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Yu J, Xu Y, Huang Y, Zhu Y, Zhou L, Zhang Y, Li B, Liu H, Fu A, Xu M. MS2/GmAMS1 encodes a bHLH transcription factor important for tapetum degeneration in soybean. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:211. [PMID: 39127985 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03300-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE GmAMS1 is the only functional AMS and works with GmTDF1-1 and GmMS3 to orchestrate the tapetum degeneration in soybean. Heterosis could significantly increase the production of major crops as well as soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Stable male-sterile/female-fertile mutants including ms2 are useful resources to apply in soybean hybrid production. Here, we identified the detailed mutated sites of two classic mutants ms2 (Eldorado) and ms2 (Ames) in MS2/GmAMS1 via the high-throughput sequencing method. Subsequently, we verified that GmAMS1, a bHLH transcription factor, is the only functional AMS member in soybean through the complementary experiment in Arabidopsis; and elucidated the dysfunction of its homolog GmAMS2 is caused by the premature stop codon in the gene's coding sequence. Further qRT-PCR analysis and protein-protein interaction assays indicated GmAMS1 is required for expressing downstream members in the putative DYT1-TDF1-AMS-MYB80/MYB103/MS188-MS1 cascade module, and might regulate the upstream members in a feedback mechanism. GmAMS1 could interact with GmTDF1-1 and GmMS3 via different region, which contributes to dissect the mechanism in the tapetum degeneration process. Additionally, as a core member in the conserved cascade module controlling the tapetum development and degeneration, AMS is conservatively present in all land plant lineages, implying that AMS-mediated signaling pathway has been established before land plants diverged, which provides further insight into the tapetal evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junping Yu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Yuanyuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Yuxue Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Lulu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Yunpeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Bingyao Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Aigen Fu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Min Xu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
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2
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Ambrose BA, Stevenson DW. The evolution and development of sporangia-The fundamental reproductive organ of land plant sporophytes. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 81:102563. [PMID: 38838582 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
A key innovation of land plants is the origin and evolution of the sporangium, the fundamental reproductive structure of the diploid sporophyte. In vascular plants, whether the structure is a cone, fertile leaf, or flower-all are clusters of sporangia. The evolution of morphologically distinct sporangia (heterospory) and retention of the gametophyte evolved three times independently as a prerequisite for the evolution of seeds. This review summarizes the development of vascular plant sporangia, molecular genetics of angiosperm sporangia, and provides a framework to investigate evolution and development in vascular plant sporangia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Ambrose
- The New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY, 10458, USA.
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3
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Levins J, Dierschke T, Bowman JL. A subclass II bHLH transcription factor in Marchantia polymorpha gives insight into the ancestral land plant trait of spore formation. Curr Biol 2024; 34:895-901.e5. [PMID: 38280380 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Sporopollenin is often said to be one of the toughest biopolymers known to man. The shift in dormancy cell wall deposition from around the diploid zygotes of charophycean algae to sporopollenin around the haploid spores of land plants essentially imparted onto land plants the gift of passive motility, a key acquisition that contributed to their vast and successful colonization across terrestrial habitats.1,2 A putative transcription factor controlling the land plant mode of sporopollenin deposition is the subclass II bHLHs, which are conserved and novel to land plants, with mutants of genes in angiosperms and mosses divulging roles relating to tapetum degeneration and spore development.3,4,5,6,7 We demonstrate that a subclass II bHLH gene, MpbHLH37, regulates sporopollenin biosynthesis and deposition in the model liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. Mpbhlh37 sporophytes show a striking loss of secondary wall deposits of the capsule wall, the elaters, and the spore exine, all while maintaining spore viability, identifying MpbHLH37 as a master regulator of secondary wall deposits of the sporophyte. Localization of MpbHLH37 to the capsule wall and elaters of the sporophyte directly designates these tissue types as a bona fide tapetum in liverworts, giving support to the notion that the presence of a tapetum is an ancestral land plant trait. Finally, as early land plant spore walls exhibit evidence of tapetal deposition,8,9,10,11,12 a tapetal capsule wall could have provided these plants with a developmental mechanism for sporopollenin deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Levins
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Tom Dierschke
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - John L Bowman
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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4
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Frangedakis E, Marron AO, Waller M, Neubauer A, Tse SW, Yue Y, Ruaud S, Waser L, Sakakibara K, Szövényi P. What can hornworts teach us? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1108027. [PMID: 36968370 PMCID: PMC10030945 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1108027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The hornworts are a small group of land plants, consisting of only 11 families and approximately 220 species. Despite their small size as a group, their phylogenetic position and unique biology are of great importance. Hornworts, together with mosses and liverworts, form the monophyletic group of bryophytes that is sister to all other land plants (Tracheophytes). It is only recently that hornworts became amenable to experimental investigation with the establishment of Anthoceros agrestis as a model system. In this perspective, we summarize the recent advances in the development of A. agrestis as an experimental system and compare it with other plant model systems. We also discuss how A. agrestis can help to further research in comparative developmental studies across land plants and to solve key questions of plant biology associated with the colonization of the terrestrial environment. Finally, we explore the significance of A. agrestis in crop improvement and synthetic biology applications in general.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan O. Marron
