1
|
Silva-Viguera MC, García-Romera MC, Bautista-Llamas MJ. Contrast sensitivity function under three light conditions in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus without retinopathy: a cross-sectional, case-control study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2023; 261:2497-2505. [PMID: 37039937 PMCID: PMC10432366 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-023-06057-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), without any sign of diabetic retinopathy, have any alteration in Contrast Sensitivity Function (CSF), in relation to patients without this disease, and whether CSF assessment in three different light conditions can be an effective test in the early detection of diabetic retinopathy. METHODS A prospective, cross-sectional, case-control study was preformed including 80 patients (40 with T1DM without diabetic retinopathy and 40 controls) between 11 and 47 years old. CSF was assessed at four spatial frequencies (3, 6, 12 and 18 cycles/degree) using the CSV-1000E test, under three light conditions: high (550 lx), medium (200 lx) and low (< 2 lx). RESULTS A lower CSF in the T1DM group was found at the three light conditions studied. The most spatial frequency affected was 18 cpd, 0.08 log units (p = 0.048) in high, 0.10 log units (p = 0.010) in medium (p = 0.010) and 0.16 log units (p < 0.001) in low-light conditions in mean CS values. The least spatial frequency affected was 3 cpd (p > 0.05 in all three light conditions). CONCLUSION Patients with T1DM, without diabetic retinopathy, presented a loss of CS to sine-wave gratings, with respect to people with the same characteristics without the disease, mainly at medium and high frequencies, and in medium and low-light conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María-Carmen Silva-Viguera
- Department of Physics of Condensed Matter, Optics Area Vision Research Group (CIVIUS), University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Marta C García-Romera
- Department of Physics of Condensed Matter, Optics Area Vision Research Group (CIVIUS), University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - María-José Bautista-Llamas
- Department of Physics of Condensed Matter, Optics Area Vision Research Group (CIVIUS), University of Seville, Seville, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Silva-Viguera MC, Bautista-Llamas MJ. Accommodative disorders in non-presbyopic subjects with type 1 diabetes without retinopathy: A comparative, cross-sectional study. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2023; 43:954-963. [PMID: 37194554 DOI: 10.1111/opo.13164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to assess accommodative function in non-presbyopic individuals diagnosed with type 1 diabetes (T1D) without any signs of retinopathy, to determine the existence of possible accommodative disorders related to this disease, and to determine the influence of T1D duration and glycosylated haemoglobin values on accommodative function. METHODS This comparative, cross-sectional study included 60 participants between 11 and 39 years old, 30 with T1D and 30 controls, with no previous eye surgery, ocular disease or medication that could affect the results of the visual examination. Amplitude of accommodation (AA), negative and positive relative accommodation (NRA and PRA), accommodative response (AR) and accommodative facility (AF) were assessed using the tests that showed the highest repeatability. Participants were classified based on normative values into 'insufficiency, excess or normal results', and a diagnosis of accommodative disorders (accommodative insufficiency, accommodative infacility and accommodative excess) was made. RESULTS Participants with T1D had statistically significant lower AA and AF and higher NRA values than the controls. Furthermore, AA was significantly and inversely correlated with age and the duration of diabetes; however, AF and NRA were only correlated with disease duration. In the classification by accommodative variables, a higher percentage of 'insufficiency values' was observed in the T1D group (50%) than in the control group (6%; p < 0.001). In terms of accommodative disorders, accommodative infacility was the most prevalent (15%), followed by accommodative insufficiency (10%). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that T1D affects most accommodative parameters, with accommodative insufficiency being associated with this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María-Carmen Silva-Viguera
- Department of Physics of Condensed Matter, Optics Area, Vision Research Group (CIVIUS), University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - María-José Bautista-Llamas
- Department of Physics of Condensed Matter, Optics Area, Vision Research Group (CIVIUS), University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zvekić-Svorcan J, Krasnik R, Kuhajda D, Mikov J, Lacokova Krasnikova J, Dimitrov D, Kovacevic M, Vuklis D. Risk factors for neck pain-induced disability among primary healthcare workers: A pilot study. Work 2023; 76:653-661. [PMID: 36911959 DOI: 10.3233/wor-220482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neck pain (NP) is associated with high disability rates among healthcare workers. OBJECTIVE To determine the potential risk factors associated with disability due to NP among healthcare staff working in primary care settings. METHODS This 30-day prospective cross-sectional study involved a survey of 63 healthcare personnel (55 women and 8 men aged 45.30±12.34 years) of two primary healthcare centers in Serbia, who completed a general questionnaire developed for this purpose along with the Neck Disability Index (NDI), whereby the potential predictors of NP-related disability were assessed using the statistical package SPSS ver. 24. RESULTS Female healthcare workers achieved a higher score on the NDI scale (Me = 8.00, p < 0.05), as did older respondents (r = 0.260, p < 0.05), those with longer work experience (r = 0.323, p < 0.05), and those that wear prescription glasses (Me = 9.00, p < 0.01). Higher NDI scores were also achieved by respondents that suffered from neck pain at the time of the study (Me = 12.50, p < 0.001), especially if they relied on pain medication (Me = 13.00, p < 0.05), and topical analgesic creams (Me = 12.50, p < 0.05) for treating neck pain. CONCLUSION Female sex, older age, greater work experience, current neck pain, use of pain-relieving medications and creams, and need for prescription glasses to correct vision increase the risk of disability due to pain in the cervical spine among healthcare workers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Zvekić-Svorcan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Special Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Rastislava Krasnik
