong Y, Dale R, Fung HF, Amador GO, Smit ME, Bergmann DC. A cell size threshold triggers commitment to stomatal fate in Arabidopsis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf3497. [PMID: 37729402 PMCID: PMC10881030 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf3497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
How flexible developmental programs integrate information from internal and external factors to modulate stem cell behavior is a fundamental question in developmental biology. Cells of the Arabidopsis stomatal lineage modify the balance of stem cell proliferation and differentiation to adjust the size and cell type composition of mature leaves. Here, we report that meristemoids, one type of stomatal lineage stem cell, trigger the transition from asymmetric self-renewing divisions to commitment and terminal differentiation by crossing a critical cell size threshold. Through computational simulation, we demonstrate that this cell size-mediated transition allows robust, yet flexible termination of stem cell proliferation, and we observe adjustments in the number of divisions before the differentiation threshold under several genetic manipulations. We experimentally evaluate several mechanisms for cell size sensing, and our data suggest that this stomatal lineage transition is dependent on a nuclear factor that is sensitive to DNA content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gong
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Renee Dale
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132 USA
| | - Hannah F. Fung
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gabriel O. Amador
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Margot E. Smit
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dominique C. Bergmann
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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5
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Pan X, Pérez-Henríquez P, Van Norman JM, Yang Z. Membrane nanodomains: Dynamic nanobuilding blocks of polarized cell growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:83-97. [PMID: 37194569 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cell polarity is intimately linked to numerous biological processes, such as oriented plant cell division, particular asymmetric division, cell differentiation, cell and tissue morphogenesis, and transport of hormones and nutrients. Cell polarity is typically initiated by a polarizing cue that regulates the spatiotemporal dynamic of polarity molecules, leading to the establishment and maintenance of polar domains at the plasma membrane. Despite considerable progress in identifying key polarity regulators in plants, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying cell polarity formation have yet to be fully elucidated. Recent work suggests a critical role for membrane protein/lipid nanodomains in polarized morphogenesis in plants. One outstanding question is how the spatiotemporal dynamics of signaling nanodomains are controlled to achieve robust cell polarization. In this review, we first summarize the current state of knowledge on potential regulatory mechanisms of nanodomain dynamics, with a special focus on Rho-like GTPases from plants. We then discuss the pavement cell system as an example of how cells may integrate multiple signals and nanodomain-involved feedback mechanisms to achieve robust polarity. A mechanistic understanding of nanodomains' roles in plant cell polarity is still in the early stages and will remain an exciting area for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Pan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto-Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Patricio Pérez-Henríquez
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jaimie M Van Norman
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Zhenbiao Yang
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350002, China
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6
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Smit ME, Vatén A, Mair A, Northover CAM, Bergmann DC. Extensive embryonic patterning without cellular differentiation primes the plant epidermis for efficient post-embryonic stomatal activities. Dev Cell 2023; 58:506-521.e5. [PMID: 36931268 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant leaves feature epidermal stomata that are organized in stereotyped patterns. How does the pattern originate? We provide transcriptomic, imaging, and genetic evidence that Arabidopsis embryos engage known stomatal fate and patterning factors to create regularly spaced stomatal precursor cells. Analysis of embryos from 36 plant species indicates that this trait is widespread among angiosperms. Embryonic stomatal patterning in Arabidopsis is established in three stages: first, broad SPEECHLESS (SPCH) expression; second, coalescence of SPCH and its targets into discrete domains; and third, one round of asymmetric division to create stomatal precursors. Lineage progression is then halted until after germination. We show that the embryonic stomatal pattern enables fast stomatal differentiation and photosynthetic activity upon germination, but it also guides the formation of additional stomata as the leaf expands. In addition, key stomatal regulators are prevented from driving the fate transitions they can induce after germination, identifying stage-specific layers of regulation that control lineage progression during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot E Smit
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anne Vatén
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA
| | - Andrea Mair
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Dominique C Bergmann
