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Denyer T, Wu PJ, Colt K, Abramson BW, Pang Z, Solansky P, Mamerto A, Nobori T, Ecker JR, Lam E, Michael TP, Timmermans MCP. Streamlined spatial and environmental expression signatures characterize the minimalist duckweed Wolffia australiana. Genome Res 2024; 34:1106-1120. [PMID: 38951025 PMCID: PMC11368201 DOI: 10.1101/gr.279091.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Single-cell genomics permits a new resolution in the examination of molecular and cellular dynamics, allowing global, parallel assessments of cell types and cellular behaviors through development and in response to environmental circumstances, such as interaction with water and the light-dark cycle of the Earth. Here, we leverage the smallest, and possibly most structurally reduced, plant, the semiaquatic Wolffia australiana, to understand dynamics of cell expression in these contexts at the whole-plant level. We examined single-cell-resolution RNA-sequencing data and found Wolffia cells divide into four principal clusters representing the above- and below-water-situated parenchyma and epidermis. Although these tissues share transcriptomic similarity with model plants, they display distinct adaptations that Wolffia has made for the aquatic environment. Within this broad classification, discrete subspecializations are evident, with select cells showing unique transcriptomic signatures associated with developmental maturation and specialized physiologies. Assessing this simplified biological system temporally at two key time-of-day (TOD) transitions, we identify additional TOD-responsive genes previously overlooked in whole-plant transcriptomic approaches and demonstrate that the core circadian clock machinery and its downstream responses can vary in cell-specific manners, even in this simplified system. Distinctions between cell types and their responses to submergence and/or TOD are driven by expression changes of unexpectedly few genes, characterizing Wolffia as a highly streamlined organism with the majority of genes dedicated to fundamental cellular processes. Wolffia provides a unique opportunity to apply reductionist biology to elucidate signaling functions at the organismal level, for which this work provides a powerful resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Denyer
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Pin-Jou Wu
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Kelly Colt
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Bradley W Abramson
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Applied Sciences and Life Sciences Laboratory, Noblis, Reston, Virginia 20191, USA
| | - Zhili Pang
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | - Pavel Solansky
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Allen Mamerto
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Tatsuya Nobori
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Joseph R Ecker
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Eric Lam
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA;
| | - Todd P Michael
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA;
| | - Marja C P Timmermans
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany;
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2
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Kim M, Hyeon DY, Kim K, Hwang D, Lee Y. Phytohormonal regulation determines the organization pattern of shoot aerenchyma in greater duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:2694-2711. [PMID: 38527800 PMCID: PMC11288743 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Airspace or aerenchyma is crucial for plant development and acclimation to stresses such as hypoxia, drought, and nutritional deficiency. Although ethylene-mediated signaling cascades are known to regulate aerenchyma formation in stems and roots under hypoxic conditions, the precise mechanisms remain unclear. Moreover, the cellular dynamics underlying airspace formation in shoots are poorly understood. We investigated the stage-dependent structural dynamics of shoot aerenchyma in greater duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza), a fast-growing aquatic herb with well-developed aerenchyma in its floating fronds. Using X-ray micro-computed tomography and histological analysis, we showed that the spatial framework of aerenchyma is established before frond volume increases, driven by cell division and expansion. The substomatal cavity connecting aerenchyma to stomata formed via programmed cell death (PCD) and was closely associated with guard cell development. Additionally, transcriptome analysis and pharmacological studies revealed that the organization of aerenchyma in greater duckweed is determined by the interplay between PCD and proliferation. This balance is governed by spatiotemporal regulation of phytohormone signaling involving ethylene, abscisic acid, and salicylic acid. Overall, our study reveals the structural dynamics and phytohormonal regulation underlying aerenchyma development in duckweed, improving our understanding of how plants establish distinct architectural arrangements. These insights hold the potential for wide-ranging application, not only in comprehending aerenchyma formation across various plant species but also in understanding how airspaces are formed within the leaves of terrestrial plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Young Hyeon