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Institute for Child and Youth Health Care of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Danijela Kuhajda
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Institute for Pulmonary Diseases of Vojvodina, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Jelena Mikov
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | | | | | - Dragana Vuklis
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Prabu Raja G, Shyamasunder Bhat N, Cruz A, Prabhu A, Fernandes S, Naaz N. The anatomical myofascial continuum between the neck and eyes. Clin Anat 2022; 35:340-346. [DOI: 10.1002/ca.23835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Prabu Raja
- Interdisciplinary Center for Craniofacial and Orofacial Pain Research, Department of Exercise and Sports Science Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka India
| | - N. Shyamasunder Bhat
- Department of Orthopedics Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal India
| | - Antony Cruz
- School of communication Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka India
| | - Anupama Prabhu
- Department of Physiotherapy Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka India
| | - Shifra Fernandes
- Interdisciplinary Center for Craniofacial and Orofacial Pain Research, Department of Exercise and Sports Science Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka India
| | - Nabeela Naaz
- Interdisciplinary Center for Craniofacial and Orofacial Pain Research, Department of Exercise and Sports Science Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Headache and musculoskeletal pain in school children are associated with uncorrected vision problems and need for glasses: a case-control study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2093. [PMID: 33483534 PMCID: PMC7822909 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81497-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Musculoskeletal pain and headache are leading causes of years lived with disability, and an escalating problem in school children. Children spend increasingly more time reading and using digital screens, and increased near tasks intensify the workload on the precise coordination of the visual and head-stabilizing systems. Even minor vision problems can provoke headache and neck- and shoulder (pericranial) pain. This study investigated the association between headaches, pericranial tenderness, vision problems, and the need for glasses in children. An eye and physical examination was performed in twenty 10–15 year old children presenting to the school health nurse with headache and pericranial pain (pain group), and twenty age-and-gender matched classmates (control group). The results showed that twice as many children in the pain group had uncorrected vision and needed glasses. Most children were hyperopic, and glasses were recommended mainly for near work. Headache and pericranial tenderness were significantly correlated to reduced binocular vision, reduced distance vision, and the need for new glasses. That uncorrected vision problems are related to upper body musculoskeletal symptoms and headache, indicate that all children with these symptoms should have a full eye examination to promote health and academic performance.
Collapse
|
6
|
Sánchez-González MC, Sánchez-González JM, De-Hita-Cantalejo C, Vega-Holm M, Jiménez-Rejano JJ, Gutiérrez-Sánchez E. The Effect of Age on Binocular Vision Normative Values. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2020; 57:363-371. [PMID: 33211893 DOI: 10.3928/01913913-20200622-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To establish a relationship between age and horizontal heterophoria, horizontal fusional vergence amplitudes, and vergence facility testing. METHODS The sample consisted of 112 patients with a mean age of 39.8 ± 14.97 years (range: 18 to 65 years) and was composed of 61 women (54.5%) and 51 men (45.5%). The non-presbyopic group included patients 18 to 39 years old (n = 49) and the presbyopic group included patients 41 to 65 years old (n = 63). Binocular vision was studied by heterophoria horizontal magnitude (prism diopters [PD]), horizontal fusional vergences amplitudes (PD), and vergence facility testing (cycles per minute [cpm]) and quantified with a combination of 3 PD base-in and 12 PD base-out prisms. RESULTS Significant differences were obtained in near heterophoria with compensation (exophoria increased by 3.74 PD, t = 2.12, P < .05), distance positive fusional vergence (PFV) recovery (decreased by 2.86 PD, t = 3.03, P < .01), near PFV blur (decreased by 3.13 PD, t = 1.98, P = .05), near PFV break (decreased by 4.45 PD, t = 2.75, P < .01), near PFV recovery (decreased by 4.69 PD, t = 3.30, P < .01), and vergence facility testing (decreased by 2.63 PD, t = 2.77, P < .01). CONCLUSIONS The results indicated an increase of exophoria, a decrease in near positive horizontal fusional vergences, and vergence facility was dependent on age; thus, the authors suggest that changes in the normal values should be considered for each age range. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2020;57(6):363-371.].