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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7
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Zhang Y, Xu T, Dong J. Asymmetric cell division in plant development. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:343-370. [PMID: 36610013 PMCID: PMC9975081 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric cell division (ACD) is a fundamental process that generates new cell types during development in eukaryotic species. In plant development, post-embryonic organogenesis driven by ACD is universal and more important than in animals, in which organ pattern is preset during embryogenesis. Thus, plant development provides a powerful system to study molecular mechanisms underlying ACD. During the past decade, tremendous progress has been made in our understanding of the key components and mechanisms involved in this important process in plants. Here, we present an overview of how ACD is determined and regulated in multiple biological processes in plant development and compare their conservation and specificity among different model cell systems. We also summarize the molecular roles and mechanisms of the phytohormones in the regulation of plant ACD. Finally, we conclude with the overarching paradigms and principles that govern plant ACD and consider how new technologies can be exploited to fill the knowledge gaps and make new advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Plant Synthetic Biology Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- The Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Correspondences: Yi Zhang (); Juan Dong (). Yi Zhang and Juan Dong are fully responsible for the distribution of all materials associated with this article
| | - Tongda Xu
- Plant Synthetic Biology Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Juan Dong
- The Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08891, USA
- Correspondences: Yi Zhang (); Juan Dong (). Yi Zhang and Juan Dong are fully responsible for the distribution of all materials associated with this article
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8
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Fozard JA, Yu M, Bezodis W, Cheng J, Spooner J, Mansfield C, Chan J, Coen E. Localization of stomatal lineage proteins reveals contrasting planar polarity patterns in Arabidopsis cotyledons. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4967-4974.e5. [PMID: 36257315 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Many plant cells exhibit polarity, revealed by asymmetric localization of specific proteins within each cell.1,2,3,4,5,6 Polarity is typically coordinated between cells across a tissue, raising the question of how coordination is achieved. One hypothesis is that mechanical stresses provide cues.7 This idea gains support from experiments in which cotyledons were mechanically stretched transversely to their midline.8 These previously published results showed that without applied tension, the stomatal lineage cell polarity marker, BREVIS RADIX-LIKE 2 (BRXL2), exhibited no significant excess in the transverse orientation. By contrast, 7 h after stretching, BRXL2 polarity distribution exhibited transverse excess, aligned with the stretch direction. These stretching experiments involved statistical comparisons between snapshots of stretched and unstretched cotyledons, with different specimens being imaged in each case.8 Here, we image the same cotyledon before and after stretching and find no evidence for reorientation of polarity. Instead, statistical analysis shows that cotyledons contain a pre-existing transverse excess in BRXL2 polarity orientation that is not significantly modified by applied tension. The transverse excess reflects BRLX2 being preferentially localized toward the medial side of the cell, nearer to the cotyledon midline, creating a weak medial bias. A second polarity marker, BREAKING OF ASYMMETRY IN THE STOMATAL LINEAGE (BASL), also exhibits weak medial bias in stomatal lineages, whereas ectopic expression of BASL in non-stomatal cells exhibits strong proximal bias, as previously observed in rosette leaves. This proximal bias is also unperturbed by applied tension. Our findings therefore show that cotyledons contain two near-orthogonal coordinated biases in planar polarity: mediolateral and proximodistal.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Fozard
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Man Yu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - William Bezodis
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jie Cheng
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jamie Spooner
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Catherine Mansfield
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jordi Chan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Enrico Coen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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9