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungyoon Kim
- Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Daehee Hwang
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Bioinformatics Institute, Bio-MAX, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuree Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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3
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Adamec L, Plačková L, Bitomský M, Doležal K. Hormonal profiles in dormant turions of 22 aquatic plant species: do they reflect functional or taxonomic traits? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 134:219-232. [PMID: 38650442 PMCID: PMC11232510 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcae059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Turions are vegetative, dormant overwintering organs formed in aquatic plants in response to unfavourable ecological conditions. Contents of cytokinin (CK), auxin metabolites and abscisic acid (ABA) as main growth and development regulators were compared in innately dormant autumnal turions of 22 aquatic plant species of different functional ecological or taxonomic groups with those in non-dormant winter apices in three aquatic species and with those in spring turions of four species after their overwintering. METHODS The hormones were analysed in miniature turion samples using ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. KEY RESULTS In innately dormant turions, the total contents of each of the four main CK types, biologically active forms and total CKs differed by two to three orders of magnitude across 22 species; the proportion of active CK forms was 0.18-67 %. Similarly, the content of four auxin forms was extremely variable and the IAA proportion as the active form was 0.014-99 %. The ABA content varied from almost zero to 54 µmol kg-1 dry weight and after overwintering it usually significantly decreased. Of all functional traits studied, hormone profiles depended most on the place of turion sprouting (surface vs bottom) and we suggest that this trait is crucial for turion ecophysiology. CONCLUSIONS The key role of ABA in regulating turion dormancy was confirmed. However, the highly variable pattern of the ABA content in innately dormant and in overwintered turions indicates that the hormonal mechanism regulating the innate dormancy and its breaking in turions is not uniform within aquatic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubomír Adamec
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-379 01 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Plačková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Bitomský
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-379 01 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Doležal
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Pasaribu B, Purba NP, Dewanti LP, Pasaribu D, Khan AMA, Harahap SA, Syamsuddin ML, Ihsan YN, Siregar SH, Faizal I, Herawati T, Irfan M, Simorangkir TPH, Kurniawan TA. Lipid Droplets in Endosymbiotic Symbiodiniaceae spp. Associated with Corals. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:949. [PMID: 38611478 PMCID: PMC11013053 DOI: 10.3390/plants13070949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Symbiodiniaceae species is a dinoflagellate that plays a crucial role in maintaining the symbiotic mutualism of reef-building corals in the ocean. Reef-building corals, as hosts, provide the nutrition and habitat to endosymbiotic Symbiodiniaceae species and Symbiodiniaceae species transfer the fixed carbon to the corals for growth. Environmental stress is one of the factors impacting the physiology and metabolism of the corals-dinoflagellate association. The environmental stress triggers the metabolic changes in Symbiodiniaceae species resulting in an increase in the production of survival organelles related to storage components such as lipid droplets (LD). LDs are found as unique organelles, mainly composed of triacylglycerols surrounded by phospholipids embedded with some proteins. To date, it has been reported that investigation of lipid droplets significantly present in animals and plants led to the understanding that lipid droplets play a key role in lipid storage and transport. The major challenge of investigating endosymbiotic Symbiodiniaceae species lies in overcoming the strategies in isolating lesser lipid droplets present in its intercellular cells. Here, we review the most recent highlights of LD research in endosymbiotic Symbiodiniaceae species particularly focusing on LD biogenesis, mechanism, and major lipid droplet proteins. Moreover, to comprehend potential novel ways of energy storage in the symbiotic interaction between endosymbiotic Symbiodiniaceae species and its host, we also emphasize recent emerging environmental factors such as temperature, ocean acidification, and nutrient impacting the accumulation of lipid droplets in endosymbiotic Symbiodiniaceae species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buntora Pasaribu
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40600, Indonesia; (N.P.P.); (S.A.H.); (M.L.S.); (Y.N.I.); (I.F.)
