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Pungaršek Š, Frajman B. Influence of polyploidy on morphology and distribution of the Cypress Spurge (Euphorbia cyparissias, Euphorbiaceae). PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2024. [PMID: 38979801 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Polyploidy can cause differences in phenotypic and physiological traits among different cytotypes of the same species. Polyploids may have larger organs or occupy different ecological niches than their diploid counterparts, therefore they are hypothesized to have larger distributions or prosper in stressful environments, such as higher elevations. The Cypress spurge (Euphorbia cyparissias L.; Euphorbiaceae) is a widespread European heteroploid species including di- (2x), tetra- (4x) and hexaploid (6x) cytotypes. We tested the hypotheses that polyploids are more widespread and more abundant at higher elevations and have larger organs than their diploid ancestors in the case of E. cyparissias. We also analysed whether genome downsizing had occurred after polyploidisation. We conducted a comprehensive geographic sampling of 617 populations of E. cyparissias throughout Europe. We estimated their relative genome size using flow cytometry and inferred ploidy level of each population. We scored 13 morphological traits of vegetative and seed characters and performed statistical analyses. The study indicates that polyploidisation facilitated colonisation of new areas in E. cyparissias, where the tetraploids are most widespread, whereas the diploids are limited to putative Pleistocene refugia, mostly in southern Europe. On the other hand, the three ploidies do not differ in their elevational distribution. Although some quantitative morphological traits exhibited an increasing trend with increasing ploidy, most traits did not differ significantly among the three ploidies, and there was no overall phenotypic differentiation among them. Given that individuals of different ploidies thrive in similar habitats across the same elevations, we suggest that ecological segregation following polyploidisation is a more important trigger for morphological differentiation than polyploidisation itself in autopolyploid plants. The study demonstrates that polyploidisation can be crucial for the colonisation of new areas and for range expansion, but it does not necessarily influence elevational distribution nor confer a different phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Š Pungaršek
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Slovenian Museum of Natural History, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - B Frajman
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Guo K, Pyšek P, van Kleunen M, Kinlock NL, Lučanová M, Leitch IJ, Pierce S, Dawson W, Essl F, Kreft H, Lenzner B, Pergl J, Weigelt P, Guo WY. Plant invasion and naturalization are influenced by genome size, ecology and economic use globally. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1330. [PMID: 38351066 PMCID: PMC10864296 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45667-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Human factors and plant characteristics are important drivers of plant invasions, which threaten ecosystem integrity, biodiversity and human well-being. However, while previous studies often examined a limited number of factors or focused on a specific invasion stage (e.g., naturalization) for specific regions, a multi-factor and multi-stage analysis at the global scale is lacking. Here, we employ a multi-level framework to investigate the interplay between plant characteristics (genome size, Grime's adaptive CSR-strategies and native range size) and economic use and how these factors collectively affect plant naturalization and invasion success worldwide. While our findings derived from structural equation models highlight the substantial contribution of human assistance in both the naturalization and spread of invasive plants, we also uncovered the pivotal role of species' adaptive strategies among the factors studied, and the significantly varying influence of these factors across invasion stages. We further revealed that the effects of genome size on plant invasions were partially mediated by species adaptive strategies and native range size. Our study provides insights into the complex and dynamic process of plant invasions and identifies its key drivers worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Guo
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Research Center for Global Change and Complex Ecosystems, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Petr Pyšek
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Department of Invasion Ecology, Průhonice, CZ-25243, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, CZ-12844, Czech Republic
| | - Mark van Kleunen
- Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, D-78457, Konstanz, Germany
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, P. R. China
| | - Nicole L Kinlock
- Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, D-78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Magdalena Lučanová
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Department of Evolutionary Plant Biology, Průhonice, CZ-25243, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, České Budějovice, CZ-370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Ilia J Leitch
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK
| | - Simon Pierce
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (DiSAA), University of Milan, Via G. Celoria 2, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Wayne Dawson
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Franz Essl
- Division of BioInvasions, Global Change & Macroecology, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Holger Kreft
- Biodiversity, Macroecology & Biogeography, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Campus-Institute Data Science, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Lenzner
- Division of BioInvasions, Global Change & Macroecology, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan Pergl
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Department of Invasion Ecology, Průhonice, CZ-25243, Czech Republic
| | - Patrick Weigelt
- Biodiversity, Macroecology & Biogeography, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Campus-Institute Data Science, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wen-Yong Guo
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, P. R. China.
- Research Center for Global Change and Complex Ecosystems, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, P. R. China.
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, P. R. China.
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Cang FA, Welles SR, Wong J, Ziaee M, Dlugosch KM. Genome size variation and evolution during invasive range expansion in an introduced plant. Evol Appl 2024; 17:e13624. [PMID: 38283607 PMCID: PMC10810172 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Plants demonstrate exceptional variation in genome size across species, and their genome sizes can also vary dramatically across individuals and populations within species. This aspect of genetic variation can have consequences for traits and fitness, but few studies attributed genome size differentiation to ecological and evolutionary processes. Biological invasions present particularly useful natural laboratories to infer selective agents that might drive genome size shifts across environments and population histories. Here, we test hypotheses for the evolutionary causes of genome size variation across 14 invading populations of yellow starthistle, Centaurea solstitialis, in California, United States. We use a survey of genome sizes and trait variation to ask: (1) Is variation in genome size associated with developmental trait variation? (2) Are genome sizes smaller toward the leading edge of the expansion, consistent with selection for "colonizer" traits? Or alternatively, does genome size increase toward the leading edge of the expansion, consistent with predicted consequences of founder effects and drift? (3) Finally, are genome sizes smaller at higher elevations, consistent with selection for shorter development times? We found that 2C DNA content varied 1.21-fold among all samples, and was associated with flowering time variation, such that plants with larger genomes reproduced later, with lower lifetime capitula production. Genome sizes increased toward the leading edge of the invasion, but tended to decrease at higher elevations, consistent with genetic drift during range expansion but potentially strong selection for smaller genomes and faster development time at higher elevations. These results demonstrate how genome size variation can contribute to traits directly tied to reproductive success, and how selection and drift can shape that variation. We highlight the influence of genome size on dynamics underlying a rapid range expansion in a highly problematic invasive plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Alice Cang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - Shana R. Welles
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
- Utah Valley UniversityOremUtahUSA
| | - Jenny Wong
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - Maia Ziaee
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
- Mills CollegeOaklandCaliforniaUSA
| | - Katrina M. Dlugosch
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
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Bhadra S, Leitch IJ, Onstein RE. From genome size to trait evolution during angiosperm radiation. Trends Genet 2023; 39:728-735. [PMID: 37582671 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2023.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Angiosperm diversity arises from trait flexibility and repeated evolutionary radiations, but the role of genomic characters in these radiations remains unclear. In this opinion article, we discuss how genome size can influence angiosperm diversification via its intricate link with cell size, tissue packing, and physiological processes which, in turn, influence the macroevolution of functional traits. We propose that integrating genome size, functional traits, and phylogenetic data across a wide range of lineages allows us to test whether genome size decrease consistently leads to increased trait flexibility, while genome size increase constrains trait evolution. Combining theories from molecular biology, functional ecology and macroevolution, we provide a framework to better understand the role of genome size in trait evolution, evolutionary radiations, and the global distribution of angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreetama Bhadra
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany; Leipzig University, Ritterstraße 26, 04109 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Ilia J Leitch
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Kew Green, Richmond TW9 3AE, UK
| | - Renske E Onstein
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany; Leipzig University, Ritterstraße 26, 04109 Leipzig, Germany; Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands
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