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Guo X, Dong J. Protein polarization: Spatiotemporal precisions in cell division and differentiation. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 68:102257. [PMID: 35816992 PMCID: PMC9968528 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Specification of cell polarity is vital to normal cell growth, morphogenesis, and function. As other eukaryotes, plants generate cellular polarity that is coordinated with tissue polarity and organ axes. In development, new cell types are generated by stem-cell division and differentiation, a process often involving proteins that are polarized to cortical domains at the plasma membrane. In the past decade, pioneering work using the model plant Arabidopsis identified multiple proteins that are polarized in dividing cells to instruct divisional behaviors and/or specify cell fates. In this review, we use these polarized cell-division regulators as example to summarize key mechanisms underlying protein polarization in plant cells. Recent progress underscores that self-organizing amplification processes are commonly involved in establishing cell polarity, and cellular polarity is influenced by both tissue-level and local mechanochemical cues. In addition, protein polarization during asymmetric cell division shows a distinct feature of temporal control in the stomatal lineage. We further discuss possible coordination between protein polarization and the progression of cell cycle in this developmental context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Guo
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Juan Dong
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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10
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Raissig MT, Woods DP. The wild grass Brachypodium distachyon as a developmental model system. Curr Top Dev Biol 2022; 147:33-71. [PMID: 35337454 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2021.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The arrival of cheap and high-throughput sequencing paired with efficient gene editing technologies allows us to use non-traditional model systems and mechanistically approach biological phenomena beyond what was conceivable just a decade ago. Venturing into different model systems enables us to explore for example clade-specific environmental responses to changing climates or the genetics and development of clade-specific organs, tissues and cell types. We-both early career researchers working with the wild grass model Brachypodium distachyon-want to use this review to (1) highlight why we think B. distachyon is a fantastic grass developmental model system, (2) summarize the tools and resources that have enabled discoveries made in B. distachyon, and (3) discuss a handful of developmental biology vignettes made possible by using B. distachyon as a model system. Finally, we want to conclude by (4) relating our personal stories with this emerging model system and (5) share what we think is important to consider before starting work with an emerging model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Raissig
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel P Woods
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, United States.
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11
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Das A, Adhikary S, Roy Chowdhury A, Barui A. Leveraging substrate stiffness to promote stem cell asymmetric division via mechanotransduction-polarity protein axis and its Bayesian regression analysis. Rejuvenation Res 2022; 25:59-69. [PMID: 35316074 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2021.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric division of stem cells is an evolutionarily conserved process in multicellular organisms responsible for maintaining cellular fate diversity. Symmetric-asymmetric division pattern of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) is regulated by both biochemical and biophysical cues. However, modulation of mechanotransduction pathway by varying scaffold properties and their adaptation to control stem cell division fate is not widely established. In present study, we explored the interplay between the mechanotrasduction pathway and polarity protein complex in stem cell asymmetry under varied biophysical stimuli. We hypothesize that variation of scaffold stiffness will impart mechanical stimulus and control the cytoskeleton assembly through RhoA, which will lead to further downstream activation of polarity-related cell signalling and asymmetric division of MSC. To establish the hypothesis, umbilical cord derived MSC were cultured on PCL/collagen scaffolds with varied stiffness and expressions of several important genes (viz. YAP, TAZ, LATS1, LATS2, Par3, Par6, PRKC1 (homolog of aPKC) and RhoA) and biomarkers (viz. YAP, TAZ, F-actin, Numb) were assessed. SVM polarity index was employed to understand the polarization status of the MSC cultured on varied scaffold stiffness. Further, the Bayesian logistic regression model was employed for classifying the asymmetric division of MSC cultured on different scaffold stiffness which showed 91% accuracy. Present study emphasizes the vital role of scaffold properties in modulating the mechanotransduction signalling pathway of MSC and provides mechanistic basis for adopting facile method to control stem cell division pattern towards improving tissue engineering outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Das
- Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, 30130, Howrah, India;
| | - Shreya Adhikary
- Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, 30130, Howrah, India;
| | - Amit Roy Chowdhury
- Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, 30130, Howrah, India;
| | - Ananya Barui
- Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, 30130, Centre for Healthcare science and Technology, IIEST Shibpur, Howrah, WB, Howrah, India, 711103;
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12