- Shallow Coastal and Aquatic Research Forensic (SCARF) Laboratory, Faculty of Fishery and Marine Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40600, Indonesia
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA;
| | - Noir Primadona Purba
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40600, Indonesia; (N.P.P.); (S.A.H.); (M.L.S.); (Y.N.I.); (I.F.)
| | - Lantun Paradhita Dewanti
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40600, Indonesia;
| | - Daniel Pasaribu
- Faculty of Law, Social, and Political Sciences, Universitas Terbuka, Tangerang 15437, Indonesia;
| | - Alexander Muhammad Akbar Khan
- Tropical Marine Fisheries Undergraduate Programme for Pangandaran Campus, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40600, Indonesia;
| | - Syawaludin Alisyahbana Harahap
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40600, Indonesia; (N.P.P.); (S.A.H.); (M.L.S.); (Y.N.I.); (I.F.)
| | - Mega Laksmini Syamsuddin
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40600, Indonesia; (N.P.P.); (S.A.H.); (M.L.S.); (Y.N.I.); (I.F.)
| | - Yudi Nurul Ihsan
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40600, Indonesia; (N.P.P.); (S.A.H.); (M.L.S.); (Y.N.I.); (I.F.)
| | - Sofyan Husein Siregar
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Riau, Pekanbaru 28291, Indonesia;
| | - Ibnu Faizal
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40600, Indonesia; (N.P.P.); (S.A.H.); (M.L.S.); (Y.N.I.); (I.F.)
| | - Titin Herawati
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA;
- Master Program of Marine Conservation, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40600, Indonesia
| | - Mohammad Irfan
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA;
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Dainelli M, Castellani MB, Pignattelli S, Falsini S, Ristori S, Papini A, Colzi I, Coppi A, Gonnelli C. Growth, physiological parameters and DNA methylation in Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid exposed to PET micro-nanoplastic contaminated waters. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 207:108403. [PMID: 38290343 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The effects of polyethylene terephthalate micro-nanoplastics (PET-MNPs) were tested on the model freshwater species Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid., with focus on possible particle-induced epigenetic effects (i.e. alteration of DNA methylation status). MNPs (size ∼ 200-300 nm) were produced as water dispersions from PET bottles through repeated cycles of homogenization and used to prepare N-medium at two environmentally relevant concentrations (∼0.05 g L-1 and ∼0.1 g L-1 of MNPs). After 10 days of exposure, a reduction in fresh and dry weight was observed in treated plants, even if the average specific growth rate for both frond number and area was not altered. Impaired growth was coupled with a MNP-induced decrease of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (i.e. ΨETo and Piabs, indicators of photochemical efficiency) and starch concentration, as well as with alterations in plant ionomic profile and oxidative status. The methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism (MSAP) technique was used to assess possible changes in DNA methylation levels induced by plastic particles. The analysis showed unusual hypermethylation in 5'-CCGG sites that could be implicated in DNA protection from dangerous agents (i.e. reactive oxygen species) or in the formation of new epialleles. This work represents the first evidence of MNP-induced epigenetic modifications in the plant world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Dainelli
- Department of Biology, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via Micheli 1, 50121, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Beatrice Castellani
- Institute of Bioscience and Bioresources (IBBR), National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Sara Pignattelli
- Institute of Bioscience and Bioresources (IBBR), National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Sara Falsini
- Department of Biology, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via Micheli 1, 50121, Florence, Italy
| | - Sandra Ristori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Firenze, Italy
| | - Alessio Papini
- Department of Biology, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via Micheli 1, 50121, Florence, Italy
| | - Ilaria Colzi
- Department of Biology, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via Micheli 1, 50121, Florence, Italy.