Collapse
|
7
|
Hussaindeen JR, Murali A. Accommodative Insufficiency: Prevalence, Impact and Treatment Options. CLINICAL OPTOMETRY 2020; 12:135-149. [PMID: 32982529 PMCID: PMC7494425 DOI: 10.2147/opto.s224216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Accommodative insufficiency (AI), defined as the inability to stimulate accommodation in pre-presbyopic individuals, has gained much attention over recent years. Despite the enormity of the available information, there is a significant lack of clarity regarding the criteria for definition, methodology adopted for testing and diagnosis, and the varied prevalence across the globe. This review aims to gather evidence that is pertinent to the prevalence, impact and efficacy of available treatment options for AI. METHODS PubMed, Google Scholar and Cochrane Collaboration search engines were used with the keywords prevalence, accommodative insufficiency, symptoms, plus lens, vision therapy and treatment. Peer-reviewed articles published between 1992 and 2019 were included in the review. After reviewing the studies for study methodology and robustness, 83 articles were chosen for this literature review. RESULTS The prevalence of AI ranges between <1.00% and 61.6% across studies. The prevalence shows considerable variation across ethnicities and age groups. There is significant variation in the study methodology, diagnostic criteria and number of tests performed to arrive at the diagnosis. Not many studies have explored the prevalence beyond 20 years of age. The prevalence of AI is high among children with special needs. There is no high-quality evidence regarding the standard treatment protocol for AI. Both vision therapy and low plus lenses have shown efficacy in independent studies, and no studies have compared these two treatment options. CONCLUSION The understanding of AI prevalence is currently limited owing to the lack of a standard set of diagnostic criteria and wide variations in the study methodology. There is a lack of high-quality evidence suggesting the best possible treatment for AI. The current gaps in the literature have been identified and future scope for exploration is elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jameel Rizwana Hussaindeen
- Binocular Vision Clinic, Sankara Nethralaya, Unit of Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai600006, India
- Elite School of Optometry (in Collaboration with SASTRA Deemed University), Unit of Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai600016, India
| | - Amirthaa Murali
- Elite School of Optometry (in Collaboration with SASTRA Deemed University), Unit of Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai600016, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Obrero-Gaitán E, Molina F, Del-Pino-Casado R, Ibáñez-Vera AJ, Rodríguez-Almagro D, Lomas-Vega R. Visual Verticality Perception in Spinal Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E1725. [PMID: 32503240 PMCID: PMC7356295 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients diagnosed with traumatic or non-traumatic spinal pain and idiopathic scoliosis frequently suffer from imbalance. The evaluation of the perception of verticality by means of visual tests emerges as a quick and easy tool for clinical management of the balance disorders. Several studies have assessed the visual perception of verticality in spinal diseases obtaining controversial results. The aim of our study is to analyze the perception of visual verticality in subjects with several spinal diseases in comparison with healthy subjects. A meta-analysis was carried out. PubMed MEDLINE, Scopus, WoS, CINAHL, and SciELO databases were searched until January 2020. The standardized mean difference (SMD) was calculated to analyze differences between patients and healthy controls. Fifteen studies with a total of 2052 patients were included. In comparison with healthy subjects, a misperception of verticality was found in patients with spinal pain when the perception of the verticality was assessed with the rod and frame test (SMD = 0.339; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.181, 0.497; p < 0.001). It seems that the perception of visual verticality is not altered in patients with idiopathic scoliosis (p = 0.294). The present meta-analysis shows a misperception of visual verticality only in patients with spinal pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Obrero-Gaitán
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Paraje Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (E.O.-G.); (A.J.I.-V.); (D.R.-A.); (R.L.-V.)
| | - Francisco Molina
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Paraje Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (E.O.-G.); (A.J.I.-V.); (D.R.-A.); (R.L.-V.)
| | - Rafael Del-Pino-Casado
- Department of Nursing, University of Jaén, Paraje Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain;
| | - Alfonso Javier Ibáñez-Vera
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Paraje Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (E.O.-G.); (A.J.I.-V.); (D.R.-A.); (R.L.-V.)