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Park J, Demirer GS, Cheung LS. Toolboxes for plant systems biology research. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 75:102692. [PMID: 35144172 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The terms 'systems' and 'synthetic biology' are often used together, with most scientists striding between the two fields rather than adhering to a single side. Often too, scientists want to understand a system to inform the design of gene circuits that could endow it with new functions. However, this does not need to be the progression of research, as synthetic constructs can help improve our understanding of a system. Here, we review synthetic biology tool kits with the potential to overcome pleiotropic effects, compensatory mechanisms, and redundancy in plants. Combined with -omics techniques, these tools could reveal novel insights on plant growth and development, an aim that has gained renewed urgency given the impact of climate change on crop productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Park
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Gozde S Demirer
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Lily S Cheung
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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13
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Zuch DT, Doyle SM, Majda M, Smith RS, Robert S, Torii KU. Cell biology of the leaf epidermis: Fate specification, morphogenesis, and coordination. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:209-227. [PMID: 34623438 PMCID: PMC8774078 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
As the outermost layer of plants, the epidermis serves as a critical interface between plants and the environment. During leaf development, the differentiation of specialized epidermal cell types, including stomatal guard cells, pavement cells, and trichomes, occurs simultaneously, each providing unique and pivotal functions for plant growth and survival. Decades of molecular-genetic and physiological studies have unraveled key players and hormone signaling specifying epidermal differentiation. However, most studies focus on only one cell type at a time, and how these distinct cell types coordinate as a unit is far from well-comprehended. Here we provide a review on the current knowledge of regulatory mechanisms underpinning the fate specification, differentiation, morphogenesis, and positioning of these specialized cell types. Emphasis is given to their shared developmental origins, fate flexibility, as well as cell cycle and hormonal controls. Furthermore, we discuss computational modeling approaches to integrate how mechanical properties of individual epidermal cell types and entire tissue/organ properties mutually influence each other. We hope to illuminate the underlying mechanisms coordinating the cell differentiation that ultimately generate a functional leaf epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mateusz Majda
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Richard S Smith
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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14
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Yang SL, Tran N, Tsai MY, Ho CMK. Misregulation of MYB16 expression causes stomatal cluster formation by disrupting polarity during asymmetric cell divisions. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:455-476. [PMID: 34718767 PMCID: PMC8774054 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal pores and the leaf cuticle regulate evaporation from the plant body and balance the tradeoff between photosynthesis and water loss. MYB16, encoding a transcription factor involved in cutin biosynthesis, is expressed in stomatal lineage ground cells, suggesting a link between cutin biosynthesis and stomatal development. Here, we show that the downregulation of MYB16 in meristemoids is directly mediated by the stomatal master transcription factor SPEECHLESS (SPCH) in Arabidopsis thaliana. The suppression of MYB16 before an asymmetric division is crucial for stomatal patterning, as its overexpression or ectopic expression in meristemoids increased stomatal density and resulted in the formation of stomatal clusters, as well as affecting the outer cell wall structure. Expressing a cutinase gene in plants ectopically expressing MYB16 reduced stomatal clustering, suggesting that cutin affects stomatal signaling or the polarity setup in asymmetrically dividing cells. The clustered stomatal phenotype was rescued by overexpressing EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR2, suggesting that stomatal signaling was still functional in these plants. Growing seedlings ectopically expressing MYB16 on high-percentage agar plates to modulate tensile strength rescued the polarity and stomatal cluster defects of these seedlings. Therefore, the inhibition of MYB16 expression by SPCH in the early stomatal lineage is required to correctly place the polarity protein needed for stomatal patterning during leaf morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Li Yang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ngan Tran
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Ying Tsai
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan
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15
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Ramalho JJ, Jones VAS, Mutte S, Weijers D. Pole position: How plant cells polarize along the axes. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:174-192. [PMID: 34338785 PMCID: PMC8774072 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Having a sense of direction is a fundamental cellular trait that can determine cell shape, division orientation, or function, and ultimately the formation of a functional, multicellular body. Cells acquire and integrate directional information by establishing discrete subcellular domains along an axis with distinct molecular profiles, a process known as cell polarization. Insight into the principles and mechanisms underlying cell polarity has been propelled by decades of extensive research mostly in yeast and animal models. Our understanding of cell polarity establishment in plants, which lack most of the regulatory molecules identified in other eukaryotes, is more limited, but significant progress has been made in recent years. In this review, we explore how plant cells coordinately establish stable polarity axes aligned with the organ axes, highlighting similarities in the molecular logic used to polarize both plant and animal cells. We propose a classification system for plant cell polarity events and nomenclature guidelines. Finally, we provide a deep phylogenetic analysis of polar proteins and discuss the evolution of polarity machineries in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sumanth Mutte