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Waller
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Neubauer
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sze Wai Tse
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yuling Yue
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Ruaud
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lucas Waser
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Péter Szövényi
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Zurich, Switzerland
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5
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Lüth VM, Rempfer C, van Gessel N, Herzog O, Hanser M, Braun M, Decker EL, Reski R. A Physcomitrella PIN protein acts in spermatogenesis and sporophyte retention. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:2118-2135. [PMID: 36696950 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The auxin efflux PIN-FORMED (PIN) proteins are conserved in all land plants and important players in plant development. In the moss Physcomitrella (Physcomitrium patens), three canonical PINs (PpPINA-C) are expressed in the leafy shoot (gametophore). PpPINA and PpPINB show functional activity in vegetative growth and sporophyte development. Here, we examined the role of PpPINC in the life cycle of Physcomitrella. We established reporter and knockout lines for PpPINC and analysed vegetative and reproductive tissues using microscopy and transcriptomic sequencing of moss gametangia. PpPINC is expressed in immature leaves, mature gametangia and during sporophyte development. The sperm cells (spermatozoids) of pinC knockout mutants exhibit increased motility and an altered flagella phenotype. Furthermore, the pinC mutants have a higher portion of differentially expressed genes related to spermatogenesis, increased fertility and an increased abortion rate of premeiotic sporophytes. Here, we show that PpPINC is important for spermatogenesis and sporophyte retention. We propose an evolutionary conserved way of polar growth during early moss embryo development and sporophyte attachment to the gametophore while suggesting the mechanical function in sporophyte retention of a ring structure, the Lorch ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker M Lüth
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christine Rempfer
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nico van Gessel
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Herzog
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Hanser
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marion Braun
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eva L Decker
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Reski
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT - Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
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6
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Renzaglia KS, Ashton NW, Suh DY. Sporogenesis in Physcomitrium patens: Intergenerational collaboration and the development of the spore wall and aperture. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1165293. [PMID: 37123413 PMCID: PMC10133578 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1165293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the evolution of spores was critical to the diversification of plants on land, sporogenesis is incompletely characterized for model plants such as Physcomitrium patens. In this study, the complete process of P. patens sporogenesis is detailed from capsule expansion to mature spore formation, with emphasis on the construction of the complex spore wall and proximal aperture. Both diploid (sporophytic) and haploid (spores) cells contribute to the development and maturation of spores. During capsule expansion, the diploid cells of the capsule, including spore mother cells (SMCs), inner capsule wall layer (spore sac), and columella, contribute a locular fibrillar matrix that contains the machinery and nutrients for spore ontogeny. Nascent spores are enclosed in a second matrix that is surrounded by a thin SMC wall and suspended in the locular material. As they expand and separate, a band of exine is produced external to a thin foundation layer of tripartite lamellae. Dense globules assemble evenly throughout the locule, and these are incorporated progressively onto the spore surface to form the perine external to the exine. On the distal spore surface, the intine forms internally, while the spiny perine ornamentation is assembled. The exine is at least partially extrasporal in origin, while the perine is derived exclusively from outside the spore. Across the proximal surface of the polar spores, an aperture begins formation at the onset of spore development and consists of an expanded intine, an annulus, and a central pad with radiating fibers. This complex aperture is elastic and enables the proximal spore surface to cycle between being compressed (concave) and expanded (rounded). In addition to providing a site for water intake and germination, the elastic aperture is likely involved in desiccation tolerance. Based on the current phylogenies, the ancestral plant spore contained an aperture, exine, intine, and perine. The reductive evolution of liverwort and hornwort spores entailed the loss of perine in both groups and the aperture in liverworts. This research serves as the foundation for comparisons with other plant groups and for future studies of the developmental genetics and evolution of spores across plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen S. Renzaglia
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Karen S. Renzaglia,
| | - Neil W. Ashton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Dae-Yeon Suh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
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7