| | - Andrea Coppi
- Department of Biology, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via Micheli 1, 50121, Florence, Italy
| | - Cristina Gonnelli
- Department of Biology, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via Micheli 1, 50121, Florence, Italy
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Adamec L, Plačková L, Doležal K. Characteristics of turion development in two aquatic carnivorous plants: Hormonal profiles, gas exchange and mineral nutrient content. PLANT DIRECT 2024; 8:e558. [PMID: 38222932 PMCID: PMC10784648 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Turions are vegetative, dormant, and storage overwintering organs formed in perennial aquatic plants in response to unfavorable ecological conditions and originate by extreme condensation of apical shoot segments. The contents of cytokinins, auxins, and abscisic acid were estimated in shoot apices of summer growing, rootless aquatic carnivorous plants, Aldrovanda vesiculosa and Utricularia australis, and in developing turions at three stages and full maturity to reveal hormonal patterns responsible for turion development. The hormones were analyzed in miniature turion samples using ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Photosynthetic measurements in young leaves also confirmed relatively high photosynthetic rates at later turion stages. The content of active cytokinin forms was almost stable in A. vesiculosa during turion development but markedly decreased in U. australis. In both species, auxin content culminated in the middle of turion development and then decreased again. The content of abscisic acid as the main inhibitory hormone was very low in growing plants in both species but rose greatly at first developmental stages and stayed very high in mature turions. The hormonal data indicate a great strength of developing turions within sink-source relationships and confirm the central role of abscisic acid in regulating the turion development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubomír Adamec
- Institute of BotanyCzech Academy of SciencesTřeboňCzech Republic
| | - Lenka Plačková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of SciencePalacký UniversityOlomoucCRCzech Republic
- Institute of Experimental BotanyCzech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Karel Doležal
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of SciencePalacký UniversityOlomoucCRCzech Republic
- Institute of Experimental BotanyCzech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of SciencePalacký UniversityOlomoucCzech Republic
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7
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Ziegler P, Appenroth KJ, Sree KS. Survival Strategies of Duckweeds, the World's Smallest Angiosperms. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12112215. [PMID: 37299193 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Duckweeds (Lemnaceae) are small, simply constructed aquatic higher plants that grow on or just below the surface of quiet waters. They consist primarily of leaf-like assimilatory organs, or fronds, that reproduce mainly by vegetative replication. Despite their diminutive size and inornate habit, duckweeds have been able to colonize and maintain themselves in almost all of the world's climate zones. They are thereby subject to multiple adverse influences during the growing season, such as high temperatures, extremes of light intensity and pH, nutrient shortage, damage by microorganisms and herbivores, the presence of harmful substances in the water, and competition from other aquatic plants, and they must also be able to withstand winter cold and drought that can be lethal to the fronds. This review discusses the means by which duckweeds come to grips with these adverse influences to ensure their survival. Important duckweed attributes in this regard are a pronounced potential for rapid growth and frond replication, a juvenile developmental status facilitating adventitious organ formation, and clonal diversity. Duckweeds have specific features at their disposal for coping with particular environmental difficulties and can also cooperate with other organisms of their surroundings to improve their survival chances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ziegler
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Klaus J Appenroth
- Matthias Schleiden Institute-Plant Physiology, University of Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - K Sowjanya Sree
- Department of Environmental Science, Central University of Kerala, Periye 671320, India
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Oláh V, Appenroth KJ, Lam E, Sree KS. Sixth International Conference on Duckweed Research and Applications Presents Lemnaceae as a Model Plant System in the Genomics and Postgenomics Era. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12112134. [PMID: 37299113 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The 6th International Conference on Duckweed Research and Applications (6th ICDRA) was organized at the Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) located in Gatersleben, Germany, from 29 May to 1 June 2022. The growing community of duckweed research and application specialists was noted with participants from 21 different countries including an increased share of newly integrated young researchers. The four-day conference focused on diverse aspects of basic and applied research together with practical applications of these tiny aquatic plants that could have an enormous potential for biomass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Oláh
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | - Eric Lam
- Department Plant Biology, Rutgers State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - K Sowjanya Sree
- Department of Environmental Science, Central University of Kerala, Periye 671320, India
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