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6703WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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16
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Kuan C, Yang SL, Ho CMK. Using quantitative methods to understand leaf epidermal development. QUANTITATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 3:e28. [PMID: 37077990 PMCID: PMC10097589 DOI: 10.1017/qpb.2022.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
As the interface between plants and the environment, the leaf epidermis provides the first layer of protection against drought, ultraviolet light, and pathogen attack. This cell layer comprises highly coordinated and specialised cells such as stomata, pavement cells and trichomes. While much has been learned from the genetic dissection of stomatal, trichome and pavement cell formation, emerging methods in quantitative measurements that monitor cellular or tissue dynamics will allow us to further investigate cell state transitions and fate determination in leaf epidermal development. In this review, we introduce the formation of epidermal cell types in Arabidopsis and provide examples of quantitative tools to describe phenotypes in leaf research. We further focus on cellular factors involved in triggering cell fates and their quantitative measurements in mechanistic studies and biological patterning. A comprehensive understanding of how a functional leaf epidermis develops will advance the breeding of crops with improved stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Kuan
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Li Yang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Min Kimmy Ho
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Author for correspondence: C.-M. K. Ho, E-mail:
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17
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Zhang D, Spiegelhalder RP, Abrash EB, Nunes TDG, Hidalgo I, Anleu Gil MX, Jesenofsky B, Lindner H, Bergmann DC, Raissig MT. Opposite polarity programs regulate asymmetric subsidiary cell divisions in grasses. eLife 2022; 11:79913. [PMID: 36537077 PMCID: PMC9767456 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Grass stomata recruit lateral subsidiary cells (SCs), which are key to the unique stomatal morphology and the efficient plant-atmosphere gas exchange in grasses. Subsidiary mother cells (SMCs) strongly polarise before an asymmetric division forms a SC. Yet apart from a proximal polarity module that includes PANGLOSS1 (PAN1) and guides nuclear migration, little is known regarding the developmental processes that form SCs. Here, we used comparative transcriptomics of developing wild-type and SC-less bdmute leaves in the genetic model grass Brachypodium distachyon to identify novel factors involved in SC formation. This approach revealed BdPOLAR, which forms a novel, distal polarity domain in SMCs that is opposite to the proximal PAN1 domain. Both polarity domains are required for the formative SC division yet exhibit various roles in guiding pre-mitotic nuclear migration and SMC division plane orientation, respectively. Nonetheless, the domains are linked as the proximal domain controls polarisation of the distal domain. In summary, we identified two opposing polarity domains that coordinate the SC division, a process crucial for grass stomatal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | | | - Emily B Abrash
- Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Tiago DG Nunes
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Inés Hidalgo
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | | | - Barbara Jesenofsky
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Heike Lindner
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany,Institute of Plant Sciences, University of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Dominique C Bergmann
- Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Michael T Raissig
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany,Institute of Plant Sciences, University of BernBernSwitzerland
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18