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Bowman JL. The origin of a land flora. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:1352-1369. [PMID: 36550365 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01283-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The origin of a land flora fundamentally shifted the course of evolution of life on earth, facilitating terrestrialization of other eukaryotic lineages and altering the planet's geology, from changing atmospheric and hydrological cycles to transforming continental erosion processes. Despite algal lineages inhabiting the terrestrial environment for a considerable preceding period, they failed to evolve complex multicellularity necessary to conquer the land. About 470 million years ago, one lineage of charophycean alga evolved complex multicellularity via developmental innovations in both haploid and diploid generations and became land plants (embryophytes), which rapidly diversified to dominate most terrestrial habitats. Genome sequences have provided unprecedented insights into the genetic and genomic bases for embryophyte origins, with some embryophyte-specific genes being associated with the evolution of key developmental or physiological attributes, such as meristems, rhizoids and the ability to form mycorrhizal associations. However, based on the fossil record, the evolution of the defining feature of embryophytes, the embryo, and consequently the sporangium that provided a reproductive advantage, may have been most critical in their rise to dominance. The long timeframe and singularity of a land flora were perhaps due to the stepwise assembly of a large constellation of genetic innovations required to conquer the terrestrial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Bowman
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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8
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Marchant DB, Walbot V. Anther development-The long road to making pollen. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:4677-4695. [PMID: 36135809 PMCID: PMC9709990 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Anthers express the most genes of any plant organ, and their development involves sequential redifferentiation of many cell types to perform distinctive roles from inception through pollen dispersal. Agricultural yield and plant breeding depend on understanding and consequently manipulating anthers, a compelling motivation for basic plant biology research to contribute. After stamen initiation, two theca form at the tip, and each forms an adaxial and abaxial lobe composed of pluripotent Layer 1-derived and Layer 2-derived cells. After signal perception or self-organization, germinal cells are specified from Layer 2-derived cells, and these secrete a protein ligand that triggers somatic differentiation of their neighbors. Historically, recovery of male-sterile mutants has been the starting point for studying anther biology. Many genes and some genetic pathways have well-defined functions in orchestrating subsequent cell fate and differentiation events. Today, new tools are providing more detailed information; for example, the developmental trajectory of germinal cells illustrates the power of single cell RNA-seq to dissect the complex journey of one cell type. We highlight ambiguities and gaps in available data to encourage attention on important unresolved issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Blaine Marchant
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94505, USA
| | - Virginia Walbot
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94505, USA
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Landberg K, Lopez‐Obando M, Sanchez Vera V, Sundberg E, Thelander M. MS1/MMD1 homologues in the moss Physcomitrium patens are required for male and female gametogenesis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:512-524. [PMID: 35775827 PMCID: PMC9796955 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis Plant HomeoDomain (PHD) proteins AtMS1 and AtMMD1 provide chromatin-mediated transcriptional regulation essential for tapetum-dependent pollen formation. This pollen-based male gametogenesis is a derived trait of seed plants. Male gametogenesis in the common ancestors of land plants is instead likely to have been reminiscent of that in extant bryophytes where flagellated sperms are produced by an elaborate gametophyte generation. Still, also bryophytes possess MS1/MMD1-related PHD proteins. We addressed the function of two MS1/MMD1-homologues in the bryophyte model moss Physcomitrium patens by the generation and analysis of reporter and loss-of-function lines. The two genes are together essential for both male and female fertility by providing functions in the gamete-producing inner cells of antheridia and archegonia. They are furthermore expressed in the diploid sporophyte generation suggesting a function during sporogenesis, a process proposed related by descent to pollen formation in angiosperms. We propose that the moss MS1/MMD1-related regulatory network required for completion of male and female gametogenesis, and possibly for sporogenesis, represent a heritage from ancestral land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Landberg
- Department of Plant BiologyThe Linnean Centre of Plant Biology in Uppsala, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesPO Box 7080SE‐75007UppsalaSweden
| | - Mauricio Lopez‐Obando
- Department of Plant BiologyThe Linnean Centre of Plant Biology in Uppsala, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesPO Box 7080SE‐75007UppsalaSweden
| | - Victoria Sanchez Vera
- Department of Plant BiologyThe Linnean Centre of Plant Biology in Uppsala, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesPO Box 7080SE‐75007UppsalaSweden
| | - Eva Sundberg
- Department of Plant BiologyThe Linnean Centre of Plant Biology in Uppsala, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesPO Box 7080SE‐75007UppsalaSweden
| | - Mattias Thelander
- Department of Plant BiologyThe Linnean Centre of Plant Biology in Uppsala, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesPO Box 7080SE‐75007UppsalaSweden
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10
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Levins J, Dierschke T, Bowman JL. The nature of nurture: the conserved role of tapetal-like cells in sporogenesis between mosses and angiosperms. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:377-379. [PMID: 35445752 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Levins
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Vic., 3800, Australia
| | - Tom Dierschke
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Vic., 3800, Australia
| | - John L Bowman
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Vic., 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Vic., 3800, Australia
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