| | - Daniel Rodríguez-Almagro
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Paraje Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (E.O.-G.); (A.J.I.-V.); (D.R.-A.); (R.L.-V.)
| | - Rafael Lomas-Vega
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Paraje Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (E.O.-G.); (A.J.I.-V.); (D.R.-A.); (R.L.-V.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Aoyama N, Aso H, Fujii O, Mizoguchi T. Improvement in impaired ocular accommodation by parietal acupoint therapy to relieve neck stiffness: a case report. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 18:231-233. [PMID: 32427124 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2019-0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Neck stiffness could lead to impaired ocular accommodation. We report two cases that visual function was improved by relieving neck stiffness. CASE PRESENTATION (Case 1) A 34-year-old female complained of neck stiffness and visual problems after computer work. She was treated by parietal acupoint therapy (PAPT), which is a new scalp micro-acupuncture system. The evaluation of accommodative micro-fluctuations (the Fk-map) showed that increased bilateral ciliary muscle tension in the middle to near distance was relieved bilaterally, accompanied by relief of neck stiffness after treatment. (Case 2) A 43-year-old female complained of a visual problem with pressure pain on the bilateral posterior cervical muscles. Performing with PAPT improved impaired ciliary muscle tension noticeably with relief of neck stiffness after treatment. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report on the improvement of impaired ocular accommodation with treating neck stiffness by using PAPT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Aoyama
- Japan Community Health Care Organization, Yokohama Central Hospital, Neurosurgery, 268 Yamashita-cho, Naka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Shinjuku Mizoguchi Clinic, Tokyo, Japan
- The Society of Parietal Acupoint Therapy, Oita, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Aso
- The Society of Parietal Acupoint Therapy, Oita, Japan
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Visual Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Fujii
- The Society of Parietal Acupoint Therapy, Oita, Japan
- Fujii Dental Clinic, Saitama, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sánchez‐González MC, Gutiérrez‐Sánchez E, Sánchez‐González J, Rebollo‐Salas M, Ruiz‐Molinero C, Jiménez‐Rejano JJ, Pérez‐Cabezas V. Visual system disorders and musculoskeletal neck complaints: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1457:26-40. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
11
|
Mork R, Falkenberg HK, Fostervold KI, Thorud HMS. Discomfort glare and psychological stress during computer work: subjective responses and associations between neck pain and trapezius muscle blood flow. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2019; 93:29-42. [PMID: 31286223 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-019-01457-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exposure to additional environmental stress during computer work, such as visual and psychological demands, is associated with increased eye and neck discomfort, altered moods, and reduced well-being. The aim of this study is to elucidate further how subjective responses in healthy, young females with normal binocular vision are affected by glare and psychological stress during computer work, and to investigate possible associations between trapezius muscle blood flow and neck pain development. METHODS 43 females participated in a laboratory experiment with a within-subject design. Four 10-min computer work conditions with exposure to different stressors were performed at an ergonomically optimal workstation, under the following series of conditions: no additional stress, visual stress (induced as direct glare from a large glare source), psychological stress, and combined visual and psychological stress. Before and immediately after each computer work condition, questionnaires regarding different visual and eye symptoms, neck and shoulder symptoms, positive and negative state moods, perceived task difficulty, and perceived ambient lighting were completed. Associations between neck pain and trapezius muscle blood flow were also investigated. RESULTS Exposure to direct glare induced greater development of visual/eye symptoms and discomfort, while psychological stress exposure made participants feel more negative and stressed. The perception of work lighting during glare exposure was closely related to perceived stress, and associations between visual discomfort and eyestrain, and neck pain were observed in all conditions. Furthermore, participants with high trapezius muscle blood flow overall reported more neck pain, independent of exposure. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to visual and psychological stresses during computer work affects the development of symptoms and negative moods in healthy, young females with normal binocular vision, but in different ways. The results also demonstrate the complex interactions involved in symptom development and lighting appraisal during computer work. When optimizing computer workstations, the complexity of the field must be taken into account, and several factors, including visual conditions, must be considered carefully.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Randi Mork
- Department of Public Health Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.,Department of Optometry, Radiography and Lighting Design, National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, University of South-Eastern Norway, P.O. Box 235, Kongsberg, 3603, Norway
| | - Helle K Falkenberg
- Department of Optometry, Radiography and Lighting Design, National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, University of South-Eastern Norway, P.O. Box 235, Kongsberg, 3603, Norway
| | | | - Hanne-Mari Schiøtz Thorud
- Department of Optometry, Radiography and Lighting Design, National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, University of South-Eastern Norway, P.O. Box 235, Kongsberg, 3603, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|