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Gong Y, Alassimone J, Muroyama A, Amador G, Varnau R, Liu A, Bergmann DC. The Arabidopsis stomatal polarity protein BASL mediates distinct processes before and after cell division to coordinate cell size and fate asymmetries. Development 2021; 148:dev199919. [PMID: 34463761 PMCID: PMC8512303 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In many land plants, asymmetric cell divisions (ACDs) create and pattern differentiated cell types on the leaf surface. In the Arabidopsis stomatal lineage, BREAKING OF ASYMMETRY IN THE STOMATAL LINEAGE (BASL) regulates division plane placement and cell fate enforcement. Polarized subcellular localization of BASL is initiated before ACD and persists for many hours after the division in one of the two daughters. Untangling the respective contributions of polarized BASL before and after division is essential to gain a better understanding of its roles in regulating stomatal lineage ACDs. Here, we combine quantitative imaging and lineage tracking with genetic tools that provide temporally restricted BASL expression. We find that pre-division BASL is required for division orientation, whereas BASL polarity post-division ensures proper cell fate commitment. These genetic manipulations allowed us to uncouple daughter-cell size asymmetry from polarity crescent inheritance, revealing independent effects of these two asymmetries on subsequent cell behavior. Finally, we show that there is coordination between the division frequencies of sister cells produced by ACDs, and this coupling requires BASL as an effector of peptide signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gong
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Andrew Muroyama
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gabriel Amador
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rachel Varnau
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ao Liu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dominique C. Bergmann
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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19
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Chowdhury MR, Ahamed MS, Mas-ud MA, Islam H, Fatamatuzzohora M, Hossain MF, Billah M, Hossain MS, Matin MN. Stomatal development and genetic expression in Arabidopsis thaliana L. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07889. [PMID: 34485750 PMCID: PMC8408637 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stomata are turgor-driven microscopic epidermal valves of land plants. The controlled opening and closing of the valves are essential for regulating the gas exchange and minimizing the water loss and eventually regulating the internal temperatures. Stomata are also a major site of pathogen/microbe entry and plant defense system. Maintaining proper stomatal density, distribution, and development are pivotal for plant survival. Arabidopsis is a model plant to study molecular basis including signaling pathways, transcription factors, and key components for the growth and development of specific organs as well as the whole plant. It has intensively been studied and found out the driver for the development and patterning of stomata. In this review, we have explained how the MAPK signaling cascade is controlled by TOO MANY MOUTHS (TMM) receptor-like protein and the Erecta (ER) receptor-like kinase family. We have also summarized how this MAPK cascade affects primary transcriptional regulators to finally activate the main three basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) principal transcription factors, which are required for the development and patterning of stomata. Moreover, regulatory activity and cellular connections of polar proteins and environmentally mediated ligand-receptor interactions in the stomatal developmental pathways have extensively been discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Rayhan Chowdhury
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Sabbir Ahamed
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Atik Mas-ud
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Hiya Islam
- Biotechnology, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brac University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mst Fatamatuzzohora
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Firose Hossain
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Mutasim Billah
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Shahadat Hossain
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Nurul Matin
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
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20
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Gong Y, Alassimone J, Varnau R, Sharma N, Cheung LS, Bergmann DC. Tuning self-renewal in the Arabidopsis stomatal lineage by hormone and nutrient regulation of asymmetric cell division. eLife 2021; 10:e63335. [PMID: 33739283 PMCID: PMC8009662 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric and self-renewing divisions build and pattern tissues. In the Arabidopsis stomatal lineage, asymmetric cell divisions, guided by polarly localized cortical proteins, generate most cells on the leaf surface. Systemic and environmental signals modify tissue development, but the mechanisms by which plants incorporate such cues to regulate asymmetric divisions are elusive. In a screen for modulators of cell polarity, we identified CONSTITUTIVE TRIPLE RESPONSE1, a negative regulator of ethylene signaling. We subsequently revealed antagonistic impacts of ethylene and glucose signaling on the self-renewing capacity of stomatal lineage stem cells. Quantitative analysis of cell polarity and fate dynamics showed that developmental information may be encoded in both the spatial and temporal asymmetries of polarity proteins. These results provide a framework for a mechanistic understanding of how nutritional status and environmental factors tune stem-cell behavior in the stomatal lineage, ultimately enabling flexibility in leaf size and cell-type composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gong
- Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | | | - Rachel Varnau
- Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Nidhi Sharma
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Lily S Cheung
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaUnited States
| | - Dominique C Bergmann
- Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
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